微通道太阳能平板集热器的集热性能试验

为进一步提高传统太阳能平板集热器的集热性能,对一种自主设计的新型微通道太阳能平板集热器进行探究.通过采用矩形微通道吸热板结构,减小传统流道的截面面积及增加吸热板与循环工质的热传导面积,使流体吸收热能的时间延长,并提高总的传热量.同时,对该集热器在山西省某农村住宅供暖系统进行试验测试.试验结果表明:在冬季晴朗天气的典型工况下,微通道太阳能平板集热器日平均集热效率为63.6%,最高集热效率可达80.4%,系统平均能效比为16.1,单块集热板平均热损失为233.3 W,且集中在顶部;下进上出流动形式的瞬时效率较高,热损失较小.     

The extremum principle of mass entransy dissipation and its application to decontamination ventilation designs in space station cabins

In terms of the analogy between mass and heat transfer phenomena, a new physical quantity, i.e. mass entransy, is introduced to represent the ability of an object for transferring mass to outside. Meanwhile, the mass entransy dissipation occurs during mass transfer processes as an alternative to measure the mass transfer irreversibility. Then the concepts of mass entransy and its dissipation are used to develop the extremum principle of mass entransy dissipation and the corresponding method for convective mass transfer optimization, based on which an Euler＇s equation has been deduced as the optimization equation for the fluid flow to obtain the best convective mass transfer performance with some specific constraints. As an example, the ventilation process for removing gaseous pollutants in a space station cabin with a uniform air supply system has been optimized to reduce the energy consumption of the ventilation system and decrease the contaminant concentration in the cabin. By solving the optimization equation, an optimal air velocity distribution with the best decontamination performance for a given viscous dissipation is firstly obtained. With the guide of this optimal velocity field, a suitable concentrated air supply system with appropriate air inlet position and width has been designed to replace the uniform air supply system, which leads to the averaged and the maximum contaminant concentrations in the cabin been decreased by 75% and 60%, respectively, and the contaminant concentration near the contaminant source surface been decreased by 50%, while the viscous dissipation been reduced by 30% simultaneously.     

Optimization criteria for the performance of heat and mass transfer in indirect evaporative cooling systems

The wide application of evaporative cooling techniques in which the optimization criteria form the theoretical basis for improving evaporative cooling performance is essential for energy conservation and emission reduction.Based on exergy analysis and the entransy dissipation-based thermal resistance method,this contribution aims to investigate the effects of flow and area distributions in the optimization of the performance of indirect evaporative cooling systems.We first establish the relationships of exergy efficiency,entransy dissipation-based thermal resistance and cooling capacity of a typical indirect cooling system.Using the prescribed inlet parameters,the heat and mass transfer coefficients and the circulating water mass flow rate,we then numerically validate that when the cooling capacity reaches a maximum,the entransy dissipation-based thermal resistance falls to a minimum while the exergy efficiency is not at an extreme value.The result shows that the entransy dissipation-based thermal resistance,not the exergy efficiency,characterizes the heat transfer performance of an evaporative cooling system,which provides a more suitable method for evaluating and analyzing the indirect cooling system.     

Constructal entransy dissipation rate minimization for heat conduction based on a tapered element

Based on constructal theory,the structure of a tapered element and high-conductivity link is optimized by taking the minimization of the entransy dissipation rate as the optimization objective.The results show that the mean temperature difference of the heat transfer cannot always decrease when the internal complexity of the control-volume increases.There exists an optimal constructal order leading to the minimum mean temperature difference for heat transfer.The thermal current density in high-conductivity links with variable shapes does not linearly depend on the length.Therefore,the optimized constructs based on the minimization of the entransy dissipation rate are different from those based on the minimization of the maximum temperature difference.Compared with the construct based on the minimization of the maximum temperature difference,the construct based on the minimization of the entransy dissipation rate can reduce the mean temperature difference,and improve the heat transfer performance significantly.Because entransy describes the heat transfer ability more suitably,various constructal problems in heat conduction may be addressed more effectively using this basis.     

