石油加氢废催化剂中钨和镍的提取及镍的酸浸动力学

研究了从石油加氢废催化剂中回收钨、镍的方法,通过正交试验考察了提取钨和镍的最佳工艺条件,并对镍的浸出过程动力学进行了研究.结果表明:当Na2CO3的用量是WO3理论量的6倍,在750℃下钠化焙烧4h,焙料在90℃下水浸2h,WO3的浸出率可达到95%以上;镍富集在浸出渣中,在硫酸质量分数为30%,固液比为1∶8,85℃下浸出4h,催化剂中镍的浸出率可达到98%以上;镍的浸出过程属于扩散控制模型,与扩散控制动力学方程式相吻合,浸出反应的表观活化能为15.95kJ/mol.     

氟碳铈精矿钙化转型渣酸浸研究

提出了氟碳铈精矿钙化转型预处理-酸浸提取稀土的新思路.首先采用高压DSC技术考察了钙化转型渣酸浸动力学,结果表明:钙化转型渣浸出30℃室温条件下即可进行,反应的表观活化能为0.014 k J/mol、反应级数为0.11.然后系统研究了盐酸浓度、酸浸温度、酸浸时间、液固比等对浸出效果的影响,钙化转型渣合适的酸浸条件为:酸浸温度80℃,盐酸浓度1 mol·L-1,酸浸时间30 min,液固比15∶1.     

采用P507(HEH/EHP)从废FCC催化剂中回收稀土

废FCC催化剂(废石油催化炼化催化剂)中含有2%以上的富La或富Ce稀土,用盐酸浸取后可得到含有稀土元素和非稀土杂质的氯化稀土溶液。研究用P507(2-乙基己基膦酸单-2-乙基己基酯,HEH/EHP)从盐酸介质中萃取稀土的工艺方法,考察萃取分离稀土的主要影响因素。试验结果表明:可以从P507-煤油-盐酸体系中有效地萃取出稀土元素,较好地实现稀土元素和非稀土杂质的分离,其较优工艺条件为:萃取剂浓度(P507体积分数)为60%,浸取液pH为2.5,萃取相比为2:1,萃取平衡时间为30 min;负载有机相直接用盐酸进行反萃得到氯化稀土溶液,反萃盐酸浓度为2.0 mol/L,反萃平衡时间为60 min。该方法工艺简单,解决了废FCC催化剂的处理问题,减少对环境的污染,同时也回收稀土金属。     

废催化剂焙烧水浸渣中硫酸浸取钴的动力学研究

以废催化剂处理过程中得到的镍钴渣为研究对象,采用硫酸浸出镍钴渣,使钴和镍得到有效回收,并对硫酸浸出钴的动力学进行探讨。研究结果表明:搅拌速度为400～1200r/min时对钴浸出率的影响非常小,物料粒度、硫酸浓度和反应温度等因素对钴浸出率则有较大影响;当反应温度为80℃,反应时间为180min,原料粒度为(0.074～0.100)mm,H2SO4浓度为6mol/L,搅拌速度为800r/min,固液比为1:10时,钴的浸出率为94.2%,镍的浸出率则为93.5%;硫酸浸出镍钴渣的反应受产物层内扩散控制,表观活化能为16.34kJ/mol。     

大洋多金属结核高压低质量分数碱浸过程中SiO_2溶出行为

为提高综合利用率,对大洋多金属结核碱浸进行预处理研究,考察大洋多金属结核高压低质量分数碱浸过程中Na OH初始质量分数、反应温度、液固比、浸出时间等因素对SiO_2溶出影响,并对高压碱浸脱硅动力学进行研究。研究结果表明:在浸出温度为180℃、质量分数为10%Na OH溶液、液固比为3.0:1.0条件下反应70 min,可制得118.51 g/L的Na2Si O3溶液,其余Na2Si O3以方沸石(Na(Si2Al)O6?H2O)形式析出,SiO_2高压浸出反应的表观活化能为50.08 k J/mol,遵循化学反应控制的收缩核模型。通过高压低质量分数碱浸可选择性浸出其中的SiO_2,并生成有良好吸附性能的方沸石,而不破坏有用金属元素晶格结构,所得浸渣锰质量分数为30.72%以上。     

