Preplay of future place cell sequences by hippocampal cellular assemblies

During spatial exploration, hippocampal neurons show a sequential firing pattern in which individual neurons fire specifically at particular locations along the animal's trajectory (place cells). According to the dominant model of hippocampal cell assembly activity, place cell firing order is established for the first time during exploration, to encode the spatial experience, and is subsequently replayed during rest or slow-wave sleep for consolidation of the encoded experience. Here we report that temporal sequences of firing of place cells expressed during a novel spatial experience occurred on a significant number of occasions during the resting or sleeping period preceding the experience. This phenomenon, which is called preplay, occurred in disjunction with sequences of replay of a familiar experience. These results suggest that internal neuronal dynamics during resting or sleep organize hippocampal cellular assemblies into temporal sequences that contribute to the encoding of a related novel experience occurring in the future.     

Determining the architectures of macromolecular assemblies

To understand the workings of a living cell, we need to know the architectures of its macromolecular assemblies. Here we show how proteomic data can be used to determine such structures. The process involves the collection of sufficient and diverse high-quality data, translation of these data into spatial restraints, and an optimization that uses the restraints to generate an ensemble of structures consistent with the data. Analysis of the ensemble produces a detailed architectural map of the assembly. We developed our approach on a challenging model system, the nuclear pore complex (NPC). The NPC acts as a dynamic barrier, controlling access to and from the nucleus, and in yeast is a 50 MDa assembly of 456 proteins. The resulting structure, presented in an accompanying paper, reveals the configuration of the proteins in the NPC, providing insights into its evolution and architectural principles. The present approach should be applicable to many other macromolecular assemblies.     

颗粒聚集体的崩塌性质研究

考察和分析了一般颗粒物质堆积体中崩塌的主要特征，概述了目前对颗粒物质崩塌研究所涉及的相关模型以及理论，并对其适用范围和局限性进行了分析，指出了他们的成功之处及不足，提出了对颗粒物质堆积体崩塌机理进行深入研究的一些思路。     

知识组织与传统组织的知识化

组织环境的巨变导致组织本身正发生革命性的变革,知识组织是在这一背景下所提出的关于组织性质的新概念,论文归纳了知识组织的3个基本特征,即以知识为核心资源,以知识为创造价值的核心资产和对知识的管理成为管理活动的焦点,提出,对于传统组织来说,“知识化”是应对挑战的唯一出路,其知识化的主要途径是：确立知识管理的核心地位,加大产品和服务中的知识含量,并在要素投入的结构上进行大的变革。     

Functional neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus

There is extensive evidence indicating that new neurons are generated in the dentate gyrus of the adult mammalian hippocampus, a region of the brain that is important for learning and memory. However, it is not known whether these new neurons become functional, as the methods used to study adult neurogenesis are limited to fixed tissue. We use here a retroviral vector expressing green fluorescent protein that only labels dividing cells, and that can be visualized in live hippocampal slices. We report that newly generated cells in the adult mouse hippocampus have neuronal morphology and can display passive membrane properties, action potentials and functional synaptic inputs similar to those found in mature dentate granule cells. Our findings demonstrate that newly generated cells mature into functional neurons in the adult mammalian brain.     

板状燃料组件流致振动实验研究

针对贫铀叠层板型燃料组件,采用了基于虚拟仪器的软测量方法,在常温、常压下,进行了其在经受冷却剂冲刷时的振动实验。获得了该组件在0～18.8m/s流速下的流致振动动态响应时间域和频率域结果。实验结果表明:燃料组件在流体冲刷下的振动频率包含各种频段,几乎没有主频;组件的行为包含振动和偏移两个方面,偏移量占主要部分,振动量占次要部分;随着流速的增加,燃料组件的振动和偏移不断增加;在整个0～18.8m/s流速范围没有出现流体弹性不稳定的大振幅振动。     

论纤维集合体的电阻

首先建立了纤维块体在具有一对极板的试盒中纵向和横向压缩时导电情况的物理模型.据此物理模型用“无规行走”问题方法建立起数学模型,推导出纤维块体导电阻率ρ与填充率f的关系式.此式的变化趋势,跟实侧电阻率显示值随f的变化相符合.沿极板纵向压缩与横向压缩对纤维块体来说是等价的.ρ随f变化的原因在于纤维块体被压缩过程中纤维块体的导电通道数逐渐增多,每条通道的平均有效长度逐渐缩短.ρ_1～f图线呈拉长S状,中段近似直,f=0.15～0.45间用直线横拟误差不大.     

