Agricultural development and human diets in Gouwan site,Xichuan, Henan

This paper undertook the C and N stable isotopic analysis of human bones unearthed at the Gouwan site in Xichuan,Henan,to reveal the human diets and to explore the lifestyle of humans and the development of rice and millet agriculture.The contribution of rice to human diets was almost equal to that of millet in this site though millet agriculture is the traditional economic model for the middle Yellow River Valley.On the other hand,the comparison of C and N stable isotopes in different cultural periods clea...     

Elemental composition in the sediments of the Yangtze and the Yellow Rivers and their tracing implication

Elemental compositions in the surface sediments of the Yangtze River and the Yellow River are quite different. The Yangtze River' s sediment is rich in K, Fe, Mg, Al and most of trace elements, and its elemental composition show remarkable spatial variations, whereas the Yellow River s sediment has higher contents of Ca, Na, Sr, Ba, Zr and Hf, and the elemental composition remains relatively stable. The ratios of some elements are also different in the sediments of the two rivers. The elemental composition of the Yangtze River sediment results from widely distributed igneous rocks and complicated source rocks and strong chemical weathering in the Yangtze River catchment basin, while the main provenance of the Yellow River sediment is the Loess Plateau which has dominant influence on the elemental composition, and the intense physical weathering is another controlling factor. The elements such as Cu, Zn, Sc, Ti, Fe, V, Ni, Cr, Co, Li and element ratios such as La/Sc, La/Co, Th/Co, Ti/Zr and Zr/Y can be used as the tracers to distinguish the Yangtze River sediment from the Yellow River s. The tracers can be used in the study of the mixing and distribution of the substances of the two rivers matters in coastal zones of China.     

《麽经布洛陀》与华南珠江流域的稻作农业——《麽经布洛陀》与稻作农业史研究之一

壮族及其同源的布依、侗、水、仫佬、毛南等民族是华南珠江流域的原始居民。《麽经布洛陀》是壮族麽教经文，其内容涉及稻谷种子的来源、野生稻驯化成为栽培稻、骆田与骆人、野牛驯养、石犁的使用与牛耕的出现、采集农业向稻作农业过渡、水稻种植时令及耕作制度的形成、早期的稻作农业祭祀等远古时代华南珠江流域稻作农业的起源和发展的有关问题。文章认为，从神话学的意义说，黄帝是黄河流域以粟作农业为代表的农业神，炎帝是长江流域以稻作农业为代表的农业神，而布洛陀则是华南珠江流域以稻作农业为代表的农业神，中华民族农业文明的巨流，主要是由这三大农业文明汇集而成的。     

中全新世以来东海内陆架泥质沉积物来源

利用判别函数、Eu异常与稀土元素总量关系(δEuN-ΣREEs)图解以及物源定量识别方法,对位于浙闽沿岸泥质带的EC2005孔常微量、稀土元素地球化学进行分析,利用14C测量加速器质谱仪(AMS14C)进行年龄测定,探讨东海内陆架EC2005孔泥质沉积物来源。结果表明:EC2005孔泥质沉积物主要来源于长江,其平均贡献量为93.7%,没有识别出黄河物质;历史时期黄河物质可以影响到29°N甚至于更为偏南的区域(南界为27°25’N),台湾海峡西北部则可以接受台湾物质的输入;浙闽沿岸泥质区物质来源具有一定的复杂性,值得进一步深入研究。     

Apparent ages of suspended sediment and soil erosion of the Pearl River (Zhujiang) drainage basin

The carbon isotopic composition (Δ 14 C,δ 13 C) and apparent ages of suspended sediment were determined in the Pearl River in the years 1998,2000 and 2005.These results indicate that suspended POC consists mostly of young carbon and some old carbon.Apparent ages of suspended POC range from 540 to 2050 a BP.The apparent ages are older in the Xijiang and Beijiang Rivers,while these values are variable in the Dongjiang River,including old and young samples.The suspended POCδ 13 C values increase with increasin...     

