The strengthening East Asia summer monsoon since the early 1990s

Previous studies have documented a weakening tendency of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) since the end of the 1970s. In this study, we report that the EASM has been recovering since the early 1990s, although its strength is still less than in previous decades (averaged over the period 1965-1980). Following the recovery of the EASM, there has been a tendency in the last decade toward northward-moving rainbands and excessive rainfall in the Huaihe River valley (110°-120°E, 30°-35°N). There is evidence suggesting that the strengthening EASM since the early 1990s is linked to interdecadal change of land-sea thermal contrast.     

富营养化状态下太湖蓝藻水华气象条件影响的评估

根据2005～2017年太湖流域气象观测数据与同步卫星观测数据分析结果,表明：太湖蓝藻水华在日平均气温为0～35℃的区间内都会出现,高发区间为15.0～35℃,大面积蓝藻水华也多集中在20.0～35℃区间内,33℃以上的高温会产生抑制作用;蓝藻水华在卫星过境前6h平均风速为0.5～3.4 m/s区间内集中出现,占94.7%,89%的大面积蓝藻水华出现在0～2.0 m/s,风向主要影响蓝藻水华的移动和空间分布;降水的影响总体上呈负效应,但大面积蓝藻水华在前24小时有降水的情况下,其中小雨量级（＜10mm）的占比达88%,说明降水的适度扰动可能有利于大面积蓝藻水华形成;日照充足可能有利于蓝藻生长,但并非蓝藻水华形成的必要条件。在上述分析基础上,构建了气象评估多元回归模型,实际值和模拟值拟合的相关系数达0.83,通过了0.001显著性检验,可用于蓝藻水华的定量气象评估,从而为政府防控蓝藻水华提供决策依据。     

Analysis of the ionosphere wave-motion with GPS

The periodic solar activities strongly affect the ioniza-tion of the ionosphere. Sudden enhancements in soft and hard solar X-ray and EUV radiation during solar flare can produce an immediate increase in ionospheric ionization in various degrees at different heights; altogether, they are called sudden ionospheric disturbances (SIDs), which are generally recorded as sudden increase of total electron content (SITEC), the short wave fadeout (SWF), sudden frequency deviation (SFD), sudden ph…     

紧急避险车道驶出角度及引道长度设置

通过UCWin Road Ver.9驾驶模拟仿真平台测试5名驾驶员144次驶入紧急避险车道的运动参数.依据方向盘转速提取调整段长度、调整时间与最小转向半径指标,分析3个指标与驶入速度、驶出角度的相关性,并基于二阶聚类模型提出紧急避险车道驶出角度与引道长度设置范围.研究结果表明:紧急避险车道驶出角宜在5°以内,最大宜在12.5°以内,且必须在引道设置超高.引道设计长度宜采取调整时间作为控制指标,驶出角在5°以内时引道长度为6s设计行程,驶出角在5°~12.5°时引道长度为9s设计行程.     

右转圆曲线处避险车道流出角度与引道长度

采用UC-win Road 9.0驾驶仿真平台,对设置于右转圆曲线的紧急避险车道的流出角与引道阈值进行研究.选择方向调整时间、最小转向半径、方向盘转角幅值、方向盘转角频率4个指标对16名驾驶员驶入避险车道的数据进行回归分析,确定各指标与圆曲线半径的定量关系模型.随后,通过二阶聚类的方法缩小了流出角度与引道的设置范围.最后,考虑车辆的横向行驶稳定性,确定了避险车道的设置参数.建议将紧急避险车道设置于半径1 000m及以上的主线处,流出角0°~5°,引道6s设计行程.条件困难时,紧急避险车道可设置于半径600~1 000m的曲线处,流出角0°~5°,引道为9s设计行程,流出角5°~10°,引道为12s设计行程.     

多因素耦合对光伏发电性能影响的试验研究

为了解苏州地区各因素耦合对光伏发电性能的影响,在苏州科技大学搭建了太阳能光伏一体化材料试验台,将所采集到的同步光伏发电数据及环境气象参数进行研究分析,首先采用了多元线性回归方程的分析方法,分析了各影响因素与光伏板表面温度之间的关系。接着研究了光伏板表面温度对光伏板发电量的影响;并采用了一元线性回归方程分析其之间的关系。然后采用趋势面分析法,分析了光伏板表面温度和太阳辐射量量对多晶硅光伏板发电量的影响。研究表明:环境温度每升高1℃,光伏板表面温度增加0.908℃;室外风速每增大1 m/s,光伏板表面温度降低0.056℃;总太阳辐射强度每升高1 W/m~2,光伏板表面温度增加0.035℃;室外湿度每增大1%,光伏板表面温度降低0.172℃;且光伏板表面温度每升高1℃,发电量增加0.073 W·h。同时,趋势面分析发现光伏板表面温度与太阳辐射量对发电量的影响呈双向变化的趋势,即太阳辐射量的正向变化,光伏板表面温度负向变化,且两级变化趋势明显,中间变化趋势平缓。     