Constructal optimization on T-shaped cavity based on entransy dissipation minimization

The entransy dissipation extremum principle provides new warranty and criterion for optimization of heat transfer. For a heat transfer model of a rectangular solid wall with an open T-shaped cavity, a dimensionless equivalent thermal resistance based on entransy dissipation is taken as optimization objective, and constructal optimization for the model is carried out when the system volume, the cavity volume and the volume of rectangle occupied by T-shaped cavity are fixed. Numerical results indicate that the optimal geometry construct of cavity can be schemed out based on entransy dissipation extremum principle. The formulation of dimensionless global （maximum） thermal resistance presented in a literature is modified; some new rules which are different from those reported in the literature are obtained based on the minimization of the modified objective. Comparisons of the numerical results show that the optimal system constructs deduced respectively from the two thermal resistance objectives are very different. The optimization by taking equivalent thermal resistance minimization as objective can more effectively reduce mean temperature difference of heat transfer than the optimization by taking maximum thermal resistance minimization as objective, so that the performance of heat transfer for the total system can be improved. The more freedom the cavity has, the better the total system performance is. The correlations of the equivalent thermal resistance and the maximum thermal resistance of the system and three geometric degrees of freedom are found by using function fitting.     

An equation of entransy transfer and its application

Entransy is a physical quantity describing heat transfer ability, and heat transfer is accompanied by entransy transfer. Thermal energy is conserved in its transfer process, while entransy is dissipated because of the irreversibility of its transfer process. As a result, entransy transfer must have its rules which are different from those of thermal energy transfer. Based on the definition of entransy, an entransy transfer equation is derived, which describes the entransy transfer processes of a multi-component viscous fluid subject to heat transfer by conduction and convection, mass diffusion and chemical reactions. The expressions of entransy flux and entransy dissipation are obtained simultaneously, and their physical mechanism is clarified. And further, the theory and method of optimizing heat transfer applying the entransy transfer equation to the steady-state convection heat transfer process are expounded. The minimum thermal resistance principle and the entransy dissipation extremum principle are obtained by applying the steady-state entransy transfer equation to the steady-state convection heat transfer process. The cases of the single-component steady-state convection heat transfer and the steady-state heat conduction show the application of the theory and method.     

Entransy dissipation number and its application to heat exchanger performance evaluation

Based on the concept of the entransy which characterizes heat transfer ability, a new heat exchanger performance evaluation criterion termed the entransy dissipation number is established. Our analysis shows that the decrease of the entransy dissipation number always increases the heat exchanger effectiveness for fixed heat capacity rate ratio. Therefore, the smaller the entransy dissipation number, the better the heat exchanger performance is. The entransy dissipation number in terms of the number of exchanger heat transfer units or heat capacity rate ratio correctly exhibits the global performance of the counter-, cross- and parallel-flow heat exchangers. In comparison with the heat exchanger performance evaluation criteria based on entropy generation, the entransy dissipation number demonstrates some distinct advantages. Furthermore, the entransy dissipation number reflects the degree of irreversibility caused by flow imbalance.     

Relationship between microstate number and available entransy

Based on the relationship between entransy and microstate number, we discuss the variations of the available transport entransy, the unavailable transport entransy, the available conversion entransy and the unavailable conversion entransy with the microstate number. We focus on physical processes in which heat is used for heating/cooling or doing work. When heat is transported for heating or cooling, the available transport entransy increases if the increase in microstate number is due to the increase in internal energy of the system, and decreases if the increase in microstate number is due to spontaneous heat transfer. When heat is used to do work, both the available conversion entransy and the unavailable conversion entransy increase if the increase in microstate number relates to the growth in internal energy of the system. The available conversion entransy decreases and the unavailable conversion entransy increases if the increase in microstate number results from spontaneous heat transfer.     

Progress in entransy theory and its applications

The entransy and entransy dissipation extremum principle proposed have opened up a new direction for the heat transfer optimi-zation. The emergence and development of entransy theory are reviewed. Entransy theory and its applications are summarized from several aspects, such as heat conduction, heat convective, heat radiation, heat exchanger design and mass transfer, etc. The emphases are focused on four aspects, i.e., the comparison between entropy generation rate and entransy dissipation rate, the combination of entransy dissipation extreme principle with finite time thermodynamics, the combination of entransy dissipation extreme principle with the heat conduction constructal theory, and the combination of entransy dissipation extreme principle with the heat convective constructal theory. The scientific features of entransy theory are emphasized.     

Constructal entransy dissipation rate minimization for ＂disc-to-point＂ heat conduction

Based on constructal theory,"disc-to-point" heat conduction is optimized by minimizing the entransy dissipation rate whereby a critical point is determined that distributes the high-conductivity material according to optimized radial or branch patterns.The results show that the critical point is determined by the product of the thermal conductivity ratio of the two materials and the volume fraction of the high-conductivity material allocated to the entire volume.The notion of optimal heat transfer performance can be attributed to the disc based on the entransy dissipation extremum principle.Comparing the results based on EDR minimization (entransy dissipation rate minimization) with those based on MTD minimization (maximum temperature difference minimization),one finds that the performance derived from the two optimization procedures are different.When the product of the thermal conductivity ratio and volume fraction is 30,the critical point of the former procedure is that for which the nondimensional radius of the disc equals 1.75,while that of the latter procedure is that for which this radius of the disc equals 2.18.Comparing heat transfer performances from the two procedures,the mean heat transfer temperature difference is decreased more for the former procedure thereby receiving an improved performance quota.     

