Stem-cell ageing modified by the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p16INK4a

Stem-cell ageing is thought to contribute to altered tissue maintenance and repair. Older humans experience increased bone marrow failure and poorer haematologic tolerance of cytotoxic injury. Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in older mice have decreased per-cell repopulating activity, self-renewal and homing abilities, myeloid skewing of differentiation, and increased apoptosis with stress. Here we report that the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p16INK4a, the level of which was previously noted to increase in other cell types with age, accumulates and modulates specific age-associated HSC functions. Notably, in the absence of p16INK4a, HSC repopulating defects and apoptosis were mitigated, improving the stress tolerance of cells and the survival of animals in successive transplants, a stem-cell-autonomous tissue regeneration model. Inhibition of p16INK4a may ameliorate the physiological impact of ageing on stem cells and thereby improve injury repair in aged tissue.     

Increasing p16INK4a expression decreases forebrain progenitors and neurogenesis during ageing

Mammalian ageing is associated with reduced regenerative capacity in tissues that contain stem cells. It has been proposed that this is at least partially caused by the senescence of progenitors with age; however, it has not yet been tested whether genes associated with senescence functionally contribute to physiological declines in progenitor activity. Here we show that progenitor proliferation in the subventricular zone and neurogenesis in the olfactory bulb, as well as multipotent progenitor frequency and self-renewal potential, all decline with age in the mouse forebrain. These declines in progenitor frequency and function correlate with increased expression of p16INK4a, which encodes a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor linked to senescence. Ageing p16INK4a-deficient mice showed a significantly smaller decline in subventricular zone proliferation, olfactory bulb neurogenesis, and the frequency and self-renewal potential of multipotent progenitors. p16INK4a deficiency did not detectably affect progenitor function in the dentate gyrus or enteric nervous system, indicating regional differences in the response of neural progenitors to increased p16INK4a expression during ageing. Declining subventricular zone progenitor function and olfactory bulb neurogenesis during ageing are thus caused partly by increasing p16INK4a expression.     

毛冠鹿p16^INK4基因第二外显子序列分析

采用PCR扩增技术首次克隆毛冠鹿p16^INK4基因第二外显子，DNA杂交和序列分析发现，在307个碱基的第二外显子中仅有5个碱基的差异，同源性达98．4％，p16^INK4基因的第二外显子是高度保守的区域，在其功能中起重要作用。     

p15Ink4b is a critical tumour suppressor in the absence of p16Ink4a

The CDKN2b-CDKN2a locus on chromosome 9p21 in human (chromosome 4 in mouse) is frequently lost in cancer. The locus encodes three cell cycle inhibitory proteins: p15INK4b encoded by CDKN2b, p16INK4a encoded by CDKN2a and p14ARF (p19Arf in mice) encoded by an alternative reading frame of CDKN2a (ref. 1). Whereas the tumour suppressor functions for p16INK4a and p14ARF have been firmly established, the role of p15INK4b remains ambiguous. However, many 9p21 deletions also remove CDKN2b, so we hypothesized a synergistic effect of the combined deficiency for p15INK4b, p14ARF and p16INK4a. Here we report that mice deficient for all three open reading frames (Cdkn2ab-/-) are more tumour-prone and develop a wider spectrum of tumours than Cdkn2a mutant mice, with a preponderance of skin tumours and soft tissue sarcomas (for example, mesothelioma) frequently composed of mixed cell types and often showing biphasic differentiation. Cdkn2ab-/- mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) are substantially more sensitive to oncogenic transformation than Cdkn2a mutant MEFs. Under conditions of stress, p15Ink4b protein levels are significantly elevated in MEFs deficient for p16Ink4a. Our data indicate that p15Ink4b can fulfil a critical backup function for p16Ink4a and provide an explanation for the frequent loss of the complete CDKN2b-CDKN2a locus in human tumours.     

人p16~(INK4) cDNA探针在非小细胞肺癌研究中的应用

制备总RNA ,RT PCR克隆p16 INK4 cDNA ,测序验证 ,制备探针 .进行PCR产物Southern杂交检测非小细胞肺癌组织标本中p16 INK4 基因第二外显子阴性杂交率为 12 .9% (4 / 31) .原位杂交显示p16 INK4 基因转录阴性率为2 2 .6 % (7/ 31) .结果说明克隆的p16 INK4 cDNA是正确的 ,可用于临床基因诊断 ,p16 INK4 基因变异及表达在非小细胞肺癌的发生、发展中起作用     

紫龙金对BGC-823细胞增殖的抑制作用及对p16~(INK4a)启动子活性的影响

利用记数法和Brdu脉冲标记法研究了紫龙金对细胞增殖的影响,western blot检测结果表明:紫龙金(3,4mg.mL-1)处理可明显抑制人胃癌BGC-823细胞的生长、提高BGC-823细胞中p16的表达水平.进一步利用含有p16INK4a启动子片段(-967~-165区域)及荧光素酶报告系统的载体pGL3-Basic-p16N研究了紫龙金对p16INK4a启动子活性的影响及其作用的分子机制,结果表明,紫龙金可能通过提高p16INK4a启动子活性而促进p16的表达,从而抑制细胞的增殖.     