Low temperature spark plasma sintering of TC4/HA composites

Ti6Al4V/hydroxyapatite composites(TC4/HA) have been prepared by high energy ball milling and low temperature spark plasma sintering at 600 °C, 550 °C, 500 °C and 450 °C, respectively. The sintering temperature of the composites was sharply decreased as the result of the activation and sur fi cial modi fi cation effects induced from high energy ball milling. The decomposition and reaction of hydroxyapatite was successfully avoided, which offers the composites superior biocompatibility. The hydroxyapatite in the composites was distributed in gap uniformly, and formed an ideal network structure. The lowest hardness, compressive strength and Young's modulus of the composites satisfy the requirements of human bone.     

某斜交连续刚构桥地震反应分析

采用有限元分析程序Midas/Civil,对某铁路斜交钢筋混凝土连续刚构桥采用实体单元建立了有限元分析模型,进行了全桥自振特性分析、多遇地震下的反应谱分析和时程分析,得到了关键截面的内力响应峰值和位移响应峰值;并改变斜交角(0°,10°,20°,30°,40°,45°,50°),讨论了斜交角变化对斜交连续刚构桥地震反应的影响规律。     

YSZ含量对多孔氧化铝支撑体断裂韧性的影响

针对陶瓷膜支撑体材料的脆性问题,研究添加适量氧化锆粉体来改善多孔氧化铝陶瓷支撑体的断裂韧性。采用干压成型法,分别在1400°C、1450°C、1500°C、1550°C、1600°C烧后得到相应的支撑体,考察各支撑体的断裂韧性,以及各支撑体的孔隙率和抗折强度随氧化锆添加量的变化规律,采用XRD(X-raydiffraction)物相分析手段对氧化锆增韧多孔氧化铝陶瓷的增韧机理进行了探讨。研究结果表明:1600°C热处理后,当YSZ含量为6wt%时,支撑体的抗折强度和断裂韧性值最大,分别为137MPa和2.5MPa.m1/2,其中,t-ZrO2转变为m-ZrO2是支撑体断裂韧性提高的根本原因。     

虚拟听觉重放与听觉声源宽度的扩展

通过心理声学实验研究了用前方一对±45°、±60°、±75°、±90°虚拟扬声器重放不相关噪声信号,以及前方一对虚拟扬声器和真实中置扬声器同时重放不相关噪声信号时,听觉声源宽度(ASW)的扩展和均匀度.结果表明:仅用一对虚拟扬声器重放时,对中心频率为250Hz~1 kHz的倍频程噪声,ASW最宽可以扩展到±70°左右,对粉红噪声ASW最宽可以扩展到±50°左右;当一对虚拟扬声器的张角较宽时,声像扩展不均匀,出现中间空、两边强的现象;当采用虚拟扬声器和真实的中置扬声器同时重放时,中置扬声器相对于虚拟扬声器的重放声压级对ASW的宽度和均匀度都有较大的影响;通过调节中置扬声器的重放声压级可以使ASW均匀扩展到比较宽的位置.进一步的理论计算和实验测量表明:只有在IACC0(双耳信号互相关函数在t=0时的取值)0的情况下,ASW和IACC(双耳信号互相关系数的最大值)之间才具有线性负相关性;而对所有类型的重放信号,ASW和IACC0之间都具有线性负相关性.     

四种坐标系下的多电平SVPWM快〖WT〗速性对比分析

如何在电平数目较多的多电平电路中快速地实现空间矢量调制（SVPWM：Space Vector PWM）算法是多电平技术所必须解决的一个关键问题.为解决这一问题,国内外学者提出了多种在不同坐标系下实现多电平SVPWM的算法,但目前尚未有对这些多电平SVPWM算法快速性的对比分析.为此,本文从一个采样周期内完成在实际中得到广泛应用的4种多电平SVPWM算法所需的各类运算的运行次数出发,对这4种坐标系下的多电平SVPWM算法实现的快速性进行了对比分析.理论分析和实验结果表明,在45°坐标系下实现多电平SVPWM算法不仅具有运行量少的优点而且具备对电路进行优化控制便利的特性,是一种可优先使用的坐标系.     

