Soil moisture-based study of the variability of dry-wet climate and climate zones in China

An ensemble soil moisture dataset was produced from 11 of 25 global climate model (GCM) simulations for two climate scenarios spanning 1900 to 2099; this dataset was based on an evaluation of the spatial correlation of means and trends in reference to soil moisture simulations conducted using the community land model driven by observed atmospheric forcing. Using the ensemble soil moisture index, we analyzed the dry-wet climate variability and the dynamics of the climate zone boundaries in China over this 199-year period. The results showed that soil moisture increased in the typically arid regions, but with insignificant trends in the humid regions; furthermore, the soil moisture exhibited strong oscillations with significant drought trends in the transition zones between arid and humid regions. The dynamics of climate zone boundaries indicated that the expansion of semiarid regions and the contraction of semi-humid regions are typical characteristics of the dry-wet climate variability for two scenarios in China. During the 20th century, the total area of semiarid regions expanded by 11.5% north of 30°N in China, compared to the average area for 1970–1999, but that of semi-humid regions decreased by approximately 9.8% in comparison to the average for the period of 1970–1999, even though the transfer area of the humid to the semi-humid regions was taken into account. For the 21st century, the dynamics exhibit similar trends of climate boundaries, but with greater intensity.     

Modeling spatial and temporal variations in soil moisture in China

On the basis of station observations, an atmospheric field (ObsFC) was constructed for the Community Land Model version 3.5 (CLM3.5). The model (CLM3.5 driven with ObsFC, hereafter referred as to CLM3.5/ObsFC) was used to simulate soil moisture (SM) from 1951 to 2008 in China. The resulting SM was compared with in situ observations, remote-sensing data and estimations made by various land models, indicating that CLM3.5/ObsFC is capable of reproducing the temporospatial characteristics and long-term variation trends of SM over China. Using an in situ observation-based forcing field improves the simulation of SM. Analysis of SM simulated using CLM3.5/ObsFC shows that the overall spatial pattern of SM was characterized by a gradually decreasing and alternating distribution of arid-humid zones from the southeast to northwest. Regionally averaged SM was the driest over southern Xinjiang Province and western Inner Mongolia, while the most humid regions were located over the Northeast Plain, Jianghuai region and the Yangtze River basin. The long-term variation trends of SM were generally characterized by increases in arid and humid regions and decreases in semiarid regions. Moreover, the variation was relatively intense from the mid-1970s to the mid-1990s in the arid region. The time series was more stable in the humid region except for a period near 1970 and after the year 2003. A downward trend was most prominent in the semiarid region from the 1990s to the end of the time series. For 1951–2008, in the arid, semiarid and humid regions, the SM volume percentage changed by 2.35, −1.26 and 0.08, respectively. The variation trends and intensity remarkably differed among the different regions, with the most notable changes being over the arid and semiarid regions north of 35°N.     

Simulation of historical and projected climate change in arid and semiarid areas by CMIP5 models

Based on Climatic Research Unit Time Series3.1 temperature and Global Precipitation Climatology Center full data reanalysis version 6 precipitation data,the abilities of climate models from the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project to simulate climate changes over arid and semiarid areas were assessed.Simulations of future climate changes under different representative concentration pathways(RCPs)were also examined.The key findings were that most of the models are able to capture the dominant features of the spatiotemporal changes in temperature,especially the geographic distribution,during the past 60 years,both globally as well as over arid and semiarid areas.In addition,the models can reproduce the observed warming trends,but with magnitudes generally less than the observations of around0.1–0.3°C/50a.Compared to temperature,the models perform worse in simulating the annual evolution of observed precipitation,underestimating both the variability and tendency,and there is a huge spread among the models in terms of their simulated precipitation results.The multimodel ensemble mean is overall superior to any individual model in reproducing the observed climate changes.In terms of future climate change,an ongoing warming projected by the multi-model ensemble over arid and semiarid areas can clearly be seen under different RCPs,especially under the high emissions scenario(RCP8.5),which is twice that of the moderate scenario(RCP4.5).Unlike the increasing temperature,precipitation changes vary across areas and are more significant under high-emission RCPs,with more precipitation over wet areas but less precipitation over dry areas.In particular,northern China is projected to be one of the typical areas experiencing significantly increased temperature and precipitation in the future.     

