Wavelength-scalable hollow optical fibres with large photonic bandgaps for CO2 laser transmission

Conventional solid-core optical fibres require highly transparent materials. Such materials have been difficult to identify owing to the fundamental limitations associated with the propagation of light through solids, such as absorption, scattering and nonlinear effects. Hollow optical fibres offer the potential to minimize the dependence of light transmission on fibre material transparency. Here we report on the design and drawing of a hollow optical fibre lined with an interior omnidirectional dielectric mirror. Confinement of light in the hollow core is provided by the large photonic bandgaps established by the multiple alternating submicrometre-thick layers of a high-refractive-index glass and a low-refractive-index polymer. The fundamental and high-order transmission windows are determined by the layer dimensions and can be scaled from 0.75 to 10.6 micro m in wavelength. Tens of metres of hollow photonic bandgap fibres for transmission of carbon dioxide laser light at 10.6 micro m wavelength were drawn. The transmission losses are found to be less than 1.0 dB m(-1), orders of magnitude lower than those of the intrinsic fibre material, thus demonstrating that low attenuation can be achieved through structural design rather than high-transparency material selection.     

530 nm和632.8 nm波长光诱发血液的荧光光谱对比分析

取健康人静脉血,分别用530nm和632．8nm波长光照射血液并检测其荧光光谱。结果显示,这2种波长光在血液中所激发的荧光光谱结构有很大不同。530nm光引发的荧光辐射强度比较大;632．8nm波长光所产生的发射光谱在原激发光的长波和短波2个方向都有分布。这一结果提示,上述2种波长光与血液相互作用的过程有所不同,因而其对血液的生物效应也会有所差异,这对于进一步研究激光血液照射疗法的治疗机理具有一定的意义。     

紫外波长光成丝在大气中传输时的激光脉冲宽度研究

文章用数值模拟方法研究了脉冲宽度对紫外激光丝在大气中传输的影响.248 nm波长的紫外激光在空气中能够形成光丝的脉冲宽度达到4 ns,比红外波长激光的脉冲宽度高3个数量级.在大气中可以利用长达几个纳秒的紫外脉冲激光在1 TW/cm2的功率下实现长距离的激光丝传输.在适当的长脉冲宽度情况下,可以用不含时间的稳态麦克斯韦波动方程来研究激光丝传输,研究了脉冲宽度的范围.模拟计算选取3种波长,比较了激光丝在氮气中传输的情况,说明了这些激光脉宽依赖于光束的功率.     

Complete photonic bandgaps in 12-fold symmetric quasicrystals

Photonic crystals are attracting current interest for a variety of reasons, such as their ability to inhibit the spontaneous emission of light. This and related properties arise from the formation of photonic bandgaps, whereby multiple scattering of photons by lattices of periodically varying refractive indices acts to prevent the propagation of electromagnetic waves having certain wavelengths. One route to forming photonic crystals is to etch two-dimensional periodic lattices of vertical air holes into dielectric slab waveguides. Such structures can show complete photonic bandgaps, but only for large-diameter air holes in materials of high refractive index (such as gallium arsenide, n = 3.69), which unfortunately leads to significantly reduced optical transmission when combined with optical fibres of low refractive index. It has been suggested that quasicrystalline (rather than periodic) lattices can also possess photonic bandgaps. Here we demonstrate this concept experimentally and show that it enables complete photonic bandgaps--non-directional and for any polarization--to be realized with small air holes in silicon nitride (n = 2.02), and even glass (n = 1.45). These properties make photonic quasicrystals promising for application in a range of optical devices.     