Progress in the study of molecular organized assemblies by dielectric relaxation spectroscopy

Because dielectric spectroscopy covers a great many problems in physical and chemical systems occurring in an extremely wide frequency range, the study of this method plays an important role in physical chemistry. As an effective tool to detect inner properties of substance systems, the dielectric spectroscopy method is widely used in chemical systems and has been dramatically developed in recent decade. This review paper describes the applications of the dielectric spectroscopy in the chemical field, and main concentrations are focused on the micelle, microemulsion and other so-called molecular organized assemblies. Some dielectric principles and models proposed for these systems are introduced. In addition, recent technical developments in dielectric spectroscopy and developing trend of this method in other chemical systems are reviewed.     

Plasmonic coupling in single flower-like gold nanoparticle assemblies

Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) arises when light interacts with metallic nanoparticles (NPs). When nanoparticles (NPs) assemble together, the plasmon coupling effect between the NPs often leads to new features in the LSPR of the assembled structure. Understanding the plasmon coupling in the complex assemblies will greatly benefit the development of new plasmonic devices. Here we demonstrate the fabrication of a 3D structure using two different sized Au NPs as building blocks. This 3D structure was achieved by manipulating the binding efficiency of ligands linking the NPs, and proper choice of the NP size. The assembled structure is flower-like structure, with one 130 nm Au NP in the center, and several 40 nm Au NPs attaching as “petals”. Single particle dark-field scattering measurements of the individual assemblies were performed, together with electrodynamics simulations. The experimental and theoretical studies show that, the plasmonic coupling lead to broadening of the LSPR and additional peaks, depending on the number and 3D arrangement of the 40 nm NPs around the center 130 nm NP.     

定位检测破损燃料组件的堆芯啜吸法

破损燃料组件定位检测系统是为了确保反应堆安全运行、及时处理燃料包壳破损事故的安全重要设备.根据目前国际上对有元件盒反应堆采用的堆芯啜吸法,即在反应堆换料期间或发生燃料包壳破损事故时,停堆后直接从仍在堆芯位置的元件盒中取样,进行放射性测量和分析,从而鉴别出有破损的燃料组件的方法,作者设计了200MW低温核供热堆破损燃料组件定位检测系统.该设计既有国际同类设备的先进水平,又结合了低温核供热堆的特点和我国国情,保证了200MW低温核供热堆的安全.     

Theta-paced flickering between place-cell maps in the hippocampus

The ability to recall discrete memories is thought to depend on the formation of attractor states in recurrent neural networks. In such networks, representations can be reactivated reliably from subsets of the cues that were present when the memory was encoded, at the same time as interference from competing representations is minimized. Theoretical studies have pointed to the recurrent CA3 system of the hippocampus as a possible attractor network. Consistent with predictions from these studies, experiments have shown that place representations in CA3 and downstream CA1 tolerate small changes in the configuration of the environment but switch to uncorrelated representations when dissimilarities become larger. However, the kinetics supporting such network transitions, at the subsecond timescale, is poorly understood. Here we show in rats that instantaneous transformation of the spatial context does not change the hippocampal representation all at once but is followed by temporary bistability in the discharge activity of CA3 ensembles. Rather than sliding through a continuum of intermediate activity states, the CA3 network undergoes a short period of competitive flickering between preformed representations of the past and present environment before settling on the latter. Network flickers are extremely fast, often with complete replacement of the active ensemble from one theta cycle to the next. Within individual cycles, segregation is stronger towards the end, when firing starts to decline, pointing to the theta cycle as a temporal unit for expression of attractor states in the hippocampus. Repetition of pattern-completion processes across successive theta cycles may facilitate error correction and enhance discriminative power in the presence of weak and ambiguous input cues.     