一种非跟踪内聚光太阳能PV-T管聚光器的设计与仿真

针对非跟踪内聚光光电-光热复合管的结构及接收器的设计需求,对管内具有特殊形状的半圆柱接收器的复合抛物面聚光器(CPC)进行了光学设计,并利用Matlab软件对聚光器曲线和形状进行了优化与数据仿真,得到了光热复合管能够得到最大入射光的聚光器的曲线方程、安装位置以及供数控机床加工所需的参数,给出了不同入射角的光线和光强分布图,提高了太阳能的利用率.仿真结果表明,接收器满足在最大入射光下表面光照均匀的设计要求.     

Constructal entransy dissipation rate minimization for a heat generating volume cooled by forced convection

The geometry of a heat generating volume cooled by forced convection is optimized by applying the entransy dissipation extremum principle and constructal theory, while the optimal spacing between the adjacent tubes and the optimal diameter of each tube are obtained based on entransy dissipation rate minimization. The results of this work show that the optimal constructs based on entransy dissipation rate minimization and maximum temperature difference minimization, respectively, are clearly different. For the former, the porosity of the volume of channels allocated to the heat generating volume is 1/2; while for the latter, the larger the porosity is, the better the performance will be. The optimal construct of the former greatly decreases the mean thermal resistance and improves the global heat transfer performance of the system compared with the optimal construct of the latter. This is identical to the essential requirement of the entransy dissipation extremum principle that the required heat transfer temperature difference is minimal with the same heat transfer rate (the given amount of heat generated in the heat generating volume) based on the entransy dissipation extremum principle.     

钢塔对间冷散热器换热性能的影响

利用计算传热学软件Fluent,在自然通风状态下,对国内首个2×660 MW机组钢结构外覆铝板冷却塔间接空冷散热器的流动和换热性能进行数值模拟、分析和研究.考核工况下,水平加强环对散热器换热量和钢塔通风量的影响约占设计值的2.7%;铝板换热量约占机组排热量的0.6%;随着环境风速的增大,钢塔抽力逐渐降低;当环境风速高于10m/s时,出现塔内热空气流出冷却柱的现象;当环境风速高于20m/s时,塔内出现"穿堂风",间冷散热器的换热量和钢塔通风量明显增加;当环境风速低于12m/s时,随着环境风速的增大,间冷散热器的换热量和钢塔通风量逐渐降低;当环境风速高于12m/s时,随着环境风速增加,间冷换热量和钢塔通风量呈增大趋势.     

聚酰亚胺薄膜的热扩散特性研究

研究一种可见光/红外转换薄膜. 给出转换薄膜热扩散的理论公式,并进行求解,得出薄膜的温度扩散分布曲线. 对于3种不同厚度的薄膜热扩散距离的仿真结果分别为113.0,113.4,114.2 μm. 制备了不同厚度的聚酰亚胺薄膜并设计了实验,热扩散距离的实验结果分别为119.6,121.6,122.8 μm. 实验结果表明,该理论模型是基本正确的. 基于这种薄膜制备的可见光/红外图像转换器,可用于对各种红外成像仪器进行性能检测和实验.      

多曲面槽式聚光太阳电池电热联供系统性能研究

介绍了一种多曲面槽式太阳能聚光器的工作原理,对该装置进行了三维建模,利用光学分析软件对该聚光器安装平板式太阳电池进行光线追迹分析,直观地再现了聚焦光线的分布.基于该多曲面槽式聚光系统,提出一种新型的聚光太阳电池电热联供系统(TCPV/T).该系统能够有效利用太阳辐射能量,提高太阳电池输出电功率、光电转换效率,并将太阳电池产生的热量有效回收,实现聚光发电系统对外输出电能、热能.构建了多曲面槽式聚光多晶硅太阳电池电热联供实验系统.实验结果表明,在约3倍太阳聚光作用下,与非聚光平板电池、安装于同一聚光器内的太阳电池输出电功率相比,聚光电热联供系统输出最大电功率分别提高了96.4%和64.2%,系统综合性能效率达到62.8%.     

