Estimation of components of energy balance on drifting ice over Arctic Ocean

Estimation and simulation were carried out for the components of ice-surface energy balance and tur bulent exchange parameters using the flux-profile method and the sinple biosphere model version 2 (SiB2, hereinafter) respectively based on the measured results for the atmosphere in the near-ice-surface layer, which were observed by the First Arctic Scientific Expedition of China in August, 1999 at a joint ice-research station (75°02′N, 160°51′W) on the drifting ice of Arctic Ocean. Evidence suggests that during the melting period of drifting ice the sum of the ice-released sensible heat and effective melting-consumed heat is greater than the net ice-absorbed radiation on the surface, with the excess heat coming via heat conduction from the deep layers of the ice mass. The simulated net radiation is systematical lv 18% greater than the measured results, while the simulated sensible heat flux is systematically 3% lower than the measured ones; and the simulated ice-surface heat flux differs noticeably from its calculation. Hence, we see that al though the measured sequences are short, the simulations of net radiation and sensible heat fluxes by the SiB2 model are comparatively good, the simulation of other forms of fluxes still needs to be improved.     

Nitrogen and phosphorus balance analysis of cultivated land in Jiangsu plain, China

Jiangsu plain is located along the downstream of the Yangtze River, the north part of which is also the coast area of the Yellow Sea. The specific location makes the local environmental issues regionally important. This paper studied arable land area, plantation structure, livestock sector data, which shows that livestock sector contributes a big amount of nitrogen and phosphorus, in terms of the demand from the agriculture use in Jiangsu plain. But actually, there is still much mineral fertiliser used in agriculture, which causes the N and P produced from livestock sector being an important source of pollution to the environment. The paper suggests to tighten up manure management, in order to lead to a big reduction in the pollution to both soil and surface water.     

Cool Indonesian throughflow as a consequence of restricted surface layer flow

Approximately 10 million m3 x s(-1) of water flow from the Pacific Ocean into the Indian Ocean through the Indonesian seas. Within the Makassar Strait, the primary pathway of the flow, the Indonesian throughflow is far cooler than estimated earlier, as pointed out recently on the basis of ocean current and temperature measurements. Here we analyse ocean current and stratification data along with satellite-derived wind measurements, and find that during the boreal winter monsoon, the wind drives buoyant, low-salinity Java Sea surface water into the southern Makassar Strait, creating a northward pressure gradient in the surface layer of the strait. This surface layer 'freshwater plug' inhibits the warm surface water from the Pacific Ocean from flowing southward into the Indian Ocean, leading to a cooler Indian Ocean sea surface, which in turn may weaken the Asian monsoon. The summer wind reversal eliminates the obstructing pressure gradient, by transferring more-saline Banda Sea surface water into the southern Makassar Strait. The coupling of the southeast Asian freshwater budget to the Pacific and Indian Ocean surface temperatures by the proposed mechanism may represent an important negative feedback within the climate system.     

数码摄影的白平衡与后期色彩平衡的应用

在数码摄影中前期白平衡的使用关系到对影像颜色真实的还原,后期PHOTO SHOP中色彩平衡的应用可弥补使用自平衡的不足,使影像中的各色彩混合达到平衡．掌握白平衡、色彩平衡的应用是拍摄成功数码影像的必要条件之一．     

北极狐人工授精技术研究

报道了对北极狐用电刺激采精法采取精液 ;用粘液电测法 (用测情仪测定雌狐发情期阴道分泌物的电阻值 )确定最适输精时间 ;采用子宫内输精法对 8只雌狐实施人工授精、受胎率 5 0 %的初步试验结果及具体操作技术 .     

无土栽培中NH4+-N和NO3--N的测定

2mol.l-1KCl溶液可作为无土栽培中基质的NH4 —N和NO3-—N的提取剂,其固∶液=1∶5,振荡时间为30min,NH4 —N测定采用靛酚蓝比色法,测定波长为645nm,标准曲线的回归方程为:A=0.7358C 0.0044,r=0.9994(n=7),回收率为:103.6%。NO3-—N测定采用紫外分光光度法,测定波长为205nm,标准曲线的回归方程为:A=0.5654C 0.0127,r=0.9994(n=9),回收率为:102.4%。     

Changing Arctic Ocean freshwater pathways

Freshening in the Canada basin of the Arctic Ocean began in the 1990s and continued to at least the end of 2008. By then, the Arctic Ocean might have gained four times as much fresh water as comprised the Great Salinity Anomaly of the 1970s, raising the spectre of slowing global ocean circulation. Freshening has been attributed to increased sea ice melting and contributions from runoff, but a leading explanation has been a strengthening of the Beaufort High--a characteristic peak in sea level atmospheric pressure--which tends to accelerate an anticyclonic (clockwise) wind pattern causing convergence of fresh surface water. Limited observations have made this explanation difficult to verify, and observations of increasing freshwater content under a weakened Beaufort High suggest that other factors must be affecting freshwater content. Here we use observations to show that during a time of record reductions in ice extent from 2005 to 2008, the dominant freshwater content changes were an increase in the Canada basin balanced by a decrease in the Eurasian basin. Observations are drawn from satellite data (sea surface height and ocean-bottom pressure) and in situ data. The freshwater changes were due to a cyclonic (anticlockwise) shift in the ocean pathway of Eurasian runoff forced by strengthening of the west-to-east Northern Hemisphere atmospheric circulation characterized by an increased Arctic Oscillation index. Our results confirm that runoff is an important influence on the Arctic Ocean and establish that the spatial and temporal manifestations of the runoff pathways are modulated by the Arctic Oscillation, rather than the strength of the wind-driven Beaufort Gyre circulation.