红光下染料敏化重铬酸盐明胶形成的全息图

重铬酸盐明胶(DCG)是一种重要的全息记录材料,它有高的衍射率和低的噪声,其衍射率之高几乎可接近理论值。它的主要缺点是光敏性差,对波长大于540nm的尤基本上不感光,加入一些染料可使其感光区扩大到红光(633nm)。本文讨论了用亚甲基兰敏化重铬酸盐明胶扩大到红光区的方法,用He—Ne激光得到衍射率为80%的全息图。     

Electromagnetically induced transparency with tunable single-photon pulses

Techniques to facilitate controlled interactions between single photons and atoms are now being actively explored. These techniques are important for the practical realization of quantum networks, in which multiple memory nodes that utilize atoms for generation, storage and processing of quantum states are connected by single-photon transmission in optical fibres. One promising avenue for the realization of quantum networks involves the manipulation of quantum pulses of light in optically dense atomic ensembles using electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT, refs 8, 9). EIT is a coherent control technique that is widely used for controlling the propagation of classical, multi-photon light pulses in applications such as efficient nonlinear optics. Here we demonstrate the use of EIT for the controllable generation, transmission and storage of single photons with tunable frequency, timing and bandwidth. We study the interaction of single photons produced in a 'source' ensemble of 87Rb atoms at room temperature with another 'target' ensemble. This allows us to simultaneously probe the spectral and quantum statistical properties of narrow-bandwidth single-photon pulses, revealing that their quantum nature is preserved under EIT propagation and storage. We measure the time delay associated with the reduced group velocity of the single-photon pulses and report observations of their storage and retrieval.     

Opsin expression: new mechanism for modulating colour vision

Each cone photoreceptor in the retina responds to light in a limited range of wavelengths, giving it a spectral phenotype. This phenotype is determined by the most prevalent of the photoreceptor's visual-pigment proteins (opsins) and is assumed to remain unchanged during an animal's lifetime. Here we show that in the Pacific pink salmon, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, single cones can switch their spectral phenotype from ultraviolet to blue by regulating the production of the appropriate opsins as the fish grow older. This photoreceptor plasticity may operate to modulate colour vision as the salmon's lifestyle changes.     

LTT中光导管无损耗传输条件的研究

本文针对LTT(光直接触发晶闸管)光传输系统中光导管传输效率问题,用纤维光学理论分析了光缆的数值孔径、光导管的折射率一定时光导管的端面直径和曲率半径对光传输效率的影响,得出了光线在光导管中无损耗传输所必须满足的不等式,为光导管的设计提供了理论依据.     

基于优化多光谱成像的异物检测新方法

为有效检测棉花中与棉纤维形态、色泽极其相似的异物,提出一种基于优化多光谱成像的异物检测新方法.在分析不同异物具有不同反射特性的基础上,在405~940 nm的波段范围内建立优化多光谱成像系统.通过实验确定了用于检测多种异物的最佳检测波长及最佳光照强度,在不同的光照条件下获取不同的光谱图像,然后采用小波变换图像融合算法获取完整的异物图像特征.实验结果表明,两种波长405 nm和850 nm构成的多光谱图像融合可检测多种棉花异物,异物检测结果与实际相符.此方法为解决棉花异物检测难题提供了一种新的途径.     

鲤鱼幼鱼在色光场中的视觉运动反应

研究了鲤鱼幼鱼在6种波长单色光场中的视觉运动反应的速度和时间两方面特性。在可见光谱中间波段单色光场中鱼反应较强,520 nm 绿色光场中跟随速度最快,暗视等亮度条件下 453 nm 蓝色光场中反应潜伏期最短,时间跟随率最高,但在明视等亮度条件下反应的时间特性不随光波长而变化。提高各波长光强度,潜伏期均缩短,时间跟随率均提高,上述特点与水中光谱能量分布及鱼眼光潜光效率有关。     

日食对地球元素谱线波长的影响

1987年9月23日日食期,日食观测组拍摄了地球元素H,D,Ca,Fe,…的发射光谱(光源和仪器安置在同一实验室内),首次发现在日食期地球元素谱线波长发生变化,H,D,Ca谱线波长的相对变化达10~(-4)量级。     