FOX-7/HMX混合炸药烤燃试验的数值计算

为研究FOX-7/HMX混合炸药的热响应特性,基于热爆炸理论中的热平衡原理,以McGuire-Tarver三步反应模型及成核和生长反应模型分别描述HMX和FOX-7的化学反应过程,建立了FOX-7/HMX混合炸药烤燃过程的计算模型.将建立的计算模型以用户自编函数的方式添加到Fluent软件中,对混合炸药的烤燃过程进行了数值模拟.同时还对FOX-7/HMX混合炸药进行了烤燃试验研究.结果表明:炸药样品中最终发生了燃烧反应.在升温速率为3℃/min的条件下,炸药试样中心处点火温度计算结果和试验结果分别为203.3℃和196.2℃,点火时间计算结果和试验结果分别为3360 s和3444 s;炸药试样1/2半径处点火温度计算结果和试验结果分别为202.1℃和191.6℃,点火时间计算结果和试验结果分别为3360 s和3264 s.模拟计算结果与试验结果基本一致,相对误差能够满足实际预估的需求.     

Rapid reactive synthesis of TiAl3 intermetallics by thermal explosion and its oxidation resistance at high temperature

Porous TiAl₃ intermetallics were synthesized from Ti-75 at.% Al elemental powder mixtures using an energy-saving and rapid reactive method of thermal explosion (TE). The results demonstrated that the actual temperature of the compact climbed rapidly from 673 °C to 1036 °C within 24 s, indicating that an obvious TE reaction occurred during sintering process. The video graphs suggested that the TE in Ti–Al system behaved instant occurrence and overall heating whether from axial or radial direction. The silver wires and NaCl particles that pressed on the surface of the sample disappeared due to the heavy heat released during TE reaction. Only pure TiAl₃ phases were synthesized in TE products and the open porosity of 55.4% was easy to obtain. After high-temperature treatment at 1000 °C, large amounts of sintering-neck formed and then improved the compressive strength of porous TiAl₃ materials. Moreover, the mass gain curve of porous TiAl₃ intermetallics oxidized at 650 °C for 120 h exhibited the parabolic oxidation rate law. XPS analysis confirmed that the strong O 1s peak was 531.4 eV which was the typical binding energy of Al₂O₃. Therefore, the excellent oxidation resistance of porous TiAl₃ foams would be considered as good candidate materials for prolonging the service life at high temperatures.     

Molecular cloning of rice cDNAs related to pollen development using the subtraction hybridization technique

The meiotic stage of pollen mother cell is a very important stage in controlling the development and formation of pollen. In order to clone the rice cDNA(s) of this stage, a normal rice, Annong N and its thermosensitive mutant, Annong S-1 were used as the plant material. The mRNA has been extracted from the young panicle at the meiotic stage. By using the cDNA subtraction hybridization technique, three cDNA fragments, RP-1, RP-2 and RP-3 have been successfully cloned from Annong N. Northern blot analysis reveals that the mRNA of these three clones are expressed only in anthers, and not leaves. The mRNA levels of these clones are lower in anthers of Annong S-1 than in Annong N. Furthermore, the amount of mRNA extracted from anthers of Annong S-1 growing under high temperature (28℃) is lower than plants growing at lower temperature (25℃). Sequence analysis and homology search indicate that these three clones display no similarity to the current database. It is concluded that the three novel cDNA cloned are related to pollen development in rice.     

云南鲤科鱼类二新种记述

 描记采于云南东部的鲤科鱼类二新种,命名为罗平金线鱼巴Sinocyclocheilus luopingensis Li et Tao,sp.nov.和长鳍直口鲮Rectoris longifinus Li Mao et Lu,sp.nov.,前者头的背面下凹,但不呈鸭嘴形,鼻孔也开始前移到吻端,侧线鳞51,体鳞大,胸鳍长,后伸接近腹鳍起点等综合特征区别于该属所有已知种;后者各鳍较长,背鳍最长鳍条大于头长,后压达臀鳍基中部上方,胸鳍后伸达腹鳍,腹鳍后伸达臀鳍起点,臀鳍后伸达尾鳍基,体侧无一条黑色带伸达尾鳍基,可明显区别于直口鲮Rectoris posehensis Lin.     

Latitude-dependence and dispersion of the westward drift in the geomagnetic field

The main geomagnetic field models of IGRF1900---2000 are used to study the latitude-dependence of the westward drift in the main field. The results show that the latitude-dependence exists in the magnetic components with different wavelengths (m=l-10). The globai-average westward drift rate of the component of m=l is 0.189°/a with the maximum of 0.295°/a at latitudes 40°-45°. The component of m=2 has an average drift rate of 0.411°/a with the maximum of 1.305°/a at latitude -60°. As for the components with further shorter wavelengths, the drift is generally restricted in a limited latitude range, and has many smaller drift rates. This latitude-dependence of westward drift can not be explained by rigid rotation of the earth's core. The results of this note also show that there is a negative dispersion in the westward drift, namely the components of long wavelengths drift faster than those of short wavelengths.This dispersion feature is not in agreement with Hide's MHD model. It is likely needed to find a new mechanism for explaining the observed feature of dispersion.     

