煤矿上行开采覆岩运动规律研究

为了有效开采煤炭资源,具有3层可采煤层的煤矿拟采用上行开采方法,通过相似模拟实验及数值模拟计算,得出5-2煤开采后覆岩运动规律,结合"三带"判别法、比值法、围岩平衡法等理论分析得到冒落带高度是6倍采高18 m,裂隙带高度是18倍采高54 m,4-2煤顶底板岩层最大裂隙10 cm,裂隙在下沉带盆底闭合,得出该矿4-2煤上行开采是可行的.     

曹家滩煤矿导水裂隙带发育规律影响因素数值模拟

煤层采后覆岩导水裂隙带发育高度是影响矿井涌(突)水的主要因素之一。以曹家滩煤矿综采条件为背景,运用FLAC 3D软件,模拟分析了固定采高情况下采宽、采深、推进速度对导水裂隙带发育高度的影响,揭示了曹家滩煤矿导水裂隙带发育规律。研究表明,曹家滩煤矿2-2煤层在采高6 m的条件下,煤层顶板导水裂隙带发育高度与工作面采宽、采深成较好的正相关关系,与工作面推进速度呈负相关关系,最终确定曹家滩煤矿2-2煤层的裂采比为27. 8倍。研究成果对矿井防治水工程设计及采煤保水有重要指导意义。     

沙基型浅埋煤层保水开采工程实践研究

以神东矿区2-2煤层为研究对象,通过分析浅埋煤层保水开采机理和关键,以"综合分类指标分析法"、以导水裂隙带高度作为分类的综合指标、以采高、顶板厚度、岩体完整性及强度等作为综合分类指标的相关因素,对比基岩厚度与导水裂隙带高度,将沙基型浅埋煤层保水开采适用条件划分为七类,初步形成浅埋煤层保水开采的"分类体系";通过对各分类...     

大采高综采覆岩裂隙演化特征三维实验研究

上覆岩层裂隙区域是瓦斯运移储集通道,为准确得到大采高综采条件下裂隙演化特征,以山西天池煤矿202工作面为原型搭建了三维物理相似模拟模型,采用声发射监测系统、三维模型剖切等方法得到覆岩裂隙发育过程及裂隙分布特征。结果表明,202工作面基本顶初次垮落步距为36 m,周期来压步距为16～27 m,周期来压平均步距18 m;采用物理模型剖切的方式得到采动覆岩裂隙高度及三维分布形态,垮落带高度15 m,是采高2.9倍,裂隙带高度64 m,是采高12.5倍;覆岩垮落裂隙三维形态为"椭抛体"。在煤层倾向及走向上,覆岩整体下沉趋势为"凹"型,距离煤层底板10 m处上覆岩层下沉量最大为3.5 m,越往上下沉量越小,岩层下沉呈梯形分布;在走向及倾向方向裂隙密度均呈现"双驼峰"状,倾向裂隙区位于工作面0～30 m与90～120 m范围内,走向裂隙区位于切眼侧0～30 m与停采线侧160～200 m范围内,裂隙区裂隙密度达5条/m,中部压实区裂隙密度在1～2条/m之间,回风巷侧裂隙区为高位巷布置最佳区域,能够有效提高瓦斯抽采效率,对工作面及采空区瓦斯治理具有重要意义。     

煤矿综放开采裂高采厚比范围的确定

为计算某井田位于含水层下3号煤层采用综放开采的采后顶板裂隙带高度,采用类比法、数值模拟和试采工作面实测的方法分别确定。通过计算得出:采用类比法确定裂采比为18,裂隙带高度为163.08 m,;采用数值模拟确定裂采比为14.57,裂隙带高度为132 m;工作面实测的裂采比为13.47,裂隙带高度为122 m。通过综合分析可得:综放开采的裂采比小于综采分层开采的裂采比;当顶板岩性为坚硬岩层,采用综放开采时其裂采比的范围在12.71至18之间,该井田的裂采比应取值为14.57。研究确定了3号煤层综放开采的裂采比,为防止工作面与含水层导通提供了理论依据。     

倾斜煤层浅部开采裂隙带发育高度数值模拟研究

为保证倾斜煤层安全开采的需求,以许厂煤矿330采区3336工作面为研究地质单元,在以往的工作面实际情况和研究成果的基础上,以倾斜煤层围岩力学为研究角度,利用FLAC3D建立三维开采模型,通过数值模拟研究了开挖距离、采高对导水裂隙带发育高度的影响,结果表明:随开挖距离和采高的增加,覆岩导水裂隙带高度也增加,但开挖距离对覆岩导水裂隙带高度起主导作用。当开挖距离为200 m时,顶板破坏深度达到最大值43 m。     

