Measuring the onset of locking in the Peru-Chile trench with GPS and acoustic measurements

The subduction zone off the west coast of South America marks the convergence of the oceanic Nazca plate and the continental South America plate. Nazca-South America convergence over the past 23 million years has created the 6-km-deep Peru-Chile trench, 150 km offshore. High pressure between the plates creates a locked zone, leading to deformation of the overriding plate. The surface area of this locked zone is thought to control the magnitude of co-seismic release and is limited by pressure, temperature, sediment type and fluid content. Here we present seafloor deformation data from the submerged South America plate obtained from a combination of Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers and acoustic transponders. We estimate that the measured horizontal surface motion perpendicular to the trench is consistent with a model having no slip along the thrust fault between 2 and 40 km depth. A tsunami in 1996, 200 km north of our site, was interpreted as being the result of an anomalously shallow interplate earthquake. Seismic coupling at shallow depths, such as we observe, may explain why co-seismic events in the Peruvian subduction zone create large tsunamis.     

Slip model for the 2011 M_w 9.0 Sendai （Japan） earthquake and its M_w 7.9 aftershock derived from GPS data

Using GPS-measured coseismic and post-seismic displacements for the 8 h following the M w 9.0 Sendai earthquake of March 11, 2011, coseismic and post-seismic fault slip models were developed based on a layered crustal model. The geodetic moment magnitude of the main shock was measured as approximately M w 8.98. The slip exhibits clear reverse characteristics, with a maximum near the hypocenter, and a magnitude of about 23.3 m. Some strike-slip behavior may occur on the two sides of the peak rupture zone. Almost 90% of the seismic moments released by the main shock occurred at depths less than 40 km. The energy released by the fault slip in the 8 h following the main shock is approximately equal to an earthquake of M w 8.13. With a maximum of ~1.5 m, the post-seismic slip was concentrated in the southwestern part of the coseismic rupture fault, which agrees well with the location and behavior of the M w 7.9 aftershock. This implies that the post-seismic deformation in the 8 h after the main shock was mainly induced by the M w 7.9 aftershock. In addition, a post-seismic slip of 0.2-0.4 m was observed at the down-dip extension of the coseismic rupture, which may have been caused by the effect of after-slip during this period.     

全球大地震破裂空间复杂度特征研究

基于有限断层反演得到的滑移数据,用独立滑移单元的数量表征地震破裂复杂度,据此对大地震破裂进行分组,并研究破裂复杂度与主要震源参数之间的关系,探讨破裂复杂度的全球及区域空间分布特征。结果表明,矩震级很大(Mw≥8.5)的事件,地震破裂复杂度更大;破裂复杂度较高的地震分布在浅层地壳(≤30km)内的概率最大,随着震源深度增加,破裂复杂度对震源深度的敏感性逐渐消失;走滑断层机制占比较大的事件,破裂复杂度较高;破裂复杂度与地震能矩比没有明确的关系;破裂复杂度的空间分布特征与区域地质构造环境相关。破裂复杂度的空间分布特征可以分为3类,第一类是板块之间简单碰撞产生的俯冲带,板块交界处的滑动速率和方向较为一致,这种情形下以比较简单的事件类型为主;第二类是多板块交界处,或者板块交界处的滑动速率和方向在整个区域内存在差异;第三类是大陆内部的强烈挤压地带。与第一类空间分布特征相比,第二类和第三类情形下破裂复杂度相对更高。地震破裂复杂度可以在一定程度上反映区域应力场的复杂性。     

Insight into the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake from GPS measurements in southeast Asia

Data collected at approximately 60 Global Positioning System (GPS) sites in southeast Asia show the crustal deformation caused by the 26 December 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake at an unprecedented large scale. Small but significant co-seismic jumps are clearly detected more than 3,000 km from the earthquake epicentre. The nearest sites, still more than 400 km away, show displacements of 10 cm or more. Here we show that the rupture plane for this earthquake must have been at least 1,000 km long and that non-homogeneous slip is required to fit the large displacement gradients revealed by the GPS measurements. Our kinematic analysis of the GPS recordings indicates that the centroid of released deformation is located at least 200 km north of the seismological epicentre. It also provides evidence that the rupture propagated northward sufficiently fast for stations in northern Thailand to have reached their final positions less than 10 min after the earthquake, hence ruling out the hypothesis of a silent slow aseismic rupture.     