Discovery of C<Subscript>4</Subscript> species at high altitude in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Plant specimens are collected from the areas between latitude 27°?2′N and 40°57′N, and longitude 88°93°E and 103°24′E, with an altitudinal range from 2210 to 5050 m above the sea level in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The stable carbon isotope analysis indicates that two of Chenopodiaceae and six of Poaceae in the samples are C4 plants. Four of the C4 plants are found in 11 spots with altitudes above 3800 m, and Pennisetum centrasiaticum, Arundinella yunnanensis and Orinus thoroldii are present in six spots above 4000 m, even up to 4520 m. At low CO2 partial pressure, that sufficient energy of high light improving C4 plant's tolerance of low temperature and precipitations concentrating in growing season probably are favorable for C4 plants growing at high altitude in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.     

股四头肌表面肌电及髌股关节受力在不同角度静蹲时的比较

比较在不同角度的静蹲练习中股四头肌表面肌电的变化和髌股关节面受力情况,寻找膝关节功能恢复与强化的科学静蹲练习角度。选取30名健康男性大学生,分别进行屈膝30°、45°、60°的静蹲练习,通过表面肌电仪和三维动作捕捉分析系统采集每位受试者静蹲时的肌电参数及运动学参数的变化特征;并借助力学原理计算分析得出髌股关节的受力。结果:45°静蹲时,股四头肌表面肌电的i EMG值最大;各角度静蹲时,股外侧肌的放电量最大,股直肌最小;静蹲过程中股四头肌的MPF、MF值都呈降低的趋势,但在静蹲45°时MPF、MF值下降最快;髌股关节受力随着静蹲角度的增加而增大。说明在45°静蹲时,股四头肌最容易达到疲劳,锻炼效果较佳,是静蹲练习的适宜角度;其中股外侧肌是最主要的工作肌。建议髌骨劳损患者在做静蹲练习时根据自身的疼痛感觉在30°~60°的范围内进行训练,而应避免大于60°的静蹲角,以免受力过大造成二次损伤。     

一种实时移除MEMS陀螺仪噪声的精准航姿技术

MEMS-IMU包括三轴陀螺仪和三轴加速度计，陀螺仪的噪声导致MEMS-IMU的航姿不精确，并由此导致外部加速度呈现较大的误差。针对该问题，提出一种实时移除陀螺仪噪声的技术：方向余弦矩阵的第3列和陀螺仪的偏置同时设为状态向量，用于在线获取陀螺仪的噪声；加速度计的外部加速度和测量噪声均被设为测量余量，以便于在任意运动轨迹时能测量重力向量。陀螺仪和加速度计的测量结果通过卡尔曼滤波器融合，前者估算状态向量，后者校准状态向量的误差。通过比较MEMS-IMU在任意伪静态时的航姿和外部加速度验证本技术的可行性，实验结果表明俯仰角、横滚角、航向角和外部加速度的最大误差分别为0.5°、0.2°、2°和0.2 m/s²，该结果远好于仅用陀螺仪的航姿误差和外部加速度误差。     

Regional differences in the timing of recent air warming during the past four decades in China

Global surface temperature has dramatically increased in the past decades. It is critical to evaluate such a change using appropriate approaches. The previous studies for assessment of the change usually used overall trends of temperature series (i.e. slopes of simple linear regression of temperature versus year based on a least-square analysis) for entire study period. Temperature trends, however, differ among different periods, i.e. there are often breakpoints in the temperature series. Therefore, the overall linear trend of a temperature series may conceal some of the temporal characteristics of the temperature change. To precisely characterize the temporal and spatial patterns of air temperature change in China, we analyze the annual mean temperature series between the year of 1961–2004 for 536 meteorological stations across China, using piecewise linear regression approach. We found remarkable breakpoints in the annual mean temperature during the study period across the country. The annual mean temperature started to increase in 1984 at a rate of 0.058°C/a at the country level. The year when warming started appeared to be gradually later from the north to the south: temperature increased since the 1970s in the north (north of 40°N), and did not rise until the 1980s in most areas of the south (south of 40°N), with warming starting in 1983 in the Tibetan Plateau. The trends in annual mean temperatures showed a large spatial heterogeneity across China: a relatively small rising with a rate of 0.025–0.05°C/a in the Sichuan Basin, Central China and South China; the greatest increase in some parts of northwest China (i.e. Xinjiang) with up to a rate of 0.1°C/a; and rising at a rate of >0.05°C/a for most regions of the country. The feedbacks of cold waves and snow may be responsible for such regional differences in the timing and rates of warming in China.