不同沙尘天气微气象和沙尘演变规律的对比研究

利用内蒙古浑善达克沙地沙尘暴实验探测资料,给出2004年春季多次沙尘天气过程近地面微气象学要素、湍流通量及沙尘浓度的极值对比,重点分析了3月27-28日强沙尘暴过境时近地面微气象学要素和辐射分量的变化特征。结果表明： 沙尘天气过程中,白天近地层温差均有不同程度的降低,夜间逆温强度减弱;净辐射与感热通量较晴空值均有不同程度的削弱。沙尘天气过境时,动量通量显著增加,动力湍流与热力湍流配合,有利于加强沙尘源区的局地起沙和沙尘的垂直输送过程。3月27-28日强沙尘暴过境时,伴随地面水平风向的转变,沙尘浓度迅速增加,风速及其垂直梯度增大;在沙尘暴增强阶段,近地层降温达7℃,比湿出现极大值,净辐射和感热通量降为负值。当沙尘浓度达到最大值后,净辐射上升至零,反映了夜间沙尘气溶胶对低层大气和地表的保温作用。     

浮升力在竖直通道湍流中的作用

采用直接数值模拟方法研究了在不同湍流引发机制作用下竖直槽道湍流中统计量的变化以及湍流结构的变化,分别给出了强迫对流、混合对流和自然对流湍流时平均速度、平均温度、湍流脉动强度、雷诺切应力的统计结果以及湍流结构.结果表明:与强迫对流时相比,混合对流时浮升力作用使高温侧的平均速度升高,速度脉动强度降低,而低温侧的平均速度降低,速度脉动强度升高;浮升力使温度脉动强度在壁面附近区域显著增强,而在通道中心区域变弱.与强迫对流和混合对流的情况相比,自然对流的平均速度分布关于通道中心线反对称,通道中间区域的速度脉动强度最大,温度脉动强度则最小;雷诺应力最大值出现在通道中心区域,而负的雷诺应力产生在壁面附近.     

城市水泥下垫面／郊区下垫面湍流统计特征分析

为探讨城市水泥下垫面和郊区下垫面上的无量纲速度方差及温度方差与稳定度的关系,对2006年2月18日至3月10日南京市委党校楼顶和南京大学浦口校区观测站三层高度上的湍流资料的统计特征进行了对比分析,发现在不稳定层结下,城市水泥下垫面上的无量纲水平速度方差σu/u*和垂直速度方差σw/u*比郊区下垫面小,两者随稳定度z/L的变化基本符合1/3次律,但不能直接用Panofsky等提出的乡村下垫面条件下的经验关系式来表示。城市水泥下垫面上的无量纲温度方差σT/T*大于郊区下垫面。同时,在郊区30m高度附近的无量纲水平速度方差σu/u*和垂直速度方差σw/u*满足1/3次律,2m高度则不满足1/3次律。40m以下高度σT/T*与-z/L之间满足-1/3次律。     

哈特曼装置上粉尘浓度的测量

粉尘浓度和湍流速度对粉尘爆炸猛烈程度和粉尘云最小着火能的测试有很大影响.针对1.2 L哈特曼装置上的粉尘浓度进行了测量研究,并对测量数据进行了分析讨论,得到了1.2 L哈特曼管上不同位置高度的粉尘浓度随时间的变化曲线.粉尘浓度随哈特曼管高度位置分布很不均匀.对于哈特曼管电极位置高度,当点火延迟时间170 ms、计算浓度为500 g/m3时,其粉尘测量浓度近似等于计算浓度;当计算浓度低于500 g/m3时,其测量浓度高于计算浓度.当计算浓度大于500 g/m3时,测量浓度低于计算浓度.哈特曼管上粉尘浓度随高度分布的获得,为最小着火能在不同装置上的测试比较提供了数据,为粉尘爆炸数学模型的检验提供了...     

The trend of sand flux and the meteorology elements changes in the near-surface layer of Tengger desert in the spring of 2006

Dust storm events, especially those associated with strong winds, are immediately dangerous, and have long-term harmful effects. During a dust storm event, dust in the near-surface atmospheric layer decreases visibility, and changes local meteorological parameters. In this paper, we analyzed levels of near-surface turbulence during and outside a dust storm event and found differences in the degree of turbulence, with wind speed increasing and amounts of windblown sand greatly increasing air turbulence during the dust storms compared with the corresponding values on a sunny day. In addition, the wind profile during the dust storm deviated from the normal profile and became more complex. In the near-surface atmospheric layer, sand and dust flux during the dust storm also differed from those on a sunny day.     