Wavelength sensitivity in blindsight

Blindsight--the residual visual functions observed in visualfield defects resulting from destruction of part of the primary visual cortex (striate cortex) even though visual stimuli presented in the field defect are not consciously perceived--has generated new insights into the nature of consciousness and the role of the extrastriate pathways in visual processing. Some patients can detect and localize unseen stimuli when they are required to guess. Discrimination of movement, flicker and orientation may also be present, but residual colour discrimination is controversial. Negative results imply that only the pathways from eye to striate cortex can transmit information about colour in primates. By measuring sensitivity to light of different wavelengths in patients with blindsight we show that spectral sensitivity in the blind fields is surprisingly high, with a reduction of only 1 log unit or less across the visible spectrum. It is also essentially normal in form, whether the patients are adapted to light or dark. The shift in peak sensitivity from medium to shorter wavelengths in adaptation to the dark (the Purkinje shift) and the presence of discontinuities in the light-adapted curve together show that blindsight involves both rod and cone contributions, and that some colour opponency remains. As colour opponency requires input from primate beta retinal ganglion cells, two-thirds of which degenerate transneurally after a striate cortical lesion in juvenile monkeys, our results show that the surviving subpopulation of primate beta cells is functional.     

胆甾相液晶双稳态器件电光特性研究

分析了胆甾相液晶产生光学双稳态特性的非线性效应物理机制以及影响其显示效果的各种因素,用UV-Vis8500型双光束可见分光光度计测试了胆甾相液晶在脉冲电压驱动下的光谱特性及其光学双稳态特性,得到了不同液晶织构在可见光波长范围内的光谱特性曲线,分析结果表明:平面态相对焦锥态是能量较低的状态,并且随着液晶盒厚的增大,各种液晶织构的透过率与对比度会随之减小,如果将胆甾相液晶双稳态显示器件背面加一吸收层将可以成为反射型的显示器件,随着盒厚的增大其平面态反射率会随之增大,而焦锥态的反射率则基本不变,从而增强其显示效果.     

一种基于保偏光纤干涉结构的稳定光谱测量方法

本文提出一种用于光谱测量的保偏光纤干涉结构.该结构基于保偏光纤、法拉第旋转镜、偏振分束器和保偏光环形器等光纤器件的.结构中采用的压电陶瓷光纤相位调制器,使干涉工作在光程线性调制区域,以减小压电陶瓷非线性光程调制产生的误差.结构中的法拉第旋转镜、保偏光纤及保偏光器件的结合使用保证了传输光的偏振稳定性,消除偏振衰落效应的影响,保证了稳定的光谱测量结果.实验测试了SLD光谱,测得结果和光谱仪测得结果一致,结果表明该系统测量光谱的稳定性.该系统可用于提供光纤传感器和通信应用中常用光源(如二极管激光器、LED和半导体激光器等)的光谱分析.     

Nonlinear effects of the finite amplitude ultrasound wave in biological tissues

Nonlinear effects will occur during the transmission of the finite amplitude wave in biological tissues. The theoretical prediction and experimental demonstration of the nonlinear effects on the propagation of the finite amplitude wave at the range of biomedical ultrasound frequency and intensity are studied. Results show that the efficiency factor and effective propagation distance will decrease while the attenuation coefficient increases due to the existence of nonlinear effects. The experimental results coincided quite well with the theory. This shows that the effective propagation distance and efficiency factor can be used to describe quantitatively the influence of nonlinear effects on the propagation of the finite amplitude sound wave in biological tissues.     

药芯焊丝焊接过程光谱特征波段分析与选择

针对某型自保护药芯焊丝设计焊接工艺试验,利用光谱仪和专用分析软件研究焊接过程中电弧等离子体辐射光谱分布曲线,对其在各谱段的分布特征进行分析,认为紫外波段的光谱曲线波长较短且衰减严重;可见光波段整体相对辐射强度较高,特别是在绿光和黄光区域尤为强烈,在红光区域电弧光谱相对强度较为稳定;在近红外波段电弧光谱辐射强度逐渐下降.综合考虑不同的应用对象,可见光波段适用于电弧等离子体物理本质研究,自保护药芯焊丝电弧等离子体和熔滴过渡的检测适合采用红光光谱窗口,而焊缝跟踪等则适合采用近红外或者红光光谱窗口.     