近30年中国不同土地覆被类型的地表气温变化

利用气象观测减再分析资料方法(OMR)研究了中国不同土地覆被的地表气温变化。使用1979?2007年的地面观测气温和NCEP/NCAR R1再分析地表气温月数据, 计算了OMR趋势, 得到中国OMR气温趋势为+0.18℃/10a。采用AVHRR全球土地覆被分类数据统计中国不同土地覆被的OMR气温趋势。结果表明地表气温变化对不同土地覆被的敏感性存在差异。大部分土地覆被类型OMR趋势为正, 森林覆被型为负。不同土地网格阈值下的OMR结果相差不大, 说明这种方法的可靠性。     

黄土高原环境恶化的自然背景研究

根据黄土高原自然环境的演变规律 ,认为从千年尺度的季风气候变化趋势来看 ,目前仍然处在一个延续 31 0 0多年的相对干旱低温时期 .黄土高原属于环境敏感带 ,当前显著的气候干暖化发展趋势 ,以及与之相关的各种灾害性变化 ,是当地资源环境对于全球变暖的响应造成的 .数十年来对于水、土和生物资源的过度开发 ,是造成黄土高原及其毗邻荒漠草原地区广泛的沙漠化、土壤侵蚀、河水断流、湖泊干涸的直接原因     

The hydrological linkage of mountains and plains in the arid region of northwest China

Mountain regions supply a large amount of fresh water for the people in arid and semiarid regions, however, there is great uncertainty of the water quantification from mountains to lower areas. In order to assess the hydrological significance of mountains and the hydrological linkage of mountains and plains, the measured and simulated hydrological data of the arid region in northwest China were used in the present research which followed a catchment-based approach. Firstly, the Heihe River Basin, a well-documented area, was selected as a specific watershed to reveal the hydrological relationship between highlands (mountains) and lowlands (plains); and then, the significance and disproportion of mountain runoff of 8 river basins as cases in the arid region of northwest China were analyzed and compared following the above analysis. The results of the study showed that the proportion of mountain runoff in total basinal runoff (PMR) of most rivers is above 50%. The PMR are between 50%-95% in the rivers originated in the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains where the aqueous vapor is relatively sufficient. And that, almost all the flow of the rivers originating from the Qilian Mountains, the southern slope of the Tianshan Mountains, and the northern slope of the Kunlun Mountains come from mountain regions. Also the PMR gradually increases from west to east in northwest China. The hydrological significance and disproportion of mountains water in the arid region of northwest China were given a systematic and thorough assessment, and the results could give potential guides for the scientific utilization of water resources in these regional areas for relieving the more and more serious shortage of water resources due to climate warming and population expansion.     

Decadal co-variability of the summer surface air temperature and soil moisture in China under global warming

The self-calibrating Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) is calculated using newly updated ground observations of monthly surface air temperature (SAT) and precipitation in China. The co-variabilities of PDSI and SAT are examined for summer for the period 1961-2004. The results show that there exist decadal climate co-variabilities and strong nonlinear interactions between SAT and soil moisture in many regions of China. Some of the co-variabilities can be linked to global warming. In summer,sig-nificant decadal co-variabilities from cool-wet to warm-dry conditions are found in the east region of Northwest China,North China,and Northeast China. An important finding is that in the west region of Northwest China and Southeast China,pronounced decadal co-variabilities take place from warm-dry to cool-wet conditions. Because significant warming was observed over most areas of the global land surface during the past 20-30 years,the shift to cool-wet conditions is a unique phenomenon which may deserve much scientific attention. The nonlinear interactions between SAT and soil moisture may partly account for the observed decadal co-variabilities. It is shown that anomalies of SAT will greatly affect the climatic co-variabilities,and changes of SAT may bring notable influence on the PDSI in China. These results provide observational evidence for increasing risks of decadal drought and wet-ness as anthropogenic global warming progresses.     