Uncovering the Neoproterozoic carbon cycle

Interpretations of major climatic and biological events in Earth history are, in large part, derived from the stable carbon isotope records of carbonate rocks and sedimentary organic matter. Neoproterozoic carbonate records contain unusual and large negative isotopic anomalies within long periods (10-100 million years) characterized by δ(13)C in carbonate (δ(13)C(carb)) enriched to more than +5 per mil. Classically, δ(13)C(carb) is interpreted as a metric of the relative fraction of carbon buried as organic matter in marine sediments, which can be linked to oxygen accumulation through the stoichiometry of primary production. If a change in the isotopic composition of marine dissolved inorganic carbon is responsible for these excursions, it is expected that records of δ(13)C(carb) and δ(13)C in organic carbon (δ(13)C(org)) will covary, offset by the fractionation imparted by primary production. The documentation of several Neoproterozoic δ(13)C(carb) excursions that are decoupled from δ(13)C(org), however, indicates that other mechanisms may account for these excursions. Here we present δ(13)C data from Mongolia, northwest Canada and Namibia that capture multiple large-amplitude (over 10 per mil) negative carbon isotope anomalies, and use these data in a new quantitative mixing model to examine the behaviour of the Neoproterozoic carbon cycle. We find that carbonate and organic carbon isotope data from Mongolia and Canada are tightly coupled through multiple δ(13)C(carb) excursions, quantitatively ruling out previously suggested alternative explanations, such as diagenesis or the presence and terminal oxidation of a large marine dissolved organic carbon reservoir. Our data from Namibia, which do not record isotopic covariance, can be explained by simple mixing with a detrital flux of organic matter. We thus interpret δ(13)C(carb) anomalies as recording a primary perturbation to the surface carbon cycle. This interpretation requires the revisiting of models linking drastic isotope excursions to deep ocean oxygenation and the opening of environments capable of supporting animals.     

南黄海如东近岸海域的沉积物特征与输运趋势

2003年在南黄海如东近岸海域获取了表层底质样397个,进行粒度分析,获取粒度参数．分析结果表明,如东近岸海域的表层沉积物以砂质粉砂和粉砂质砂为主,其物源主要是古长江残留物质,受现代水动力作用改造并掺混一定数量的现代长江入海物质和江苏沿岸侵蚀的物质．采用粒径趋势进行分析,发现该海域深槽中的沉积物主要向外海输运,但在中部海洋沙、太阳沙以西存在一个沉积物汇聚中心．     

廉州湾红树林大型底栖动物食物来源研究

【目的】了解可能性食物源对红树林大型底栖动物的贡献率。【方法】利用碳氮稳定同位素技术,对广西廉州湾红树林大型底栖动物及可能性食物源的碳、氮同位素比值(δ~(13) C值、δ~(15) N值)进行分析,并通过贝叶斯稳定同位素混合模型,估算不同食物源对大型底栖动物的贡献率。【结果】大型底栖动物的δ~(13) C值为-23.37‰~-18.09‰,δ~(15) N值为6.59‰~17.00‰,δ~(13) C值、δ~(15) N值的变化范围较大,表明大型底栖动物食物来源较为复杂多样。7种可能性食物源的δ~(13) C值为-29.09‰~-21.53‰,δ~(15) N值为6.85‰~15.67‰,其中红树植物的δ~(13) C值最为贫化。大型底栖动物的营养级别均小于3,表明它们基本属于初级消费者。SIAR混合模型计算结果显示,颗粒有机物(POM)对大型底栖动物有较高的贡献率,其次为表层沉积物(SOM),大型藻类、附生植物的贡献率较低,红树植物叶片、落叶、树皮对大型底栖动物的贡献率最低。【结论】POM、SOM是广西廉州湾红树林大型底栖动物重要的食物源,红树植物不是大型底栖动物碳的主要来源。     

