微环境气调对冰温贮藏蓝莓货架期果实软化的影响

为了探究微环境气调对冰温贮藏后货架期间蓝莓果实软化的调控作用,以莱克西蓝莓为实验材料,采后将其装入微环境气调箱中,并放入1-甲基环丙烯保鲜包,冷链物流车运至冰温库(-0.5℃±0.3℃)贮藏30d后进行商品化分装,置于冰箱(7℃±1℃)中存放,定期测定果实的硬度、细胞壁多糖含量、细胞壁降解酶活性并研究蓝莓硬度与细胞壁代谢指数的相关性。结果表明:微环境气调处理使蓝莓在货架后期维持着较高的纤维素、半纤维素和原果胶含量,延缓了可溶性果胶含量的上升,同时抑制多聚半乳糖醛酸酶、果胶甲酯酶、α-L-阿拉伯呋喃糖苷酶和纤维素酶活性,延迟β-半乳糖苷酶活性峰出现时间,进而延缓果实硬度的下降。聚类和相关性分析表明:纤维素、半纤维素、原果胶聚为Ⅰ簇,与蓝莓硬度相关系数为0.580、0.663、0.645,呈极显著正相关,而可溶性果胶、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶、果胶甲酯酶、α-L-阿拉伯呋喃糖苷酶、纤维素酶和β-半乳糖苷酶聚为Ⅱ簇,与蓝莓硬度呈负相关。微环境气调结合冰温贮藏能够延缓蓝莓货架期间果实的软化,研究旨在为蓝莓货架期间硬度保持机制提供理论依据。     

化学处理对苎麻胶质多糖组分的影响

探讨了硫酸、氢氧化钠和过氧化氢对苎麻胶质中多糖组分的处理效果,并分析了苎麻胶质中其他成分对氢氧化钠去除苎麻胶质多糖组分的影响.研究表明:硫酸处理可以去除一部分果胶,但对半纤维素没有去除作用;过氧化氢有助于果胶的去除,但对半纤维素的影响不明显;果胶和半纤维素在不同质量浓度的氢氧化钠溶液中的溶解性不同.随着处理时间的延长,果胶和半纤维素含量先迅速降低,后趋于平缓.在常压条件下氢氧化钠处理去除果胶和半纤维素的最佳温度为100℃.脂蜡质、水溶物和果胶对于氢氧化钠去除半纤维素有阻碍作用.水溶物对氢氧化钠溶液去除果胶有阻碍作用.     

高分子无机锡配合物催化环己酮Baeyer-Villiger氧化性能研究

将聚酰胺-胺树状分子的一到三代通过固相合成担载于纤维素上,分别用2,4-二羟基苯甲醛和邻羟基苯甲醛对其外围的氨基进行了修饰,再与SnCl2·2H2O反应形成两类树状大分子金属锡配合物.用ICP、IR和XPS对此类配合物的结构进行了表征.将此类配合物用于30%双氧水氧化环己酮的Baeyer-Villiger(B-V)反应的非均相催化剂,研究表明,在此类配合物作用下,环己酮高选择性地转化为ε-己内酯.比较不同配体修饰的催化剂作用下的氧化反应情况,发现配体对金属的担载量和催化活性均有不同程度的影响.此类催化剂以天然高分子纤维素为载体,具有原料来源丰富、制备方法简单、催化反应时间短、可重复利用等特点.     

复合膳食纤维对高胆固醇血症小鼠降脂作用的研究

目的制备复合膳食纤维(Dietary fiber, DF),并探讨其与3种单一的DF对高脂血症小鼠体内脂类含量的影响.方法健康、断乳的NIH小鼠50只,按体质量随机分为5组,用高脂饲料诱发高脂血症同时,分别添加10?:纤维素(B组)、果胶(C组)、海藻酸钠(D组)、纤维素-海藻酸钠复合物(E组),以单纯的高脂饲料组为对照组(A组),8周后,观察各种DF对大鼠的生长发育及脂类代谢的影响.结果与对照组相比各种DF皆可不同程度降低大鼠脂质水平,且以复合物效果最佳.结论各种DF皆可不同程度降低大鼠体内的脂类含量,复合DF效果优于单一的DF.     

