基于激光雷达的无人车路面附着系数估计

为获取无人驾驶决策规划和运动控制所需的路面附着系数,基于不同路面材质的激光雷达反射强度差异,设计了一种路面附着系数概率估计模型.首先,通过3σ(σ为标准差)准则进行地面激光点云的粗提取;然后,基于主成分分析法对粗提取的地面点云进行细提取;接着,利用期望最大法对地面点云的反射强度进行主成分提取,滤除噪声,获得地面点云的反射强度分布特征;最后,依据5种典型路面数据库,结合联合概率的思想,实现路面附着系数估计.     

基于功能原理和模糊控制的路面附着系数估计

为从根本上解决轮胎参数变化影响估计精度的问题,文中不引入轮胎模型,提出了一种基于功能原理和模糊控制的路面附着系数估计算法.首先利用功能原理推算当前车辆状态下的利用附着系数,再通过模糊推理的方法由当前状态下的利用附着系数和滑移率推算当前行驶路面的峰值附着系数,然后利用Matalb软件建立车辆的三自由度模型,对估计算法进行了仿真分析.结果表明,文中算法能有效地估计路面附着系数,具有良好的实时性和准确性.     

基于卡尔曼滤波的车辆状态与路面附着估计

建立了采用Dugoff轮胎模型的三自由度车辆估算模型,设计了基于联邦卡尔曼滤波理论的车辆行驶状态估计算法与基于扩展卡尔曼滤波理论的路面附着系数估计算法,使车辆状态估计与路面附着估计相互联系、闭环反馈、同时进行.选择典型工况,应用Car Sim与Matlab/Simulink联合仿真实验对车辆状态算法和路面附着估计算法进行了验证.结果表明:文中算法能够实现对车辆状态及路面附着系数的准确估计.     

不同路况下路面附着系数实时估计

为了准确估计不同路况下的路面附着系数,提高汽车行驶的安全性与稳定性,提出了一种在制动工况下基于前后轮轮速和制动力矩估计路面附着系数的方法。首先,考虑汽车前后轴荷转移,在Matlab/Simulink软件中完成建模操作,创建关于双轮车辆制动的动力学模型;其次,将控制目标确定为汽车前轮以及后轮的理想和实际滑移率,建立理想制动力矩滑模控制器,对于汽车滑模控制器存在的抖振现象,通过积分切换面对其进行处理;最后,以前后轮轮速和制动力矩作为输入进行扩张状态观测器的设计,利用这一观测器观测路面附着系数相关值。结果表明,各种路况中的路面附着系数都可以通过上述手段进行准确估计,扩张状态观测器能够抵抗外界干扰,鲁棒性强。将扩张状态观测器用于路面附着系数识别的良好结果可为汽车稳定性控制系统的设计提供参考。     

基于双重扩展卡尔曼滤波汽车防碰撞模型研究

针对现有的汽车防碰撞高速扇形预警模型,文章提出了基于双重扩展卡尔曼滤波的高速扇形预警模型。根据双重扩展卡尔曼滤波原理,将车辆状态和路面附着系数估算过程形成闭环控制,实现了对车辆状态和路面附着系数的准确估算;建立汽车的四自由度动力学模型和魔术轮胎模型,结合Carsim和Matlab/Simulink软件进行联合仿真。仿真实验结果表明,该模型能够实时监测路面附着系数,正常预警。     

基于峰值附着系数变化范围的路面识别研究*

为了在制动过程中完成当前路面的识别,在Burckhardt轮胎-路面数学模型的基础上设计了6种典型路面峰值附着系数的变化范围,以路面附着系数为参数指标在制动时进行路面识别。使用单轮模型分别在单一路面和跃变路面上进行了仿真试验,结果表明该方法能够准确快速地完成路面识别,充分利用了不同路面的附着条件。最后通过车载六分力测试系统在干沥青路面上进行了道路实验,进一步验证了该方法的有效性和可行性。     

基于归一化轮胎模型的路面附着系数观测

针对已有的最大路面附着系数观测算法存在收敛速度不够快以及观测精度不够高的问题,提出一种新型的基于归一化轮胎模型理论的路面附着系数观测算法。该算法通过引进归一化轮胎模型,提出基于滑移斜率(slip-slope)的参考路面附着曲线识别算法,并据此开发了一种基于线性插值的最大路面附着系数观测方法,同时引入了回归最小二次算法(RLS)方法对观测结果实时进行数据后处理。仿真分析表明,该算法能准确识别路面附着系数,可使观测精度提高约30%,同时能有效提高识别的收敛速度。     

基于轮胎侧偏刚度估计的路面附着条件辨识

准确、实时地获取路面附着信息是汽车主动安全控制系统正常工作的前提.路面及其粗糙度、干湿状态对侧偏刚度有很大影响.基于此,文中在车辆稳态转向下进行轮胎侧偏刚度估计,从而进行路面附着条件辨识.首先由二自由度车辆模型得到前后轴的侧向力及侧偏角,并考虑载荷转移得到各个轮胎的垂向力.通过前后轴之间的差值,消去较难得到的质心侧偏角,而后通过递推最小二乘法估计得到归一化的轮胎侧偏刚度,并比较不同路面附着条件下的估计结果.与之前的侧偏刚度估计方法不同,所提出的方法不需要测量或估计质心侧偏角,因此不需要昂贵的额外传感器,并且考虑了载荷转移对侧偏刚度估计的影响.文中最后通过仿真及电控模型车辆道路试验对所提出的算法进行了验证.仿真及试验结果表明:在考虑载荷转移的条件下,文中提出的辨识算法可以进行路面附着条件辨识.     

基于轮胎滑水模型的轮胎-沥青路面附着特性影响因素分析

为研究轮胎与沥青路面之间的附着特性,基于耦合欧拉-拉格朗日法(CEL法)建立充气花纹轮胎滑水有限元模型,验证了滑水模型适用性,计算出AC,SMA及OGFC三种沥青路面附着系数曲线.基于轮胎-路面附着特性理论,分析了制动防抱死系统(ABS)状态和潮湿条件下轮胎-路面附着特性影响因素.研究发现:胎路附着特性与轮胎运动状态有关,随滑移率增大轮胎受到的纵向附着系数先上升后下降,滑移率为15%左右时附着系数达到最大;在水膜厚度较小、轮胎压力较高时增大表面宏观纹理可提高路面抗滑性;平均断面深度(MPD)一定时,干燥路面较潮湿状态体现出更高的附着性能;相同水膜厚度时,附着系数随车速增加而不断减小,OGFC路面比AC路面和SMA路面具有更好的抗滑性能.     

基于线控制动的轮胎与地面附着系数实时检测

轮胎与地面间的附着系数是影响车辆安全性能的重要因素.在理论分析的基础上,提出了基于线控制动的路面附着系数检测方法,利用踏板位置传感器估计制动器制动力,采用MMA6260Q加速度传感器检测车辆制动减速度,由制动器制动力与地面制动力判断轮胎运动状态,根据车辆载荷转移公式得到车轮法向载荷,获得进入滑动区域的利用附着系数,并由此得到地面附着系数.分析显示该检测方法可以较准确地识别轮胎与地面附着系数,具有一定的实用价值.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the