Petroleum-contaminated soil extent recorded by δ15N and δ13C of plants and soils

Petroleum contamination in terrestrial environments caused by industrial activities is a significant problem that has received considerable attention. Carbon and nitrogen isotopic compositions (δ13C and δ15N) effectively describe the behavior of plants and soils under petroleum contamination stress. To better understand plant and soil responses to petroleum-contaminated soil, δ13C and δ15N values of the plants (Trifolium repens, Leguminosae with C₃ photosynthesis pathway, and Agropyron cristatum with C₄ photosynthesis pathway) and the soil samples under one-month exposure to different extents of petroleum contamination were measured. The results showed that petroleum contamination in the soil induced the soil δ15N values to increase and δ13C values to decrease; from 1.9‰ to 3.2‰ and from ?23.6‰ to ?26.8‰, respectively. However, the δ13C values of Agropyron cristatum decreased from ?29.8‰ to ?31.6‰, and the δ13C values of Trifolium repens remained relatively stable from ?12.6‰ to ?13.1‰, indicating that they have different coping strategies under petroleum-contaminated soil conditions. Moreover, the δ15N values of Trifolium repens decreased from 5.6‰ to 0.8‰ near the air δ15N values under petroleum-contaminated soil, which implies that their nitrogen fixation system works to reduce soil petroleum stress. The δ13C and δ15N values of Agropyron cristatum and Trifolium repens reflect changes in the metabolic system when they confront stressful environments. Therefore, stable isotopic compositions are useful proxies for monitoring petroleum-contaminated soil and evaluating the response of plants to petroleum contamination stress.     

Relations between man and nature reflected by the evolution of the Neolithic production tools in the Three Gorges region of Yangtze River,China

The relations between man and nature reflected by evolution of Neolithic production tools in the Three Gorges region of Yangtze River is discussed in this paper.Our results show that there is a good correlation between the percentage vibration of cutting tool types and the environmental evolution indicated by the natural profile nearby.It is possible for ancestors from the Three Gorges region to learn the advantage of mortise and tenon in the early Neolithic Age because they used the stones as vital tools for processing woods.The hunting method in the early Neolithic is throwing,which was inherited in the mid-Neolithic Age when hunting with arrow and bow was developed.Fishing tools are found at the same period.Numbers of net sinkers and spinning wheels unearthed from the strata of the Western Zhou Dynasty from Zhongba Site reveal the fact of fishing with net,while a mass of fishbone pits indi- cate the powerful productivity brought by new production tools.Quantity of stone spades and stone hoes proves that cultivation agriculture by hoe is extremely attached importance by the ancestors in the Three Gorges region.Moreover,the developed agriculture in Daxi Culture at Zhongbao Island benefits from the landform,climate,traffic location,etc.Otherwise,the reason that the farming tools declined in the late Neolithic Age is related to the extreme flood during the early Xia Dynasty and the fishing hunting preference of some ancient settlements.This research shows that ancestors of the Three Gorges region during the Neolithic Age attached importance to fish hunting and cultivation, fought against the natural environment by production tools,constantly created and improved them, then comprehensively utilized them to evolve the relations between man and nature.     

江苏沿海沙脊群表层沉积物Pb同位素特征及对物源的指示

为进一步查明江苏沿海沙脊群沉积物的来源,分析了该区域沉积物酸不溶组分Pb同位素特征。结果表明,远岸沙脊群陆向区域沉积物Pb同位素比值与近岸沙脊群相似,暗示其在潮波作用下有向岸运移的趋势。铅-钕同位素分析揭示长江及周边河流沉积物在长江冲淡水和东海沿岸流作用下输移至远岸沙脊群海向区域。在苏北沿岸流作用下,老黄河三角洲沉积物输入对近岸沙脊群及远岸沙脊群陆向区域有影响;相反,诸如现代黄河口、济州岛和韩国河流等地沉积物输入对江苏沿海沙脊群的影响较弱。     