Nonlinear optics in the extreme ultraviolet

Nonlinear responses to an optical field are universal in nature but have been difficult to observe in the extreme ultraviolet (XUV) and soft X-ray regions owing to a lack of coherent intense light sources. High harmonic generation is a well-known nonlinear optical phenomenon and is now drawing much attention in attosecond pulse generation. For the application of high harmonics to nonlinear optics in the XUV and soft X-ray regime, optical pulses should have both large pulse energy and short pulse duration to achieve a high optical electric field. Here we show the generation of intense isolated pulses from a single harmonic (photon energy 27.9 eV) by using a sub-10-femtosecond blue laser pulse, producing a large dipole moment at the relatively low (ninth) harmonic order nonadiabatically. The XUV pulses with pulse durations of 950 attoseconds and 1.3 femtoseconds were characterized by an autocorrelation technique, based on two-photon above-threshold ionization of helium atoms. Because of the small cross-section for above-threshold ionization, such an autocorrelation measurement of XUV pulses with photon energy larger than the ionization energy of helium has not hitherto been demonstrated. The technique can be extended to the characterization of higher harmonics at shorter wavelengths.     

基于CNN的MIMO-OFDM可见光通信接收机研究

限制可见光通信（VLC）系统传输性能的主要因素是发光二极管（LED）的有限带宽以及它的非线性效应导致的信号失真。多输入多输出（MIMO）-正交频分复用（OFDM）技术虽然可以提升系统容量、频谱效率,但由于OFDM技术较高的峰均功率比(PAPR),使得VLC系统受到更多的非线性损伤。针对以上问题,本文提出一种基于卷积神经网络（CNN）的VLC接收机。该接收机通过对接收端失真信号和发射端原始信号的学习,能够实现MIMO-OFDM可见光系统的信号解调,有效提升系统对非线性失真的抑制能力并具有较低的复杂度。实验结果表明,与最小二乘法（LS）接收机相比,CNN接收机能有效补偿信号受到的线性和非线性失真以及不同用户间的信号串扰,平均误码率（BER）提升超过一个数量级,同时有效克服LED带宽受限问题,比特传输速率提升53%。     

单色仪波长校准方法研究

本文从理论上解决的红外探测器相对光谱响应（单色仪）的溯源,利用激光器代替光源,产生单色光。根据单缝衍射和多光束干涉的原理可知,当光垂直入射到光栅面上时,则透过各狭缝的光线因衍射向各个方向传播,经会聚镜会聚后多光束发生干涉,并在其焦平面上形成一系列对称排列的明条纹,这些明条纹的波长以单色光的倍数递增,这样我们通过旋转光栅,就可以在输出端得到需要的波长。这样也解决了多个光源的问题,只要信噪比足够大,选择合适的激光器代替光源,就可以解决单色仪整个波段的溯源性。     

Spectral sensitivity of human cone photoreceptors

The brain computes visual colour by analysing the relative excitations of three types of retinal cones. Each cone excitation is governed by a spectral sensitivity function which relates the amplitude of the neural response to wavelength at constant light intensity. The spectral sensitivities of human cones are not well characterized. We report measuring the sensitivities by recording electrical responses of human cones to stimuli of different wavelengths. Spectral sensitivities of 'green' and 'red' cones, determined over the entire visible region, show peaks near 530 and 560 nm respectively, and are remarkably similar to those of the old-world monkey Macaca fascicularis. They satisfactorily predict the photopic luminosity function, a measure of the sensitivity of cone-mediated human vision to light of different wavelengths. The kinetics of the light responses of human cones also appeared similar to those of macaque cones: the time to peak response to a dim flash was 50-100 ms and there was a characteristic undershoot during recovery.