致密油藏分段多簇压裂水平井电模拟实验研究

致密油储层物性差、天然裂缝发育,水平井技术和水力压裂技术是开发致密油的有效手段。微地震监测资料证明水平井分段多簇压裂后形成复杂的裂缝网络。基于水电相似原理,利用水电模拟方法,研究了致密油水平井开发不同压裂方式下的压力场特征,并对分段压裂水平井产能影响因素进行了分析。结果表明:(1)分段多簇压裂水平井近井区等压线较面缝压裂更为平缓,远井区等压线主要由边界影响;(2)与面缝相比,分段多簇压裂的体积改造区域越大,压裂水平井产量越大;当体积压裂改造区域规模一定时,改造区域内的渗透率变化对压裂水平井产能影响较小。     

致密油分段多簇压裂水平井电模拟实验研究

致密油储层物性差、天然裂缝发育,水平井技术和水力压裂技术是开发致密油的有效手段,微地震监测资料证明水平井分段多簇压裂后形成复杂的裂缝网络。本文基于水电相似原理,利用水电模拟方法,研究了致密油水平井开发不同压裂方式下的压力场特征,并对分段压裂水平井产能影响因素进行了分析。结果表明：（1）分段多簇压裂水平井近井区等压线较面缝压裂更为平缓,远井区等压线主要边界影响;（2）与面缝相比,分段多簇压裂的体积改造区域越大,压裂水平井产量越大;当体积压裂改造区域规模一定时,改造区域内的渗透率变化对压裂水平井产能影响较小     

压裂裂缝间距优化设计

在多裂缝压裂设计中,如何合理设置水力裂缝间距、最大限度形成缝网是储层改造过程中的关键问题.水力裂缝的形成会在裂缝周围产生诱导应力使得储层的应力差得到改善.根据单条水力裂缝诱导应力的解析解提出一种简便的裂缝间距设计方法,从而能最大限度促进复杂缝网形成.以平面二维水力裂缝的线弹性应力场为基础,采用应力叠加的方式来计算,通过调整水力裂缝间距将储层应力差缩小至能够形成缝网的范围以内,构建最佳的射孔簇间距.当单条水力裂缝净压力足以使原有水平主应力方向发生反转时,应力反转区的宽度即为最佳裂缝间距;当单条水力裂缝不足以使水平应力发生反转时,可通过两条裂缝间诱导应力的叠加协同效应,使得裂缝之间地层的水平地应力差降低至缝网形成的门限应力差以内,使中间新插入的裂缝能够形成网状裂缝,据此来进行缝间距优化;当进行多级压裂时,所有水力裂缝所产生的诱导应力可以依次相互叠加获得,然后进行裂缝间距优化;通过研究,提出储层改造的最佳裂缝距的计算方法,可为水平井多级压裂工艺参数的优化设计提供参考.     

水平井分段压裂在特低渗透油藏开发中的应用

基于樊147区块特低渗透低砂泥岩薄互层状油藏,通过数值模拟进行了水平井与直井联合注采井网的优化研究,确定采用反九点注采井网;通过渗流特征研究确定了分段压裂水平井的压力分布数学模型;通过水平井参数的优化研究确定了水平井的轨迹沿着主力油层中部。根据油藏高压异常的特点,采用井口带有防喷器的连续油管喷砂射孔、分段加砂压裂技术。根据实际效果分析,水平井分段压裂产能是相邻直井的3倍,稳定日产油15 t左右,递减比直井慢,一口水平井投资是直井的两倍,因此提高了经济效益。体现了水平井分段压裂技术开发低丰度油藏的优势和前景。     

定向射孔体积压裂复杂裂缝扩展机理试验研究

基于线弹性岩石力学和定向射孔增产理论,提出了利用定向射孔诱导地层形成复杂体积裂缝的增产设计思路。通过大型真三轴水力压裂物理模拟实验对其压裂机理进行了研究,分析了射孔方位、水平地应力差、射孔深度等对破裂压力以及裂缝扩展形态的影响。结果表明:定向射孔方位角和水平地应力差对破裂压力的影响最为明显;并且控制着裂缝转向半径。随着射孔方位角的增大,破裂压力逐渐升高;随着射孔深度的增加,破裂压力逐渐降低;同时存在一个最佳射孔方位角范围,在此范围内可以诱导地层产生"S"型、"X"型等复杂裂缝形态。研究成果可为定向射孔压裂施工参数优选提供理论支撑。     