基于GIS的黄河三角洲环境脆弱性评价研究

黄河三角洲已成为严重的脆弱地区,为了对黄河三角洲地区减灾防灾和可持续发展提供一定的科学依据,笔者构建了黄河三角洲固有脆弱性和特有脆弱性的评价指标体系,建立了脆弱性评价指标量化方法,采用层次分析法确定评价指标权重,基于GIS软件平台对黄河三角洲区域进行了固有脆弱性和特有脆弱性评价与分析．黄河三角洲固有脆弱性主要表现为微度脆弱（51．52％）和中度脆弱（26．13％）,微度脆弱主要分布于海洋部分和内陆区域,而中度脆弱主要分布于靠近沿海地区．特有脆弱性主要表现为微度脆弱（44．叭％）和轻度脆弱（23．95％）,微度脆弱主要分布于海洋部分,轻度脆弱主要分布于沿海地区．     

基于自组织竞争网络的黄河和长江物源判别

利用黄河和长江在地质历史时期的沉积物与现代黄河长江沉积物应具有一定的相似性这一原理,＂将今论古＂,以现代黄河和长江入海沉积物中部分常量元素的百分含量作为基准数据建立自组织竞争网络,对来自不同时代的黄河和长江的沉积物进行判别和验证,可靠性达到94.4%,并规定了其相应置信度下的置信区间.以此为基础,对南黄海NT2孔的物质来源进行了判别,结果表明钻孔中0～19.36m、28.07～52.88m深度范围内的沉积物为长江沉积物,19.36～28.07m、52.88～70.28m深度范围内以及表层沉积物为黄河沉积物.     

黄河流域农用地非点源磷污染危险性评价

 化肥的施用为中国的粮食的增产起到了不可忽视的作用,但是不合理的盲目施肥会对环境产生不良影响,特别是农田养分流失造成的农业非点源污染。为了系统、全面的识别黄河流域农用地磷流失风险高低的空间分布情况和主要影响因子,服务于农业面源污染防治和现代化农业管理,本研究以地理信息系统（GIS）的空间分析功能和养分平衡计算等方法为依托,参照国际常用的磷指数法尝试性的对黄河流域主要农用地进行了农业非点源磷污染风险评价,结果表明：风险指数以中高为主,分别占流域的41.85%和34.85%,主要分布在黄河沿岸及中下游农业开发地区,而低和很高的分别占到了11.62%和11.69%,分别集中位于流域的中部地区和东部广大下游冲积平原地区, 此流域属于农用地磷流失风险指数中等的流域。     

中国省际海洋经济增长质量的测度与评价——基于“五大发展理念”的实证分析

立足"五大发展理念",结合海洋经济自身的发展特色,构建海洋经济增长质量指标体系,利用主成分分析法测度了2007-2016年中国沿海11个省市海洋经济发展的创新、协调、绿色、开放和共享的程度,在此基础上对各地区海洋经济增长质量的综合水平进行评价。研究表明:创新、协调、开放和共享指标均是促进各省市海洋经济增长质量指数提高的重要因素,而绿色指标在部分年份对山东、浙江、上海、福建等地区海洋经济增长质量的贡献是负的;11个沿海省市地区的海洋经济增长质量总体上呈现缓慢的波动上涨趋势,其中上海海洋经济增长质量水平明显高于其他地区,而河北和广西表现相对较差;从四大沿海经济区角度看,珠三角和长三角地区海洋经济增长质量水平较高,且珠三角呈现出明显的波动上升趋势,环渤海海洋经济增长质量水平总体较为稳定,而环北部湾经济区质量水平最低。     