风的湍流特性两种分析方法的比较及其应用

风的湍流特性实测研究中常用两种分析方法：矢量法是水平风速风向由二维风速矢量表示，即自然风为纵向分量和横向分量的矢量和；标量法是水平风速用绝对风速和风向两个标量表示．由于对水平分量的定义差别，两种方法对应的湍流脉动特性分析结果（如平均风速、阵风因子、湍流度、功率谱密度和湍流积分长度等）不一致，将两种方法用于分析广东、上海、福建和江苏等地实测的四组脉动风速数据，结果证明不同的分析方法给统计结果带来差异，差异的大小随着风的脉动强度增大而增大．     

戈壁地表野外风速脉动特征

【目的】探究戈壁地表野外风场不同高度风速脉动特征,为进一步湍流情况下风蚀研究奠定基础。【方法】2015年春季在新疆卡拉贝利工程区实测了戈壁地表不同高度瞬时风速,利用统计学方法(标准差、曲线估计等)从风速脉动和脉动强度、湍流度,以及三者与风速之间的关系等角度分析戈壁地表风速脉动特征。【结果】不同高度的瞬时风速和风速脉动在时间序列上变化非常复杂,但变化趋势一致。大风时段(0～50 min),风速脉动幅度非常大,最大接近6 m/s,但90%以上集中在Symbol|A@0～3Symbol|A@ m/s。风速脉动幅度随风速增强而增大,随距地表高度增加而增大。风速脉动概率分布符合高斯分布。不同高度的风速脉动强度与风速均呈一元线性关系,风速越大,风速脉动强度越大。风速脉动强度最大值2.41 m/s。在距地表0～2 m高度内,湍流度在0.14～0.21之间变化,平均约为0.17,湍流强度较高,此高度内湍流度与高度、平均风速无明显关系。【结论】戈壁地表风速脉动具有非平稳性,随风速增强而增大,尤其是大风天气下研究风蚀不能忽略风速的脉动性。     

天山北麓一例黑风暴天气的成因

利用常规观测资料、地面气象自记记录和静止气象卫星云图资料对1998-04-18由南支冷锋爆发性发展生成的干飑线触发的天山北麓黑风暴天气过程进行了分析。结果表明：强沙尘暴和黑风暴过境时风、压、温、湿在短时间内出现突变,跃变幅度黑风暴远大于强沙尘暴,黑风暴嵌于强沙尘暴时变化幅度比强沙尘暴弱。沙尘壁具有等温性,水平厚度4～9km。影响黑风暴的天气因素中,地面大风形成主要源于冷锋的加强和锋后强冷平流,高空急流的加强及其形成的次级环流使高空动量有效下传到地面则是另一个重要原因。混合层是有利于黑风暴在干旱环境形成的大气层结特征,这次过程深厚混合层的形成是深厚干对流和黑风暴产生的主要原因,而它的形成则是长时间地面加热的结果。     

Characteristics of clouds,precipitation, and latent heat in midlatitude frontal system mixed with dust storm from GPM satellite observations and WRF simulations

A heavy dust storm originating in Mongolia and Inner Mongolia traveled to Northeast China and met a midlatitude frontal system on May 3, 2017. The potential ice nuclei (IN) effects of mineral dust aerosols on the vertical structure of clouds, precipitation, and latent heat (LH) were studied using Global Precipitation Mission (GPM) satellite observations and Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model simulations. The WRF simulations correctly captured the main features of the system, and the surface rain rate distribution was positively correlated with data retrieved from the GPM Microwave Imager. Moreover, the correlation coefficient increased from 0.31 to 0.54 with increasing moving average window size. The WRF-simulated rainfall vertical profiles are generally comparable to the GPM Dual-Frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) observations, particularly in low layers. The joint probability distribution functions of the rain rate at different altitudes from the WRF simulation and GPM observations show high positive correlation coefficients of ~0.80, indicating that the assumptions regarding the raindrop size distribution in the WRF model and DPR retrieval were consistent. Atmospheric circulation analysis and aerosol optical depth observations from the Himawari-8 satellite indicated that the dust storm entered only a narrow strip of the northwest edge of the frontal precipitation system. The WRF simulations showed that in carefully selected areas of heavy dust, dust can enhance the heterogeneous ice nucleation process and increase the cloud ice, snowfall, high-altitude precipitation rate, and LH rate in the upper layers. This effect is significant at temperatures of ?15 °C to ?38 °C and requires dust number concentrations exceeding 106 m?3. It is important to accurately classify the dusty region in this type of case study. In the selected vertical cross section, the WRF-simulated and DPR-retrieved LH have comparable vertical shapes and amplitudes. Both results reflect the structure of the tilted frontal surface, with positive LH above it and negative LH below it. The simulated area-averaged LH profiles show positive heating in the entire column, which is a convective-dominated region, and this feature is not significantly affected by dust. DPR-based LH profiles show stratiform-dominated or convective-dominated shapes, depending on the DPR retrieval product.     