Image reconstructions of helical assemblies of the HIV-1 CA protein

The type 1 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) contains a conical capsid comprising approximately 1,500 CA protein subunits, which organizes the viral RNA genome for uncoating and replication in a new host cell. In vitro, CA spontaneously assembles into helical tubes and cones that resemble authentic viral capsids. Here we describe electron cryo-microscopy and image reconstructions of CA tubes from six different helical families. In spite of their polymorphism, all tubes are composed of hexameric rings of CA arranged with approximate local p6 lattice symmetry. Crystal structures of the two CA domains were 'docked' into the reconstructed density, which showed that the amino-terminal domains form the hexameric rings and the carboxy-terminal dimerization domains connect each ring to six neighbours. We propose a molecular model for the HIV-1 capsid that follows the principles of a fullerene cone, in which the body of the cone is composed of curved hexagonal arrays of CA rings and the ends are closed by inclusion of 12 pentagonal 'defects'.     

Presynaptic mechanism for long-term potentiation in the hippocampus

Experiments analysing the statistical properties of synaptic transmission, before and after the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP), suggest that expression of LTP largely arises in a presynaptic mechanism--an increased probability of transmitter release.     

梁-阶梯板耦合结构的功率流

当板的厚度较大和变化时，如厚板或阶梯类的板，这时板的剪切、转动惯量及板的面内运动，将对板结构的振动功率流产生影响。基于功率流的分析方法和梁、板动力学的原理，推导了梁一阶梯板耦合结构的功率流表达式。计算和测量结果表明：振动频率较低时，板厚比增大使得从梁传递到阶梯板的功率流减小；振动频率较高时，梁－阶梯板结构的传递功率流小于梁－薄板结构的传递功率流。在这类板结构功率流估计中应注意这些差异，否则将引起功率流估计的误差。     

NMDA application potentiates synaptic transmission in the hippocampus

The NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) class of glutamate receptor plays a critical role in a variety of forms of synaptic plasticity in the vertebrate central nervous system. One extensively studied example of plasticity is long-term potentiation (LTP), a remarkably long-lasting enhancement of synaptic efficiency induced in the hippocampus by brief, high-frequency stimulation of excitatory synapses. LTP is a strong candidate for a cellular mechanism of learning and memory. The site of LTP induction appears to be the postsynaptic cell and induction requires both activation of NMDA receptors by synaptically released glutamate and depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane. It is proposed that this depolarization relieves a voltage-dependent Mg2+ block of the NMDA receptor channel, resulting in increased calcium influx which is the trigger for the induction of LTP. This model predicts that application of a large depolarizing dose of NMDA should be sufficient to evoke LTP. In agreement with a previous study, we have found that NMDA or glutamate application does potentiate synaptic transmission in the hippocampus. This agonist-induced potentiation is, however, decremental and short-lived, unlike LTP. It is occluded shortly after the induction of LTP and a similar short-term potentiation can be evoked by synaptically released glutamate. We thus propose that LTP has two components, a short-term, decremental component which can be mimicked by NMDA receptor activation, and a long-lasting, non-decremental component which, in addition to requiring activation of NMDA receptors, requires stimulation of presynaptic afferents.     

论虚拟企业

当前，在知识经济和知识管理的大背景下，构建虚拟企业，实施虚拟经营，正逐步成为国内外许多企业实现迅速发展的有效途径。世界著名的英特尔公司、波音公司等都成功地实施了虚拟经营，并因此能够在瞬息万变的世界上保持其领先地位。国外有关专家曾断言：虚拟企业将成为２１世纪一种重要的企业管理新模式。一、何为虚拟企业虚拟企业（ｖｉｒｔｕａｌｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ），又称“虚拟公司”或“影子公司”，它是产业合作网络中具有代表性的一种经营形式，是指企业在组织上突破有形的界限，虽有生产、设计、经营、财务等完整的功能，但…     

Kinase-regulated quantal assemblies and kiss-and-run recycling of caveolae

A functional genomics approach has revealed that caveolae/raft-mediated endocytosis is subject to regulation by a large number of kinases. Here we explore the role of some of these kinases in caveolae dynamics. We discover that caveolae operate using principles different from classical membrane trafficking. First, each caveolar coat contains a set number (one 'quantum') of caveolin-1 molecules. Second, caveolae are either stored as in stationary multi-caveolar structures at the plasma membrane, or undergo continuous cycles of fission and fusion with the plasma membrane in a small volume beneath the surface, without disassembling the caveolar coat. Third, a switch mechanism shifts caveolae from this localized cycle to long-range cytoplasmic transport. We have identified six kinases that regulate different steps of the caveolar cycle. Our observations reveal new principles in caveolae trafficking and suggest that the dynamic properties of caveolae and their transport competence are regulated by different kinases operating at several levels.