Loss of p16Ink4a confers susceptibility to metastatic melanoma in mice.

CDKN2A (INK4a/ARF) is frequently disrupted in various types of human cancer, and germline mutations of this locus can confer susceptibility to melanoma and other tumours. However, because CDKN2A encodes two distinct cell cycle inhibitory proteins, p16INK4a and p14ARF (p19Arf in mice), the mechanism of tumour suppression by CDKN2A has remained controversial. Genetic disruption of Cdkn2a(p19Arf) (hereafter Arf) alone predisposes mice to tumorigenesis, demonstrating that Arf is a tumour-suppressor gene in mice. We mutated mice specifically in Cdkn2a(p16Ink4a) (hereafter Ink4a). Here we demonstrate that these mice, designated Ink4a*/*, do not show a significant predisposition to spontaneous tumour formation within 17 months. Embryo fibroblasts derived from them proliferate normally, are mortal, and are not transformed by oncogenic HRAS. The very mild phenotype of the Ink4a*/* mice implies that the very strong phenotypes of the original Ink4a/ArfDelta2,3 mice were primarily or solely due to loss of Arf. However, Ink4a*/Delta2,3 mice that are deficient for Ink4a and heterozygous for Arf spontaneously develop a wide spectrum of tumours, including melanoma. Treatment of these mice with the carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA) results in an increased incidence of melanoma, with frequent metastases. Our results show that, in the mouse, Ink4a is a tumour-suppressor gene that, when lost, can recapitulate the tumour predisposition seen in humans.     

Loss of p16Ink4a with retention of p19Arf predisposes mice to tumorigenesis.

The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p16INK4a can induce senescence of human cells, and its loss by deletion, mutation or epigenetic silencing is among the most frequently observed molecular lesions in human cancer. Overlapping reading frames in the INK4A/ARF gene encode p16INK4a and a distinct tumour-suppressor protein, p19ARF (ref. 3). Here we describe the generation and characterization of a p16Ink4a-specific knockout mouse that retains normal p19Arf function. Mice lacking p16Ink4a were born with the expected mendelian distribution and exhibited normal development except for thymic hyperplasia. T cells deficient in p16Ink4a exhibited enhanced mitogenic responsiveness, consistent with the established role of p16Ink4a in constraining cellular proliferation. In contrast to mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs) deficient in p19Arf (ref. 4), p16Ink4a-null MEFs possessed normal growth characteristics and remained susceptible to Ras-induced senescence. Compared with wild-type MEFs, p16Ink4a-null MEFs exhibited an increased rate of immortalization, although this rate was less than that observed previously for cells null for Ink4a/Arf, p19Arf or p53 (refs 4, 5). Furthermore, p16Ink4a deficiency was associated with an increased incidence of spontaneous and carcinogen-induced cancers. These data establish that p16Ink4a, along with p19Arf, functions as a tumour suppressor in mice.     

PCR—SSCP研究肝癌原发灶和转移灶中P16^INK4exon2的突变

用两步ＰＣＲ法，成功地从石蜡包埋组织ＤＮＡ中扩增了Ｐ＾１６ＩＮＸＫ４ｅｘｏｎ２片段；并用单链构象多态分析ＰＣＲ产物的差异。     

Clearance of p16Ink4a-positive senescent cells delays ageing-associated disorders

Advanced age is the main risk factor for most chronic diseases and functional deficits in humans, but the fundamental mechanisms that drive ageing remain largely unknown, impeding the development of interventions that might delay or prevent age-related disorders and maximize healthy lifespan. Cellular senescence, which halts the proliferation of damaged or dysfunctional cells, is an important mechanism to constrain the malignant progression of tumour cells. Senescent cells accumulate in various tissues and organs with ageing and have been hypothesized to disrupt tissue structure and function because of the components they secrete. However, whether senescent cells are causally implicated in age-related dysfunction and whether their removal is beneficial has remained unknown. To address these fundamental questions, we made use of a biomarker for senescence, p16(Ink4a), to design a novel transgene, INK-ATTAC, for inducible elimination of p16(Ink4a)-positive senescent cells upon administration of a drug. Here we show that in the BubR1 progeroid mouse background, INK-ATTAC removes p16(Ink4a)-positive senescent cells upon drug treatment. In tissues--such as adipose tissue, skeletal muscle and eye--in which p16(Ink4a) contributes to the acquisition of age-related pathologies, life-long removal of p16(Ink4a)-expressing cells delayed onset of these phenotypes. Furthermore, late-life clearance attenuated progression of already established age-related disorders. These data indicate that cellular senescence is causally implicated in generating age-related phenotypes and that removal of senescent cells can prevent or delay tissue dysfunction and extend healthspan.     