一种高效的GPS定位数据压缩算法设计

针对基于GPS及GPRS的手持式防走失终端的存储空间小、GPS定位数据量大、累积GPRS传输GPS定位数据流量大导致通信费用高的问题,提出一种专用于NMEA-0183标准GPS定位数据压缩的改进型位映射-半字节压缩算法.经过理论分析以及实际验证,该算法总压缩比不低于74.29%,并且减少了GPRS向监控中心传输的GPS定位数据量,降低了通信费用和GPRS信道的占用时间,提高了定位的实时性.     

Near-field surface movement during the Wenchuan M s8.0 earthquake measured by high-rate GPS

Based on high-rate (1 Hz) GPS data from the Sichuan GPS Continuous Observation Network on the footwall of the Longmenshan Fault, we have characterized the near-field surface movement process during the 5.12 Wenchuan Earthquake. Results show that the maximum deformation near the fault is larger than the deformation set. Stations on the northern segment of the fault moved towards the epicenter first, and then turned toward the vertical orientation of the fault. Deformation of stations on the southern segment is smaller and recovered. The initial motion at all of the stations was downward followed by periodic up and down movements. Comparing the displacement from high-rate GPS and accelerograph data, we can see that they are consistent prior to the arrival of the principal shock, but afterwards a 10 cm difference is found, even though they are synchronized and in phase. More work is yet to be done to explain this. This is the first time that actual the real near-field surface movements of an earthquake of M >7.0 have been determined in china. These measurements are therefore of high value for studies of surface rupture processes and the analysis of seismic wave travels paths in this region.     

基于国家测绘局GPS连续运行参考站的定轨

为了解决采用地面GPS连续运行参考站进行高精度定轨问题,采用轨道积分方法,利用国家测绘局8个GPS连续运行参考站和9个中国周边IGS连续运行参考站,设计了多种天数的区域性定轨计算方案,研究了轨道确定的理论、步骤和参数设置规律.结果表明:3天轨道解的平均精度为0.19 m,5天轨道解的平均精度为O.21 m,7天轨道解的平均精度为O.28 m,3天解平均定轨精度最高,优于0.2 m,证明了并非随着地面数据天数的增加而精度随之增加,可以用最少的数据量获得最优的定轨结果.定轨试验计算的是区域性轨道,与全球轨道相比,存在一定的偏差.该成果对我国定轨研究特别是未来的广域增强系统轨道预测具有一定的指导意义和参考价值.     

Precise GPS/GNSS positioning solution for airborne data acquisition systems

The precise positioning of aircrafts during flights belongs to the great challenges with respect to the development of airborne data acquisition systems. Satellite positioning systems like GPS offers a unique capability for precise positioning but requires in depth knowledge of GPS in airborne applications, e.g.GPS for high dynamic application, integration of GPS with other sensors, dynamic behaviour of aircrafts or antenna location. For its positioning reference system of Flight Inspection systems Aerodata AG has developed a robust GPS carrier phase ambiguity solution P-DGPS, Precise Differential GPS combined with complementary sensors like INS, barometers, radio altimeters or laser altimeters as well as laser trackers. Using recorded data during the flight the algorithm offers also the capability to calculate more accurate positions in post-processing. The presented sensor fusion algorithm using GPS without differential corrections (SGPS, standalone GPS) offers a precise height reference solution for approach calibration based only on aircraft-based sensors. SGPS data are combined in post-processing with inertial, pressure, radio and laser altimeter data. Flight trials with a Bombardier "Global Express" at Braunschweig Airport on May 2002 shows the achieved accuracies of the height reference solution calculated by SGPS in comparison to P-DGPS. The SGPS solution for precise height calculation of special mission aircrafts provides accuracies in the order of 5 m and at the runway's threshold in the order of 30 cm.     

基于GPRS的GPS监控系统数据传输建模分析

结合GPRS/GPS/GIS定位监控系统的工作原理,分析了GPS数据信息、GPRS通信网络中数据信息的结构,以及系统的数据传输流程及数据格式.讨论了利用UML对系统的传输流程、各传输阶段的数据组成进行详细建模,为监控软件后续开发和升级提供了方便.     