基于氮氧同位素示踪的滨州市水体硝酸盐污染来源解析

利用硝酸盐氮氧双同位素技术和同位素混合模型,对滨州市水体硝酸盐的氮氧同位素组成进行分析,在此基础上进行硝酸盐污染溯源,确定各污染源的贡献率．结果表明:研究区地表水和地下水硝酸盐质量浓度分别为0~168.07、0~336.04 mg·L?1,超标率分别为8.70%和27.78%;从河流上游到下游,地表水硝酸盐污染有加重的趋势,地下水硝酸盐污染空间变异性较大．地表水和地下水δ（15N-NO₃）范围分别为4.02‰~10.10‰、9.07‰~18.75‰,δ（18O-NO₃）范围分别为2.24‰~6.14‰、4.93‰~10.64‰;有机肥和污水是本地地表水和地下水硝酸盐污染的主要来源,其平均贡献率分别为45%和81%,其次为含氮化肥,分别占26%和17%。通过定量分析地表水及地下水硝酸盐污染来源,可以为本地区制定防治水体污染措施提供科学依据．      

南水北调中线工程向黄河相机补水政策的探讨

针对黄河流域水资源贫乏的现状,分析了南水北调中线工程向黄河相机补水的必要性和可行性,进而提出了相关的政策建议。     

黄海南部海域的极值波高推算

以黄海南部海域1979—2018年SWAN模型模拟的海浪后报数据为原始数据集，采用自动化法在原始数据集中提取独立的非热带气旋样本进行极值波高推算研究。选择年N大值法提取极值样本，匹配广义极值分布模型进行拟合，通过分析模型的拟合效果和外推有效波高的不确定性确定合理的N值范围，并采用阈值法的稳定阈值范围进行了验证。利用这种方法推算得到了黄海南部海域50、100、150、200 a重现期的极值波高，可为黄海南部海域海洋、海岸工程的设计施工提供参考。     

Change in the sedimentary environment of Wanquan River Estuary,Hainan Island,China

Pb geochronology and sediment core profiles of organic carbon, total sulfur and organic carbon isotope (d 13C) values were used to reconstruct the local environ-mental history of the Shamei Lagoon, located in the Wan-quan River Estuary, eastern Hainan Island, China. Totalsulfur and d 13C values decreased upwards in the top 30 cm of a sediment core that spanned the last 200 years of deposi-tion. Total sulfur concentration and d 13C values respectively decreased upward from 1.92% to 0.36%, and -20.63?to -23.64? The C/S ratio in the 19th century and earlier was relatively stable in the range of 0.47—0.80, and there was a positive correlation between organic carbon and total sulfur. Since around 1900 AD, the C/S ratio increased rapidly to a maximum of 3.94, but no simple correlation was found be-tween organic carbon and total sulfur during this more re-cent period. These results indicated that before 1800 AD, the lagoon had a fully marine character, and the location of to-day抯 Wanquan River Estuary was an open embayment.From 1800 to 1900, the salinity of Shamei Lagoon decreased noticeably. The amount of seawater which could enter thelagoon decreased gradually as the Yudai spit grew. Today,seawater scarcely affects the lagoon; it is essentially a fresh-water basin.     

黄河流域经济空间分异格局研究

黄河流域经济空间分异格局是进行黄河流域经济空间开发的重要基础,但它却是一个相对被忽视的研究领域.本文在地区和县域2个空间层次上对黄河流域经济空间分异格局进行了探讨,获得4个主要结论.其一,黄河流域经济空间"东重西轻"、经济重心偏东.其二,黄河流域经济活动沿干流及渭河、汾河等主要支流集聚,构成了黄河流域经济空间的主要轴线.其三,黄河流域经济空间总体上是一个多极多元核心-边缘空间结构,并在向着"点-轴-圈"结构模式演化.其四,黄河流域内经济空间呈现出有规律的3个梯度面,即由东向西递减的梯度面,由干流或主要支流沿岸向两边递减的梯度面,由济南、郑州、太原、兰州等区域性中心城市向周围递减的梯度面.这些研究结论为黄河流域经济空间开发提供了科学依据,同时,也为进一步揭示流域经济空间分异规律提供了经验事实.