湿法浸出粘土矿中钒的动力学

为了提高湿法浸出粘土矿中钒的综合浸出效率,并对湿法浸出粘土矿中钒提供理论依据,从动力学角度分析整个浸出过程。考察温度、液固比、硫酸质量分数和搅拌速率对浸出过程的影响。研究结果表明：在80℃、液固比为4：1以及硫酸质量分数为20％时,浸取8h,粘土矿中钒的浸出率可达到92．3％。经正交实验和动力学推导,得到描述浸出过程的经验方程,粘土矿湿法浸出钒的动力学模型为收缩核动力学模型,浸出表观活化能为11．611kJ／mol,该模型表明浸出过程中的控制步骤是决定于固膜扩散速率。提高温度、液固比和硫酸质量分数,均可加速钒的浸出速度,提高钒的浸出率。     

钒离子指示电极在石煤焙烧料浸出动力学研究中的应用

以湘西吉首某地石煤矿为原料,在850℃焙烧6 h后,采用酸浸法从焙烧料提取钒,用钒离子指示电极在线跟踪石煤浸出过程中五价钒浓度的变化,研究浸出过程中的动力学;考察矿石粒径、pH值和浸出温度对浸出过程E--t曲线的影响.研究结果表明:钒离子指示电极电势测定结果受杂质Fe3+的影响很小,可以用于跟踪石煤焙烧料浸出过程中钒离子浓度的变化;硫酸浸出后,矿石粒度越小,溶液的酸度越大,浸出温度越高,五价钒离子越容易浸出.采用等高线法求算出石煤焙烧料浸出过程在高温段区的表观活化能Ea为1.56 kJ/mol,受扩散步骤控制;在低温段区的表观活化能Ea为3.99 kJ/mol,受化学反应步骤控制.     

大洋锰结核与药渣共浸出氧化还原过程研究

以药渣为大洋锰结核还原剂,研究药渣湿法还原锰结核浸出特性。考察搅拌速率、液固比、硫酸浓度、药渣用量和反应温度对锰浸出的影响,利用稳态极化曲线测定浸出反应动力学参数。研究结果表明:在搅拌速率为400 r/min、液固比为10:1、硫酸浓度为0.94 mol/L、药渣用量为5 g、浸出温度为363 K的条件下浸出300 min,锰浸出率达95.78%。在343~368 K间,浸出过程受化学反应控制,表观活化能为40.74 kJ/mol。在酸性环境下,锰结核与药渣有机物聚团接触碰撞,大分子聚团被锰氧化物氧化为水溶性小分子后,小分子水溶性有机物经腐蚀凹孔进入结核内层,进而氧化成NH_4~+,H_2O和CO_2,锰结核由外向内逐层腐蚀;反应过程中锰氧化物晶格破坏,释放Cu,Co和Ni等有价金属元素。     

稀土熔盐渣碳酸钠焙烧转型机理及浸出规律

借助反应热力学计算和动力学分析,研究碳酸钠焙烧稀土熔盐的转型机理和焙烧条件对稀土浸出的影响。研究结果表明:碳酸钠焙烧稀土熔盐渣反应的活化能(E_a)约为174.31k J/mol,受化学界面反应控制,温度升高可促进氟化稀土向氧化稀土转变;提高焙烧温度,延长焙烧时间,增加碳酸钠添加量均有利于提高稀土浸出率。稀土熔盐渣焙烧转化的优选条件如下:焙烧温度为700℃,反应时间为60 min,碳酸钠添加量为原料质量的30%。碳酸钠焙烧—水洗除氟—盐酸优溶可使熔盐渣中含稀土物在较低温度下发生物相转化,进而实现稀土的高效回收。     

氨浸法从含砷石灰铁盐渣中回收锌的动力学研究

采用氨浸法回收含砷石灰铁盐渣中锌,研究了不同浸取剂、浸取剂的组成、总氨浓度、氨水与铵盐配比、液固比等工艺条件对锌浸出效果的影响,分析了锌的浸出动力学.结果表明:以氨水和碳酸铵组成的浸取体系为浸取剂,当总氨浓度为5 mol/L,氨-铵盐摩尔浓度比为2∶3,液固比为4∶1时,锌的浸出率为56.21%.由宏观模型得出锌的浸出在温度为288～323 K内遵循"未反应核缩减"模型,受内扩散控制,浸出动力学方程为:1-2α3-(1-α)2/3=232×exp(-32245/RT)t,浸出表观活化能为32.24 kJ/mol.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to