Decadal-scale precipitation variations in arid and semiarid zones of northern China during the last 500 years

Regional decadal precipitation reconstructions for the arid and semi-arid zones of northern China were established by the use of different palaeoclimate archives such as ice-cores, tree-rings, lake sediments and written historical documents. Local rainfall reconstructions from single sites were averaged to obtain regional precipitation records for western and eastern regions of an arid and semiarid zone of northern China, respectively. All established regional precipitation curves display 5 dry periods, each lasting about 50 years. Meanwhile, precipitation reconstructions show regional dissimilarities. During the last 500 years, the trends of precipitation change in the eastern arid region are basically consistent with those in the western and eastern regions of the semiarid zone. Precipitation variations in the western arid region are unique, showing significant local patterns of rainfall variability. Maximum entropy method (MEM) spectral estimates show that each regional precipitation series contains stationary century-scale periodicities of about 120 a.Singular spectrum analysis was applied to isolating the century-scale oscillation signals from the regional proxy precipitation series. Significant periods with wavelengths of 121.4a, 154.6a, 124.3a, 118.6a, 108.5a and 121.4a were found 26.56%, 26.44%, 28.87%, 18.67%, 33.48% and 34.04% of the variances of the original series for the western arid zone,the eastern arid zone, the whole arid zone, the western semiarid zone, the eastern semiarid zone and whole northern China, respectively.     

Spatiotemporal vegetation cover variations in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau under global climate change

Empirical Orthogonal Function （EOF） analysis and the related Principal Components （PC） analysis are used to extract valuable vegetation cover derived information from the National Oceanic and Atmos-pheric Administration （NOAA-AVHRR）＇s Leaf Area Index （LAI） satellite images. Results suggest that from 1982 to 2000 global climate change has contributed to an increase in vegetation cover in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The correlation between rainfall and LAI EOF PC1 and PC2 indicates that rainfall is the major climatic factor influencing interannual variations of average vegetation cover throughout the entire Plateau. However, annual mean vegetation cover trends in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are mainly out of phase with air temperature increasing, which is primarily responsible for nonsynchro-nous changes of vegetation cover. In the southern ridge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, recent warming trends contribute to humid weather and favorable conditions for vegetation growth. By contrast, higher temperatures have led to arid conditions and insufficient rainfall in the northern part of the Plateau, leading to drought and other climatic conditions which are not conducive to increased vegetation cover.     

New evidence for effects of land cover in China on summer climate

The effects of land cover in different regions of China on summer climate are studied by lagged correlation analysis using NOAA/AVHRR normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data for the period of 1981-1994 and temperature,precipitation data of 160 meteorological stations in China,The results show that the correlation coeffi-cients between NDVI in previous season and summer precipitation are positive in most regions of China,and the lagged correlations show a significant difference between regions.The stronger correlations between NDVI in previous winter and precipitation in summer occur in Central Chian and the Tibetan Plateau,and the correlations between spring NDVI and summer precipitation in the eastern arid/semiarid region and the Tibetan Plateau are more significant .Vegetation changes have more sensitive feedback effects on climate in the three regions (eastern arid /semi-arid region,Central China and Tibetan Plateau),The lagged correlations between NDVI and precipitation suggest that,on interannual time scales,land cover affects summer precipitation to a certain extent,The correlations between NDVI in previous season and summer temperature show more comlex ,and the lagged responses of temperature to vegetation are weaker compared with precipitation .and they are possibly related to the global warming which partly cover up the correlations.     

Responses of desertification to variations in wind activity over the past five decades in arid and semiarid areas in China

There have been significant variations in wind activity over the past five decades in arid and semiarid areas in China. High wind activity occurred from the 1960s to the 1970s, but wind activity has decreased continuously from the 1980s to the present; as a result, the potential sand transport during the latter period was only 20%-50% of the values during the 1960s and 1970s. Phases of high wind activity were highly consistent with the trends in desertification over the past five decades in arid and semiarid areas in China, but spring precipitation was also a significant factor： rapid desertification during the 1960s and 1970s was due to high wind activity, generally combining with low spring precipitation; subsequent rehabilitation since the 1980s has resulted from the combined effects of low wind activity and higher spring precipitation. Therefore, although modern desertification and rehabilitation processes are being more or less affected by human activities, both processes appear to be more strongly controlled by climate change.     