复合关键层顶板导高分析及防水煤岩柱尺寸的确定

为分析松散含水层下复合关键层顶板导水裂隙带发育高度,以期合理确定采区开采上限标高,本文通过物理模拟实验,研究了该岩性赋存特征顶板覆岩破坏规律及导水裂隙带发育高度,结果表明:近距离赋存的两关键硬岩层呈现非同步破断,距离煤层较近的关键层对采场矿压起主要控制作用;随工作面向前推进,下部关键层形成周期性破断,采场充分开采时上部关键层出现断裂,进而达到采场顶板导水裂隙带发育最大高度49.7m,为平均采高的12.7倍。该实验结果与工程实践中采用并行电法进行导高测试结果相互印证,为该采区留设防水煤岩柱尺寸提供指导依据。     

煤层群重复采动卸压瓦斯储运区演化规律实验研究

为进一步研究煤层群重复采动卸压瓦斯储运区动态演化规律,以贵州某矿16~#、18~#煤层开采工作面为背景,通过物理相似模拟实验,研究了煤层群重复采动后上覆岩层裂隙分布特征,明确了卸压瓦斯储运区演化规律,提出了相应的判别方法,并进行了工程应用。结果表明,实验矿井上层煤开采后,覆岩垮落带高度11 m、裂隙带高度53 m。工作面附近覆岩关键层形成的砌体梁结构与其下方岩层之间的离层裂隙成为卸压瓦斯储集的空间。当下层煤开采后,受重复采动的影响,垮落带和裂隙带高度分别为13和83 m。上下煤层之间存在关键层,在其下部仍会形成瓦斯储集空间,采动裂隙贯通后下煤层卸压瓦斯易沿着裂隙区通道向上运移至煤层间隔层关键层下的储集空间,再顺着上煤层冒落带内裂隙通道继续向上。此时,上煤层采动形成的瓦斯储集空间也将充满瓦斯成为抽采的重点区域。基于此,提出采动卸压瓦斯储集空间判别方法,并在贵州某矿进行了抽采验证,抽采效果良好,保证了工作面的安全生产。     

榆林小保当二号井田先期开采地段充水因素分析

查明陕北榆神矿区小保当二号井田的水文地质特征,对井田充水因素进行分析。结合水文地质勘查,对井田内所布水文地质钻孔的数据计算出井田内各主采煤层的冒落带高度和导水裂隙带高度,并对比煤层的上覆基岩厚度,研究开采煤层对矿井生产理论上是否会造成危害。延安组内上部主采的2-2煤层冒落带高度和导水裂隙带高度远远小于煤层上覆基岩厚度,下部主采的其他煤层可能与上部煤层采空区相互沟通。井田内充水水源理论上不会对上部2-2煤层开采造成危害,但在下部煤层的施工和设计过程中,应考虑上部采空老窑积水对矿井生产的危害。     

层间岩层厚度对上组煤的影响分析

下组煤的开采直接影响着上组煤及其顶底板的稳定性,层间岩层厚度及岩层垮落特征是能否进行上行开采的关键因素。以山西省吕梁某矿4号煤层与42采区煤层层间岩层为背景,采用理论分析、数值模拟、现场实测等方法,研究层间岩层厚度变化对层间岩层及其垮落特征的影响,以便确定42采区上组煤层开采的可行性。结果表明:当层间岩层厚度为18.2～28.2 m时,42采区煤层位于4号煤层裂隙带,顶底板较完整,可进行上行开采,同时在4号煤层采空区边界上方出现悬空结构,上行开采时应采取底板充填、调斜工作面等措施以避免矿压灾害的发生;当层间岩层厚度为10.2 m时,42采区的煤层位于4号煤层规则垮落带与裂隙带的交界处,42采区煤层及其顶底板遭受严重破坏,不建议开采;当层间岩层厚度为10.2～18.2 m时,42采区煤层处于4号煤层裂隙带,但裂隙较发育,需采取一系列安全技术措施或延长间隔时间,方可进行开采。该研究可为类似条件下的上行开采可行性分析提供理论依据与工程参考。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to