Study and case simulation of a regional dust model coupled with a nonhydrostatic dynamics model

A new regional dust model suitable for simulation and forecasting of dust storms over northern China was described. The dust model was developed by coupling the mesoscale dynamics model MM5 (the Fifth-Generation NCAR/Penn State Mesoscale Model) with a set of mass conservation equations for the particles. The model includes all the atmospheric physical processes of dust storms including occurrence, lifting, transport, and dry and wet deposition. It considers the parameterization of dry and wet deposition, the dust size distribution and microphysical processes in detail. The dust flux from the surface is parameterized based on the friction velocity, which is provided by the mesoscale nonhydrostatic dynamics model, which takes account of the vegetation coverage, land use, soil category, and soil moisture. This new dust model is used to simulate the dust storm that occurred on 19--21 March, 2002 in North China. The results show that there is high dust concentration and its movement is consistent with the surface weather record and satellite monitoring images of the observed dust storm. The simulated dust concentration coincides with the observation data of the particulate concentration of PM10 (dust particles smallerthan 10 μm in diameter). The new numerical model also successfully simulates the formation and migration of the dust storm of 6-8 April, 2002 in North China.     

风沙流/沙尘暴与高雷诺数壁湍流野外观测

 风沙流与沙尘暴是发生在高雷诺数大气边界层中的气固两相流,对风沙流与沙尘暴的深入认识、准确预报和科学防治都要基于对风沙运动规律的认知和把握,因而需要借鉴高雷诺数湍流的研究成果。本文综述了高雷诺数壁湍流和风沙流/沙尘暴研究的现状,着重介绍了在中国民勤地区建立的沙尘暴与高雷诺数壁湍流野外观测站,以及基于观测站的观测列阵所获得的初步成果,展望了进一步的发展方向。     

城市地区近地强风特性实测研究

对北京气象塔47 m高度处超声风速仪测得的强风样本进行了分析.结果表明:近地强风的湍流度和阵风因子较大,顺风向湍流度实测值大都在0.3以上,3个方向的湍流度有随着风速增大而减小的趋势.实测湍流积分尺度之比与Solari和Piccardo总结的经验公式有一定差别,顺风向湍流积分尺度与日本结构工程规范给定的结果相符.实测得到湍流功率谱密度与冯·卡门经验谱基本吻合,说明冯·卡门谱能够较好地描述北京城市地区近地强风的脉动风速谱特性.     

Mean sea surface heights of the South and East China Seas from ocean circulation model and geodetic leveling

The mean sea surface heights (sea surface topography) of the South China, East China, Yellow and Bohai Seas are derived from an ocean general circulation model and surface air pressure. The circulation model covers the global oceans, with fine grid (1/6°) covering the East Asian marginal seas and coarse grid (3°) covering the rest part of the global oceans. The result shows that the China 1985 National Altitude Datum is 24.7 cm above the mean sea surface height of the world oceans. The mean sea surface in the coastal ocean adjacent to China is higher in the south than in the north. Intercomparison of the model results with the geodetic leveling measurements at 28 coastal tidal stations shows a standard deviation of 4.8 cm and a fitting coefficient of 95.3%. After correction through linear regression, the standard deviation is reduced to 4.5 cm. This indicates that the accuracy of model results is sufficient for practical application. Based on the model results, the mean sea surface heights for the study area with a resolution of 1/6 degree are given. This result also links the mean sea levels at islands with those on the mainland coast and gives the mean sea surface heights at tidal stations in the Taiwan Island, the Dongsha Islands, the Xisha Islands and the Nansha Islands relative to the China 1985 National Altitude Datum.     

植被覆盖的河道水流纵向流速垂向分布

为研究天然湿地灌木植被群落交错区植被特征参数垂向变化对水流流速垂向分布的影响,进行了室内实验。在室内水槽种植灌木植被和灌木-草本植被,沿纵向方向设置5个监测断面,垂向布设若干测点,利用Doppler流速仪测量纵向流速,比较分析单一灌木植被群落和群落交错区内纵向流速垂向分布规律。结果表明:植被之间水流纵向流速垂向分布近似为双曲线;植被冠层以上流速垂向分布符合幂函数曲线。     

环境风对光学雨滴谱仪探测的影响

为了研究环境风影响下激光雨滴谱仪探测数据的应用, 基于北京2018年6—8月的多次降水过程, 对比架设于不同高度的OTT-Parsivel激光雨滴谱仪和超声风温仪的探测结果, 分析环境中不同强度的水平和垂直风对雨滴谱仪观测的影响。结果表明, 水平风速小于10 m/s且垂直风速大于0.4 m/s时, 利用OTT-Parsivel观测的速度谱估计垂直风速, 80%以上的估计值与超声风温仪观测值一致; 对雨滴垂直速度的修正会使计算得出的直径1 mm左右的雨滴数浓度发生显著变化, 进而影响雨滴谱衍生物理量; 借助定义的样本速度谱平均标准差和异常雨滴比例两个特征参数, 可以识别80%水平风速大于10 m/s的样本。     