子宫颈癌组织p16基因突变及其蛋白表达研究

目的研究子宫颈癌患者p16蛋白表达和p16基因缺失突变及点突变情况.方法利用免疫组织化学方法(SP法)、聚合酶链反应(PCR)和聚合酶链反应-单链构象多态性(PCR-SSCP)分析技术,分别检测正常子宫颈组织30例、子宫颈癌前病变组织10例及原发性子宫颈癌组织28例,观察其p16蛋白表达和p16基因缺失突变及点突变状况.结果 1)在原发性子宫颈癌组织中为67.85%(19/28),明显低于正常子宫颈组织和子宫颈癌前病变组织(P<0.05);2)28例原发性子宫颈癌组织中有11例发生p16基因缺失突变,2例发生p16基因点突变,突变率为46.42%,正常子宫颈组织和子宫颈癌前病变组织未发现p16基因缺失突变和点突变.结论 1)p16蛋白缺乏与子宫颈细胞增殖失控及分化不良紧密相关.2)原发性子宫颈癌存在p16基因点突变,以低分化癌多见,但不是较频繁的事件;原发性子宫颈癌存在p16基因缺失突变,以低分化癌多见,是较频繁的事件.3)未发现p16蛋白表达与p16基因突变有相关性.     

p63 is essential for regenerative proliferation in limb, craniofacial and epithelial development

The p63 gene, a homologue of the tumour-suppressor p53, is highly expressed in the basal or progenitor layers of many epithelial tissues. Here we report that mice homozygous for a disrupted p63 gene have major defects in their limb, craniofacial and epithelial development. p63 is expressed in the ectodermal surfaces of the limb buds, branchial arches and epidermal appendages, which are all sites of reciprocal signalling that direct morphogenetic patterning of the underlying mesoderm. The limb truncations are due to a failure to maintain the apical ectodermal ridge, a stratified epithelium, essential for limb development. The embryonic epidermis of p63-/- mice undergoes an unusual process of non-regenerative differentiation, culminating in a striking absence of all squamous epithelia and their derivatives, including mammary, lacrymal and salivary glands. Taken together, our results indicate that p63 is critical for maintaining the progenitor-cell populations that are necessary to sustain epithelial development and morphogenesis.     

全轮驱动混合动力汽车再生制动系统控制策略

在传统汽车制动理论的基础上,基于最大回收制动能量和制动的安全性,提出了一种全轮驱动混合动力汽车制动能量分配与再生制动控制策略.综合考虑电机电池效率等限制因素后,进行整车再生制动系统建模和典型制动工况下的仿真.结果表明,在制动车速为30 km/h,制动强度Z分别为0.1、0.3、0.5下最大能量回收率分别可达87.5%、47.8%、28.6%,采用提出的制动能量分配与再生制动控制策略能满足整车制动力分配的要求,并实现高效的制动能量回收.     

四种原发恶性肿瘤中p16基因的缺失和突变研究

采用双重PCR、PCR－SSCP和序列分析方法,对31例非小细胞肺癌、15例食管癌、12例胃癌、9例乳腺癌共68例原发肿瘤组织标p16进行在肺癌、食管癌、胃癌、乳腺癌的缺失率分别为16％（5／31）、,20－％（3／15）,8％（1／13）,0（0／9）,2例突变：一例食管癌在第130位氨基酸密码由AGA变为ATA,编码的氨基酸由精氨酸变为异亮氨酸,一例肺癌第140位氨基酸的CGG处的C缺失,导致移码突变,p16基因在人类恶性肿瘤发生发展中起重要作用,是多肿瘤抑制基因。     

p16与原发性肝细胞癌的研究进展

p16基因又称肿瘤抑制基因(MTS1),是近年来发现的一个重要的抑癌基因,在细胞周期中发挥重要的调节作用.现对p16基因的结构、p16蛋白的作用途径以及该基因突变与原发性肝细胞癌的关系进行综述.     

4p4阶群的差集

设G是具有二面体群同态象D_4p²的4p⁴阶群,通过考察其相交数得到如下结论：当p是素数且p≥5时,G上的差集不存在。     

4p4阶群中的差集

设G是4p⁴阶群,N是G的一个正规子群,假设D是G中的一个差集,通过考察相交数,得到一些D存在的必要条件。     

年龄分布下周期种群系统动态博弈的Nash均衡

研究具有年龄结构的周期种群在资源开发中的动态博弈问题.利用Kakutani多值映射不动点定理证明了Nash均衡的存在性.借助法锥和共轭系统,描述了均衡策略.