137Cs应用于我国土壤侵蚀研究评述

^137Cs示踪法技术目前已被广泛应用于长期的土壤侵蚀估算中，但主要局限于水蚀研究领域，在风蚀方面进行的研究则较少。土壤风蚀是导致干旱半干旱地区土地退化和区域环境恶化的最重要原因之一。探讨、研究格进一步完善^137Cs技术在土壤侵蚀方面的研究，尤其是在我国西部风蚀地区土壤侵蚀中的应用，可以提供独立的土壤侵蚀和堆积的数据以及空间分布，对初步测算区域风蚀速率、风蚀时间序列和反映环境变化，为我国西部地区土地资源合理利用、环境整治以及生态建设提供定量的科学依据具有十分重要的意义。初步论述了^137Cs技术在我国土壤侵蚀研究中的进展，探讨了其在西部风蚀地区土壤风蚀研究现状、应用前景和需要注意的问题，并提出了一些建议。     

土壤-植被-大气连续体中蒸散过程的数值模拟

利用-维土壤-植被-大气耦合数值模式,研究了我国西北(37.5N, 105E)干旱半干旱地区夏季不同植被覆盖度近地面层的水分蒸散过程。模式较好地再现了蒸散过程三阶段的变化趋势特征。模式还揭示了蒸散过程中,下垫面热量平衡分量间的相互转换过程,并由实测资料对模拟结果进行了检验。     

利用MODIS数据直接估算晴空区干旱与半干旱地表净辐射通量

通过对地表处向下短波辐射、向上短波辐射、向下长波辐射和 向上长波辐射通量的4个能量收支分量的参数化, 利用多个MODIS 陆地和大气产品, 给出一个不需要地面观测气象数据, 仅用卫星遥感数据来计算晴空条件下干旱与半干旱地表上的净辐射通量计算方案。方案计算了2003 年7?10 月、2004 年 7?11 月及 2005 年 6?10月期间退化草地 89 个晴空数据和农田85个晴空数据, 与地面观测数据对比表明方案能有效计算净辐射通量, 均方根误差达到 47. 5 和49. 2 W/m², 优于国内外同类研究的精度。     

干旱半干旱地区土壤矿物组成特征及其环境意义

对处于干旱、半干旱地区的甘肃省15个地点的灰钙土、栗钙土、黑垆土、灰褐土和黄绵土等不同类型土壤剖面进行了机械组成分析、矿物组成显微鉴定和粘土矿物X射线衍射分析.结果表明:土壤机械组成以粉砂为主,粘粒次之;栗钙土、灰钙土、黑钙土和灰褐土等于旱地区典型土壤中表层的粘粒质量分数相对较低,土壤原生矿物组成以石英为主,绿帘石等蚀变矿物质量分数较高,次生矿物含有较高的石膏和方解石等;粘土矿物主要为伊利石、绿泥石、高岭石和蒙脱石.土壤机械组成、矿物组成和粘土矿物组成表明:干旱、半干旱地区土壤为黄土母质,土壤形成条件为碱性环境、较弱的淋滤作用和干冷气候,近代强烈的风蚀作用(或沙尘暴)和大气污染对土壤有一定程度的改造.     

黑河中游山前荒漠和绿洲荒漠过渡带土壤植被空间分布特征研究

干旱区呈现荒漠和绿洲邻接共存的独特景观,区域内土壤植被起到维持生态系统结构功能稳定的基础性作用.本文以黑河中游山前荒漠及绿洲荒漠过渡带作为典型区域,设置土壤植被调查样带,在采样分析土壤机械组成、水分、盐分离子、有机质质量分数及植被覆盖度、冠幅、高度等数据的基础上,探究土壤植被在垂直和水平方向的空间分布特征.得到以下结论:1)黑河中游样带土壤平均质量含水量在1.49%~5.57%范围内,祁连山前样带北山前样带,体现祁连山区对于荒漠的水分补给;2)祁连山前样带土壤质地主要为粉壤土和砾质壤土,盐分和有机质含量较高,相反,北山前样带土壤质地主要为砾石土和砂土,盐分和有机质含量较低,土壤含水量与土壤颗粒组成、盐分、有机质含量等其他土壤属性存在显著的相关关系;3)植被覆盖度在祁连山前荒漠较高,北山前荒漠较低,远离绿洲方向的样带土壤含水量及植被覆盖度总体呈上升趋势,表现生态裂谷特征,威胁黑河中游绿洲生态系统安全;4)植被与土壤属性之间高度相关,主要表现在植被覆盖度与土壤水分、土壤细粒径颗粒和有机质含量的正相关关系,以及植被覆盖度、高度和冠幅随盐分先增加后降低的二次抛物线关系,表明盐分对植物的生长具有一定的抑制作用.     