上海城市对风速的影响

本文根据上海城市和郊区实测的风速资料,首先论证了由于上海城市的发展,建筑群增多、增密、增高,导致下垫面粗糙度加大,其摩擦阻障效应消耗了空气水平运动的动能,因而使城区的年和月平均风速减小。其次,分析了上海城市热岛效应与风速的相互影响:盛行风速小,有利于热岛的形成;热岛强时,容易发展垂直湍流,有使城区风速增大的效应;在背景风场微弱时,热岛温度场会导致热岛环流。最后,阐明上海城市与郊区的风速差异有一临界风速v_0。当盛行风速大于v_0时,城市下垫面粗糙度大,使风速减小的效应突出;相反,当盛行风速小于v_0时,热岛湍流使城区风速增大的效应显著。上海v_0的年平均值在2米/秒左右。     

脉冲筛板萃取柱中单液滴运动的研究

在内径５０ｍｍ的标准板结构脉冲筛板萃取往中测定了四种不同体系的单液滴终端速度，提出了相应关联式，讨论了脉冲条件下筛板间连续相环状涡流扰动对液滴运动的影响。和有关文献数据相比较，建立了脉冲筛板萃取柱特性速度Ｖ０与单液滴终端速度ＶＤ、液滴直径ｄ的关系，从而探索一条由特性速度 Ｖ０求取液滴直径的新途径。     

非恒定流下桩群绕流特性试验

非恒定流下圆柱绕流产生的尾涡会对结构疲劳损伤、水流挟沙能力等产生较大影响。本文基于非恒定流桩群绕流水槽试验,采用多普勒流速仪（Acoustic Doppler Velocimetry, ADV）测量了桩群周围的底层水流速度,分析了单峰洪水型非恒定流下,桩群绕流对底层流场、横纵向时均流速分布、横纵向紊动强度等的影响规律。研究表明：横、纵时均流速大小均与流量变化相关,纵向时均流速均为正值,横向时均流速在左右岸对称测点上大小一致。纵向流速相对紊动强度和横向流速紊动强度仅与流量大小有关,与流量所处的上升阶段与下降阶段无关,桩群绕流对附近流场的影响范围有限,且不同区域受到桩群绕流的影响程度存在一定差异。     

上海城市对风速的影响

本文根据上海城市和郊区实测的风速资料,首先论证了由于上海城市的发展,建筑群增多、增密、增高,导致下垫面粗糙度加大,其摩擦阻障效应消耗了空气水平运动的动能,因而使城区的年和月平均风速减小。其次,分析了上海城市热岛效应与风速的相互影响:盛行风速小,有利于热岛的形成;热岛强时,容易发展垂直湍流,有使城区风速增大的效应;在背景风场微弱时,热岛温度场会导致热岛环流。最后,阐明上海城市与郊区的风速差异有一临界风速v_o。当盛行风速大于v_o时,城市下垫面粗糙度大,使风速减小的效应突出;相反,当盛行风速小于v_o时,热岛湍流使城区风速增大的效应显著。上海v_o的年平均值在2米/秒左右。     

Speciation of the elements and compositions on the surfaces of dust storm particles： The evidence for the coupling of iron with sulfur in aerosol during the long-range transport

The speciation of the elements on the surface of the particles collected during dust storm and non-dust storm in Beijing and Inner Mongolia was studied by XPS. The major species of iron on the surface were oxides, sulfate, silicate,FeOOH and minor part sorbed on SiO2/Al2O3. Sulfate is the dominant species of sulfur on the surface. SiO2 and Al2O3 are the main components of Si and Al on the surface respectively.One of the most important findings was that the Fe(Ⅱ) (FeS and FeSO4) produced could account for up to 44.3% and 45.6% of the total Fe on the surface in the aerosol sample collected at that night and next day of the “peak” time of the dust storm occurring on March 20, 2002, while Fe2(SO4)3,one of the Fe(Ⅲ) species on the surface decreased from 67.1% to 49.5% and 48.0% respectively. Both S and Fe enriched on the surface of aerosol particles. Fe(Ⅱ) accounted for 1.3%-5.3% of total Fe in bulk aerosol samples during dust storm. These results provided strong evidence to support the hypothesis of the coupling between iron and sulfur in aerosols during the long-range transport, which would have important impact on the global biogeochemical cycle.