神农架大九湖12 500 a.B.P以来的孢粉植物群与气候变化

根据孢粉分析，将神农架大九湖12500a.B.P以来的孢粉植物群划分为15个演替阶段，从寒温带针叶林到北亚热带常绿阔叶混交林等多个植被型都有出现。植被带的垂直高度随气候变化上下移动，最冷时（12500－10700a.B.P）下移900－1100m，最暖时（5200－6450a.B.P）上移500－700m，孢粉植物群所反映的古气候变化具有明显的阶段性。12500－7400a.B.P气候相对冷干，但温度和降水回升很快，最冷时年平均温度和降水比今低6．1℃和195mm；7400－3300a.B.P气候最为暖湿，但仍有波动，最暖时年平均温度和降水比今高3．9℃和195mm；3300a.B.P以后气候小幅度波动，冷暖干湿多次交替。     

陕西省1961年～2011年气温和降水变化趋势及突变分析

利用陕西省20个气象站台1961年～2011年的月降水量和月平均气温数据,采用线性趋势法、Mann-Kendall法、累积距平法和Morlet小波分析等研究方法,对陕西省近51年来的气候变化趋势和突变现象进行研究分析.结果显示：近51 a来,陕西省年均温呈现出显著上升的趋势,其气候倾向率为0.203℃/10a,在1988年～1989年左右发生了由低温到高温的气温突变;其年均温的增长率呈现出南北高、中间低的趋势,增温幅度表现为南北强、中间弱的特点.陕西省年降水量呈现出波动下降的趋势,其变化速率为－13.491 mm/10a,在1985年年降水量发生了由多到少的突变;年降水量的下降速率呈现出由南往北逐渐增加的趋势.Morlet小波分析表明,陕西省年均温存在24a左右的强显著周期,此外还有9 a和4 a的小尺度变化周期;年降水量存在24 a左右的强显著周期,还有8 a和3 a的小尺度的变化周期.通过以上分析,近51 a陕西省总体气候呈现明显的暖干化趋势.     

研究规律 把握市场 积极发展小杂粮生产

我市气候冷凉，年均气温0—7℃；无霜期短，在95～130天；降水少、且变率大，多年平均降水量在300mm左右，降雨主要集中在6—8月份；年日照时数2850—3250小时。我市的气候条件虽对大宗的粮食作物生长不利。但对生育期较短的小杂粮作物有着广泛的适应性。小杂粮属大秋作物，后期播种能有效地避开我市春季易发生的干旱。并在生长期可充分利用6、7、8三个月两热同季这一气候优势。     

基于孢粉植物类群气候区间的全新世东北地区气候变化

通过数字化东北地区内七个样点剖面(包括赤池、同江、月亮湖、四海龙湾、柳河哈尼湖、麦里和霍拉剖面)的孢粉百分含量数据,截取东亚孢粉数据库资料中部分科属花粉的百分含量对应的年均温和年均降水量区间,利用气候区间法重建剖面多个数据点的年均温与年降水量.得出距今0～3 000 a,七个样点中以霍拉剖面为代表的大兴安岭北部年均温最低,温度范围为-5.3℃～-1.1℃,长白山区柳河哈尼湖年均温最高,温度范围为-4.1℃～13℃;降水量最低为辽西地区的麦里剖面,年均降水量为100 mm左右,柳河哈尼湖剖面降水量较其他样点较充沛,年均降水量在960～620 mm之间.偏东部的长白山地区对季风的响应相比季风/非季风过渡带早1 000 a左右.     

近57年来El Nino/La Nina事件对鄂尔多斯高原东缘气候的影响

根据1955年~2011年期间发生的El Nino/La Nina事件和鄂尔多斯高原东缘3个站点(兴县,绥德和榆林)的气象资料,利用统计分析的方法研究了1955年以来该区的降水量、温度、旱涝灾害与El Nino/La Nina事件之间的关系,揭示了El Nino/La Nina事件对鄂尔多斯高原东缘气候的影响.结果表明,鄂尔多斯高原东缘近57年降水量呈减少趋势而气温呈升高的趋势;厄尔尼诺年降水量比正常年平均降水量少87.6 mm,年平均气温比正常年高0.2℃;拉尼娜年降水量比正常年均降水量少22.3 mm,年平均气温比正常年低0.1℃,且其年降水量递减率和增温率略高于全国.厄尔尼诺事件对鄂尔多斯高原东缘降水量减少的影响和气温上升的影响要大于拉尼娜事件对鄂尔多斯高原东缘的影响.由小波分析可知,鄂尔多斯高原东缘降水变化在30 a尺度内存在2 a、8 a、20 a、27 a的变化周期,而气温变化在30 a尺度内存在3 a、5 a、7 a、29 a的变化周期.El Nino/La Nina事件对该区的旱涝灾害影响显著,旱灾年份出现厄尔尼诺的概率为63%,出现拉尼娜的概率为25%,厄尔尼诺年易于发生旱灾.     