Constructal entransy optimizations for insulation layer of steel rolling reheating furnace wall with convective and radiative boundary conditions

Based on the entransy dissipation extremum principle for thermal insulation process, the constructal optimizations for a plane insulation layer of the steel rolling reheating furnace wall with convective and radiative boundary conditions are carried out by taking the minimization of entransy dissipation rate as optimization objective. The optimal construct of the plane insulation layer is obtained. The results show that for the convective heat transfer boundary condition, the optimal constructs of the insulation layer obtained based on the minimizations of the entransy dissipation rate and heat loss rate are obvi- ously different. Comparing the optimal construct obtained based on the minimization of the entransy dissipation rate with that based on the minimization of the heat loss rate, the entransy dissipation rate is reduced by 5.98 %, which makes the global thermal insulation performance of the insulation layer improve. For the combined convective and radiative heat transfer boundary condition, compared the insulation layer having an increasing thickness with that having constant thickness and a decreasing thickness, the entransy dissipation rates are reduced by 16.59 % and 39.72 %, respectively, and the global thermal insulation performance of the insulation layer is greatly improved.There exits an optimal constant coefficient α2,opt which leads to the minimum dimensionless entransy dissipation rate of the insulation layer. The difference between the optimal constant coefficients α2,opt obtained based on the minimizations of the entransy dissipation rate and the maximum temperature gradient of the insulation layer is small. This makes the corresponding thermal stress obtained based on the minimum dimensionless entransy dissipation rate also be small, and the global thermal insulation performance and thermal safety of the insulation layer are improved simultaneously. The results obtained can provide some guidelines for the optimal designs of the insulation layers.     

Entransy-dissipation-based thermal resistance analysis of heat exchanger networks

Heat exchanger network optimization has an important role in high-efficiency energy utilization and energy conservation. The thermal resistance of a heat exchanger network is defined based on its entransy dissipation. In two-stream heat exchanger networks, only heat exchanges between hot and cold fluids are considered. Thermal resistance analysis indicates that the maximum heat transfer rate between two fluids corresponds to the minimum entransy-dissipation-based thermal resistance; i.e. the minimum thermal resistance principle can be exploited in optimizing heat exchanger networks.     

Entransy and entropy revisited

Entransy, a recently developed concept, is the central physical quantity characterizing heat transfer processes not related to heat-to-work conversions. The entransy of an object pertains to the nature of the potential energy of heat in a thermal field and describes its heat transfer ability. In the present study, we revisit this concept, and develop its relationship to state and process quantities. This then enables a direct comparison to the more familiar concept, entropy, the central physical quantity in thermody- namics. The comparison helps to identify the role entransy has in heat transfer processes and highlight under what conditions state and process quantities related to entransy can be distinguished in such processes. As to embody the entransy loss due to work expended between the system and its environment for the irreversible heat conduction in gases, new quantities, available entransy flow and available system entransy are introduced. Both the entransy of solids and the available system entransy of gases are state quantities and their changes correspond to the entransy flow and the available entransy flow respectively. Thus there is no need to stress the difference between process quantity and state quantity in heat transfer.     

一种CPC型热管式太阳能集热器的实验研究

将复合抛物面聚光器（CPC）和热管平板式集热器相结合，研究了一种以平面形吸热板为接收器的CPC型热管式太阳能集热器．采用碘钨灯模拟太阳光辐射，在不同辐射强度下，对CPC型热管式太阳能集热器和普通热管平板式太阳能集热器的集热温度、瞬时效率、平均效率及平均热损系数等热性能进行了对比实验研究．研究结果表明：与普通热管平板式太阳能集热器相比，CPC型热管式太阳能集热器不但提高了集热温度和集热效率，而且降低了热损失．这一研究结果为太阳能集热器的进一步发展提供了有意义的参考．     

基于正交试验和Fluent的管翅式换热器结构优化

通过正交试验和数值模拟相结合的方法研究平直翅片管式换热器的换热和流阻特性,以换热系数和压降作为评价指标,用逐个分析各参数对换热和流阻特性的影响以及综合换热评价指标两种评价方法实现对换热器风机风量、翅片间距、厚度和管横纵向间距的优化。结果表明：翅片间距对压降影响最大,管纵向间距对空气侧换热系数影响最大;一种优化组合为风机风量1 450 m³/h、翅片间距2.4 mm、翅片厚度0.38 mm、管横向间距28 mm和纵向间距15 mm,另一种优化组合为风机风量1 700 m³/h、翅片间距2.4 mm、翅片厚度0.38 mm、管横向间距28 mm、纵向间距21 mm;使用优化换热器的冰淇淋机的换热能力比原设备分别提高了5.73%和6.85%。