西芹腐根浸提液处理后黄瓜枯萎病菌致弱机制

 室内条件下用西芹腐根乙醇、丙酮和蒸馏水浸提液,连续5 代处理黄瓜枯萎病菌,测定处理后黄瓜枯萎病菌分泌的镰刀菌酸量和细胞壁降解酶活性及其与致病力的相关关系,以揭示西芹腐根浸提液连续多代处理黄瓜枯萎病菌的致弱机制。结果表明,各处理的致病力随接种代数的增加逐渐减小,镰刀菌酸质量浓度和果胶酶活性随培养代数的增加逐代减少,纤维素酶活性随培养代数的增加无明显的变化规律,β-葡萄糖苷酶活性随培养代数的增加逐代升高,但均表现为处理低于对照。相关分析表明,致病力与菌体分泌的镰刀菌酸质量浓度和果胶酶活性均表现为显著或极显著的正相关关系,与纤维素酶活性相关性不显著;与培养第3~5 代β-葡萄糖苷酶活性表现为显著或极显著的正相关关系。     

甜菜渣转化成单细胞蛋白饲料

篩选出 S_(28)(拟青霉属 Paecilomyces SP)和 S_(u6)(米曲霉 Aspergillus Oryzae)两株能强烈分解甜菜渣中果胶、纤维素和半纤维素的真菌。能把它们与酵母茵混合,以甜菜渣为原料,30℃固体培养三天,培养物蛋白质含量达28～34%,粗纤维降解率45%左右,果胶降解率80～90%,反刍动物的体外消化率由21.5%增加到50%。     

N-乙基咔唑树状分子的合成及光电性能

采用溴化反应和乌尔曼偶联反应合成了无定形N-乙基咔唑树状分子.运用密度泛函理论(TD-DFT),在B3LYP/6-31G(d,p)水平上,通过理论计算得到分子的HOMO能级为-5.16eV、LUMO能级为-1.59eV,与实验值非常接近.对N-乙基咔唑树状分子的光物理性能进行了研究,发现化合物在292nm处产生最大吸收峰,其最大发射峰在394nm处.利用循环伏安法对化合物的电化学性能进行了分析,发现N-乙基咔唑树状分子产生了可逆的双氧化峰,起始氧化势为0.74V.N-乙基咔唑树状分子的双光子吸收截面为13.86×10-50cm4.s.(photon)-1.     

一种新型树状大分子的合成及表征

采用发散合成法以乙二胺为中心核,丙烯酸甲酯为支化单体合成了2.0代的聚酰胺胺树状大分子(PAM-AM G2.0),然后与自制的N-乙基-3-甲酰基咔唑(简称EFC2)在60℃水浴中恒温反应48h,得到了一种新型聚酰胺胺-(N-乙基咔唑-3-基)甲醛树状大分子(简称PAMAM G2.0-EFC2),用IR、1H NMR、UV/Vis谱和荧光光谱表征了中间体和目的物的分子结构.结果与设计一致.该树状大分子为红棕色黏稠状液体.能溶解于甲醇、乙醇和三氯甲烷,不溶于水、环己烷.对其荧光性质进行了研究,由于在大分子末端引入了咔唑端基功能团,使其荧光发射强度大大增强,最大发射波长从427nm红移至487nm.     

聚酰胺胺树状大分子与Co2+的相互作用

采用发散法合成了G3.5和G4.0的聚酰胺胺(PAMAM)树状大分子,研究了树状大分子的代数、树状大分子与Co2 的摩尔比、溶液pH值、反应时间和温度对树状大分子与Co2 相互作用的影响.结果表明:当存在G4.0的聚酰胺胺树状大分子时,配合物水溶液的最大吸收波长出现在356nm处;当存在G3.5的聚酰胺胺树状大分子时,混合物水溶液在可见光区域几乎没有吸收;当聚酰胺胺树状大分子和Co2 的摩尔比由1:10变为1:30时,配合物水溶液在356nm处的吸光度增加;随反应时间延长,配合物水溶液的吸光度增加;溶液pH值和反应温度对聚酰胺胺树状大分子与Co2 的相互作用也有很大影响.     

玉米芯水热预处理对纤维素结构的影响

针对预处理成本高、会产生二次污染、后续提纯除杂步骤复杂等问题,在水热预处理条件下添加干冰作为辅助介质,研究了操作条件(温度、处理时间和干冰添加量)对玉米芯中纤维素的解聚行为以及木质素脱除率的影响关系,并采用傅里叶转换红外线光谱分析仪(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,FTIR)和X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction,XRD)进行分析,得到了纤维素结构在预处理过程中的变化规律,对优化预处理工艺有重要的理论指导意义.研究结果表明:当温度超过160?C时纤维素无定型区域的链结构开始断裂;当温度升高到180?C时纤维素聚合度(degree of polymerization,DP)急剧下降,同时木质素去除率达到最高(31.6%).FTIR分析结果表明:与预处理前相比,预处理后纤维素中的C—O—C吸收峰减弱,说明纤维素的糖苷键被破坏,纤维素链发生了断裂.XRD分析结果表明:在预处理过程中玉米芯中纤维素的结晶度增大,说明在预处理过程中纤维素的无定型部分被脱除,同时部分纤维素Ⅰ转化为纤维素Ⅱ.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the