基于M-K检验法与R/S法的宜宾市降水量分析

依据宜宾市1963—2012年的年均降水量数据,运用Mann-Kendall法、R/S法对宜宾市的年均降水量变化趋势及特征进行分析.结果表明:宜宾市近50年年均降水量总体呈波状下降趋势,并以56.36 mm/10 a的速率递减.进一步对宜宾市的年均降水量进行Mann-Kendall突变分析,得出突变年份为1990年,R/S法分析发现宜宾市近50年年均降水量的Hurst指数为0.698 7,具有持续性特征,由此表明在将来一段时间内,其年均降水量仍具有持续下降趋势.同时诊断发现该序列存在变异点,变异年份在1982年.     

阿坝州羊的种群分布与气候生态环境的关系探讨

对阿坝州气候生态环境与羊的种群分布进行探讨,确定出绵羊、山羊适宜气候区的综合气候指标分别为:年均气温0.7—12℃,年≥0℃积温为1432.2—4366,年辐射总量130—147.9KJ/cm~2,年日照时数为2213.8—2417.9h,年降水量≥610mm,生长季干燥度0.094—1.048,隶属度:(?)x=1;年均气温4.7—13.5℃,年≥0℃积温2131—4892,年辐射总量101—122.9KJ/cm~2,年日照时数1637—2129.7h,年降水量492.7—830mm,生长季干燥度0.216—1.421,隶属度0.65<(?x)<1.两者之间为绵、山羊过渡气候生态区.为充分利用气候资源和羊的品种资源,为发展阿坝州养羊业提供了理论依据.     

阿坝州马的数量分布与气候生态环境关系的探讨

对阿坝州气候生态环境与马的数量分布进行探讨，确定马适宜的气候区的综合指标分别为年均气温1．7～22℃，年≥0℃，积温为1432．2-4448，年辐射总量130～147kJ／cm^2，年日照时数为2310-2410h，年降水量≥680mm，生长季干燥度0．11-0．33k，隶属度Cx=1；不适宜的气候区的综合指标为年均气温9．0～13．5℃，年≥0℃，积温为3362-4892，年辐射总量102～122kJ／cm^2，年日照时数1637-2129．7h，年降水量490-730mm，生长季干燥度为1．03-141K，隶属度为Cx=0；其过渡区气候指标为年辐射总量124～131kJ／cm^2，年日照时数1630-2200h，年降水量590-760mm，生长季干燥度060～0．68K，隶属度Cx=0．49～0．84．     

1970-2012年华北平原大气可降水量时空变化及其影响因素

基于1970-2012年华北平原探空站和地面站气象资料,分析了大气可降水量的时空变化特征及其影响因素.结果表明:(1)1970-2012年,华北平原年均大气可降水量呈不显著下降趋势,速率为-0.10mm/10a.其中,秋季大气可降水量减少速率最高,为-0.18mm/10a.在空间上,华北平原东南部年均大气可降水量降低速率明显大于西北部.(2)近40多年来,华北平原年均降水效率基本稳定,速率为-0.01%/10a.(3)在年和季节尺度上,华北平原大气可降水量变化与降水量仅在冬季相关性不显著.在空间上,仅华北平原南部年均大气可降水量与降水量呈显著正相关性;而降水效率与降水量在各尺度上均呈极显著相关性.(4)北半球极涡面积和亚洲区极涡强度分别对春季和夏季大气可降水量的变化影响较大.而秋、冬季,大气可降水量与西伯利亚高压和亚洲经向环流关系密切.     

1951—2014年淮河流域典型等值线变化特征

利用1951—2014年淮河流域29个站点月平均气温和月降水量数据,运用线性倾向估计、累积距平、Mann-Kendall检验及空间分析等方法,分析了1月均温和年降水量的时空变化特征.结果表明:过去64 a,1月均温呈显著升高趋势,升高速率为0.3℃/10a,1986年以后升温趋势显著,并于1973年发生升温突变;年代际方面,20世纪50年代均温最低,20世纪90年代均温最高.年降水量呈不显著减少趋势,减少速率为5.9 mm/10a;年代际降水量波动幅度不大,其中21世纪00年代平均降水量最高,21世纪10年代平均降水量最少.相较于淮河流域年均温变化,1月均温发生暖化突变时间早于年均温,说明1月均温在响应全球变暖方面更加敏感.过去64 a,1月0℃等温线和800 mm等降水量线与秦岭—淮河一线不重合,其主要原因是全球变暖导致的自然带显著北移.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the