水力喷砂射孔孔道裂缝起裂机理研究

与传统射孔工艺相比,水力喷砂射孔方法产生的地层孔具有孔径大、孔道长和孔数少特点。针对射孔孔道影 响压裂裂缝形态问题,开展孔道周围应力分布及起裂机理的研究工作。研究中采用三维有限元数值模拟结合室内实 验验证的方法,分别从布孔方式、射孔方位和水平井筒方位方面,揭示了水平井近井筒区域喷砂射孔孔道产生的3 种 裂缝形态。研究表明,压裂裂缝倾向于从射孔孔道根部位置起裂;水平井筒与最小水平主应力夹角小于30°,两层布孔 可在近井筒区域产生一条横向裂缝,螺旋布孔和对称布孔产生多条横向裂缝;纵向裂缝比横向裂缝更易于产生,形成 纵向裂缝与横向裂缝相结合的扭曲裂缝;水平井筒与最小水平主应力夹角大于80°,产生一条纵向裂缝,与喷砂射孔参 数无关。该研究可为水平井水力喷砂射孔及压裂合理施工提供理论指导。     

斜井压裂大型真三轴模拟试验研究

通过大型真三轴模拟试验,研究了井斜角,井眼方位角、射孔方式对斜井压裂裂缝起裂压力、起裂位置及裂缝延伸规律的影响,得到了不同参数条件下裂缝起裂和延伸的直观认识。探索通过定向射孔形成一条平整大裂缝的途径,从而降低水力压裂地层的破裂压力,改善裂缝形态,提高压裂成功率,为优化斜井地层射孔方案及水力压裂设计提供依据。实验结果对于提高斜井水力压裂技术水平,改善压裂增产效果具有重要作用。     

基于裂缝干涉模型的非常规油气井压裂优化设计软件的开发与应用

基于复合断裂力学解析方法和能量平衡原理,考虑非常规油气储层岩石高脆性和低渗透性特点,研究水平井分段压裂诱导裂缝间应力相互干扰条件下裂缝扩展的力学机制和缝内变密度支撑剂运移规律。根据水力压裂裂缝扩展的拟三维模型和考虑缝内流体沿缝长、缝高二维流动的全三维模型,分别考虑水平井单井缝网压裂和双井同步压裂形成网状裂缝状态,建立考虑缝间应力干扰的诱导网状裂缝体积压裂优化设计模型,采用Visual Studio 2012开发平台,研制设计软件3D-UGMulti-Fracture。根据断裂力学和渗流力学原理研究水力压裂过程中不同密度支撑剂在网状裂缝内的运移过程。利用微地震技术对同步压裂井实施裂缝监测,检测结果与软件计算结果具有很好的一致性。按照压裂工艺设计要求,优化排液量和砂比等参数,增加裂缝有效支撑长度,提高裂缝导流能力。     

特低-超低渗透油藏分段压裂水平井开采参数优化研究及应用

通过建立水平井分段压裂物理模拟实验进行衰竭式开采、不同注采方式及不同驱替压差的实验研究.结果表明:相同时间内,压裂水平井半缝长为150 m时压力递减快、流速最大,随着裂缝长度增加,压力加快降低;增大压裂规模,水平井衰竭式开采速度加快.在相同驱替压差下,压裂水平井作为采油井时压力梯度高,在此基础上优化水平井开采参数,分析裂缝方位、裂缝形态、裂缝条数、裂缝间距、裂缝导流能力、水平段长度、射孔位置等对水平井开发效果的影响规律,水平段与裂缝近似垂直时开发效果最佳,最佳井网为七点法直井注水平井采井网,适当降低中间裂缝的长度和中间注水井的注水量可以起到稳油控水的作用,间断型纺锤形布缝时补充能量效果最好,优化后的参数与生产实际较好的吻合,优化结果可靠,对特低渗透储层分段压裂水平井开发具有重要的理论和矿场实际意义.     

缝网页岩储层非线性耦合渗流模型研究

页岩气藏裂缝发育,流体渗流机理复杂,认识流体在缝网页岩储层中的流动规律是准确评价气藏产能的关键科学问题.本文建立多重连续/离散裂缝模型描述水力压裂后的页岩储渗空间,建立了综合考虑吸附气非线性非平衡解吸附、表面扩散,自由气黏性流和Knudsen扩散机理的非线性耦合渗流数学模型.模型认为吸附气在有机质表面发生表面扩散,并与无机质基质孔之间发生非平衡解吸附,无机质基质孔内存在黏性流和努森扩散,而天然裂缝和压裂形成的水力裂缝内只有黏性流.通过压裂水平井的数值模拟结果,揭示了缝网页岩储层中吸附气净解吸附速率的时空演变规律,发现了最大净解吸附速率由缝网逐渐向基质扩散的现象.通过多重压力系统分析,发现了裂缝中自由气、基质无机质孔隙中自由气、有机质中吸附气依次滞后的浓度扩散现象;通过对天然裂缝渗流场的分析,发现离散缝网区域包络线外的流动形式随时间依次出现:椭圆径向流、线性流和缝间干扰产生的非线性流.本文研究揭示了缝网页岩储层的渗流机理,为页岩气藏的开发提供了科学基础.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with