最近邻河道相对高度及其在中国洪水淹没制图中的应用

基于国际上由数字高程模型（digital elevation model，DEM）衍生的最近邻河道相对高度（height above nearest drainage，HAND）概念，采用STRM DEM数据派生了中国1000和250 m水平分辨率的HAND数据集，并将HAND数据集应用于洪水淹没制图，建立了河道水位相较枯水期上涨1~10 m情景下的中国河道型洪水淹没图库．进一步以淮河一级支流淠河2020年7月大洪水为例，采用遥感提取及HEC-RAS计算的淹没范围，验证了基于HAND绘制的淹没图．结果表明，HAND相对于经典的DEM能够补充提供局地地形信息，基于HAND的淹没制图方法具有可行性和合理性．本文计算的中国HAND数据集可为地理学相关领域的研究提供凸显局地特征的地形数据，建立的基于HAND的淹没图库可为中国的洪水淹没制图工作及洪水风险管理提供参考．      

基于GLDAS与TVDI降尺度反演土壤含水量

土壤水是连接大气降水、地表水和地下水的关键水文带,在旱寒区对于维系植被生长起到至关重要的作用.为获取相对精度较高,时空分布更广的土壤含水量数据,本文采用青藏高原2006年MODIS(moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer)植被归一化指数NDVI(normalized difference vegetation index)数据与地温数据LST(land surface temperature)计算出青藏高原全年温度植被干旱指数TVDI(temperature vergetation dryness index);分析TVDI数据与GLDAS各层土壤含水量的相关性以及相关性的稳定性,结果表明:总体上TVDI数据与GLDAS各层土壤含水量数据呈负相关关系,其中TVDI与GLDAS第1层土壤湿度数据相关性最好,且相关性的稳定性较强;利用TVDI和GLDAS第1层数据的相关关系反演出青藏高原2006年每月土壤水分分布图,并利用月均值进行实例分析,结果表明反演结果与GLDAS数据基本吻合,仅在青藏高原南部和北部两个区域存在偏差.与原始GLDAS数据相比,TVDI反演的土壤含水量数据具有更高的分辨率(分辨率为1km),在时间尺度上,可以反演逐月的土壤水分.     

1982——-2010年全国草地生长时空变化

基于遥感技术, 利用1982---2010年间NOAA-AVHRR卫星获得的归一化植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index, NDVI)数据对全国29年来的草地生长动态变化及其与温度、降水的相关关系进行分析。结果表明: 29年来, 全国草地生长季NDVI总体上呈显著增加趋势(R²=0.25, p<0.01), 尤其是在1982?1999年间(R²=0.60, p<0.01), 而自20世纪90年代末开始失速。值得注意的是, 最近十几年(1999---2010年)草地生长季NDVI变化趋势的大小和方向基本上取决于起始年份的选择, 因而这一阶段草地生长的总体趋势不显著。不同地区、不同时段生长季NDVI变化趋势的空间分布存在较大差异。草地生长在1982---1999年间呈广泛(约占85%)增加趋势, 在1999---2010年间出现较大范围(约占50%)的逆转, 尤以干旱、半干旱地区的草地植被生长下降趋势最明显。水热组合状况是影响这一变化的主要原因。生长季平均NDVI与气候因子之间的相关关系分析表明, 全国大部分地区草地生长变化主要受降水驱动, 对于部分高寒和湿润、半湿润地区的草地, 生长季NDVI与温度关系密切, 温度上升对该地区草地生长有利。     

Nitrogen isotopic composition of plant-soil in the Loess Plateau and its responding to environmental change

The nitrogen isotope of soil is of emerging significance as an indicator of climatic change and biogeochemical cycle of nitrogen in nature systems. In this paper, the nitrogen content and isotopic composition of modern ecosystems from arid and semiarid Loess Plateau in northwestern China, including plant roots and surface soil, were determined to investigate trends in δ15N variation of plant roots and soil along a precipitation and temperature gradient in northwestern China under the East Asian Monsoon clim...