利用单站电离层测高仪与GPS数据的同化反演试验

利用测高仪和GPS观测数据进行了单站电离层电子密度廓线的同化反演实验,实验中设计了一套基于Kalman滤波的电离层数据同化系统,采用了水平和垂直方向可分离的高斯型误差协方差矩阵,利用IRI2000模式作为同化反演的背景场,分别使用了测高仪数据和GPS数据进行了单独同化反演和联合同化反演实验,结果显示：在各类同化参数不改变的情况下,单独利用GPS数据反演结果较好,不仅可以得到较为准确的TEC,电子密度廓线结果也有较好的提升;单独使用测高仪反演的结果较差,在峰高以下电子密度廓线和观测较一致,但峰高以上电子密度廓线和观测比较的结果较差,并且TEC结果和观测也有一定误差;而利用GPS和测高仪数据联合反演的结果最好,无论是反演的电子密度廓线还是TEC值都和观测最为接近.     

Three-dimensional deformation caused by the Bam, Iran, earthquake and the origin of shallow slip deficit

Our understanding of the earthquake process requires detailed insights into how the tectonic stresses are accumulated and released on seismogenic faults. We derive the full vector displacement field due to the Bam, Iran, earthquake of moment magnitude 6.5 using radar data from the Envisat satellite of the European Space Agency. Analysis of surface deformation indicates that most of the seismic moment release along the 20-km-long strike-slip rupture occurred at a shallow depth of 4-5 km, yet the rupture did not break the surface. The Bam event may therefore represent an end-member case of the 'shallow slip deficit' model, which postulates that coseismic slip in the uppermost crust is systematically less than that at seismogenic depths (4-10 km). The InSAR-derived surface displacement data from the Bam and other large shallow earthquakes suggest that the uppermost section of the seismogenic crust around young and developing faults may undergo a distributed failure in the interseismic period, thereby accumulating little elastic strain.     

Combined adjustment project of national astronomical geodetic networks and 2000'''' national GPS control network

The combined adjustment of astronomical geode tic networks and the 2000’national GPS control net work is a national geodetic project based on the pre sent necessities and long term program of national e conomic development. This project has profound sci entific, social and economic significance, and willproduce an effect on developments of space scienceand national defense construction as well as geodesyitself.China took part in the second international radioobservational projec…     

基于多小波的GPS相位观测值周跳探测

阐述了周跳探测的重要性,分析了多小波在信号处理方面比单小波更有优势,基于此,利用多小波变换模极大值与信号奇异性之间的关系模型,写出了多小波在GPS周跳探测中的具体操作步骤。最后应用于GPS双差观测量,实验结果表明多小波变换在GPS相位观测值周跳探测中的有效性。     

GPS测量数据处理的应用研究

结合在测量工程中应用ASHTECH和TRIMBLEGPS接收机的实践 ,本文主要说明了GPS数据处理过程中 ,对基线向量解算的人为干预处理、独立边的选取、闭合环检查、限制GPS网的投影长度变形及其成果的检验问题。     

National 2000’ GPS control network of China

An accurately unified national GPS network with more than 2500 stations,named"National 2000' GPS Control Net- work",signed the epoch 2000.0,has been established by integrating the existing six nationwide GPS networks of China set up by differ- ent departments with different objectives.This paper presents the characteristics of the existing GPS networks,summarizes the strategies in the integrated adjustment of the GPS network,including functional model,stochastic model as well as the adjustment principle modifi- cation.By modifying the adjustment strategies according to the characteristics of the existing GPS networks and under the support of the IGS stations,the accuracy of the integrated national GPS network is greatly improved.The datum differences among the sub networks disappear,the systematic error influences are weakened,and the effects of the outliers on the estimated coordinates and their variances are controlled.It is shown that the average standard deviation for the horizontal component is smaller than 1.0 cm,the vertical component is smaller than 2.0 cm,and the three-dimensional (3-D) position of geocenter coordinates is smaller than 3.0 cm.The exterior checking ac- curacy for the 3-D position is averagely better than 1.0 cm.     

Earthquake slip on oceanic transform faults

Oceanic transform faults are one of the main types of plate boundary, but the manner in which they slip remains poorly understood. Early studies suggested that relatively slow earthquake rupture might be common; moreover, it has been reported that very slow slip precedes some oceanic transform earthquakes, including the 1994 Romanche earthquake. The presence of such detectable precursors would have obvious implications for earthquake prediction. Here we model broadband seismograms of body waves to obtain well-resolved depths and rupture mechanisms for 14 earthquakes on the Romanche and Chain transform faults in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean. We found that earthquakes on the longer Romanche transform are systematically deeper than those on the neighbouring Chain transform. These depths indicate that the maximum depth of brittle failure is at a temperature of approximately 600 degrees C in oceanic lithosphere. We find that the body waves from the Romanche 1994 earthquake can be well modelled with relatively deep slip on a single fault, and we use the mechanism and depth of this earthquake to recalculate its source spectrum. The previously reported slow precursor can be explained as an artefact of uncertainties in the assumed model parameters.     

GPS/GLONASS/BDS/Galileo数据质量的对比分析

论文采用MGEX（Multi-GNSS Experiment, MGEX）80个观测站点数据,选择数据利用率、周跳比和多路径效应等运用Anubis软件研究了定位性能的定量评价方法。结果表明,GPS、GLONASS和Galileo数据利用率的平均值均大于设置的阈值（80%）,而BDS数据利用率的平均值较低,仅为58.04%;周跳比平均值从大到小依次为Galileo、BDS、GPS和GLONASS;所有频点中,Galileo系统E5频点多路径效应平均值最小,GLONASS系统G1频点多路径效应平均值最大。以定位精度和收敛时间作为定量评价指标,分别选取数据质量不同的观测站进行静态模拟动态单系统精密单点定位解算,分析表明周跳比对定位精度的影响程度更为显著,数据利用率和多路径效应与收敛时长无显著关联,周跳比大的数据收敛快。     

Plate-boundary deformation associated with the great Sumatra-Andaman earthquake

The Sumatra-Andaman earthquake of 26 December 2004 is the first giant earthquake (moment magnitude M(w) > 9.0) to have occurred since the advent of modern space-based geodesy and broadband seismology. It therefore provides an unprecedented opportunity to investigate the characteristics of one of these enormous and rare events. Here we report estimates of the ground displacement associated with this event, using near-field Global Positioning System (GPS) surveys in northwestern Sumatra combined with in situ and remote observations of the vertical motion of coral reefs. These data show that the earthquake was generated by rupture of the Sunda subduction megathrust over a distance of >1,500 kilometres and a width of <150 kilometres. Megathrust slip exceeded 20 metres offshore northern Sumatra, mostly at depths shallower than 30 kilometres. Comparison of the geodetically and seismically inferred slip distribution indicates that approximately 30 per cent additional fault slip accrued in the 1.5 months following the 500-second-long seismic rupture. Both seismic and aseismic slip before our re-occupation of GPS sites occurred on the shallow portion of the megathrust, where the large Aceh tsunami originated. Slip tapers off abruptly along strike beneath Simeulue Island at the southeastern edge of the rupture, where the earthquake nucleated and where an M(w) = 7.2 earthquake occurred in late 2002. This edge also abuts the northern limit of slip in the 28 March 2005 M(w) = 8.7 Nias-Simeulue earthquake.     

轨道检测GPS数据采集系统硬件设计与实现

 针对传统轨道检测系统效率低、成本高的不足,应用GPS 全球定位技术、GPRS 无线通信技术和CAN 总线技术,提出一种新型轨道检测方案,并对GPS 数据采集系统的关键模块进行了设计。GPS 数据采集系统由4 个基站GPS 模块和1 个流动站GPS 节点组成,实现了相对测量与绝对测量的统一,提高了检测精度;基于GPS 的数据采集实时准确,更新率高达50 Hz;利用GPRS 进行无线数据传输,方便快捷,实时高效;利用CAN 提高了通信速率(高达l Mbps),且可靠性高、性能稳定;通过Flash 存储器进行数据缓存,再传至上位机进行存储与处理,系统容量高达500 G,数据处理简单高效。     

GPS非差数据周跳探测的TECR-MW综合法

针对电离层总电子含量变化率(TECR)方法和双频码相组合(MW)方法探测周跳各自的局限性,综合利用TECR法和MW法进行周跳探测。首先采用TECR法探测周跳,然后用MW法进行第2次探测,最后综合电离层TECR法和MW法的宽巷模糊度探测L₁频率和L₂频率上发生的周跳。这种综合探测法不受接收机与卫星间的几何距离、接收机钟差和卫星钟差、电离层折射的影响。采用实测数据进行试验,结果表明,综合利用TECR法与MW法探测GPS周跳比采用单一方法探测周跳更加有效、可靠。