CONFLICT ANALYSIS OF CITARUM RIVER BASIN POLLUTION IN INDONESIA： A DRAMA-THEORETIC MODEL

The need to manage water resource within a holistic approach is crucial in Indonesia. Conflict situation which involves a variety of stakeholder needs an appropriate methodology to handle it. The purpose of this paper is to provide an integrated framework of a river basin pollution case in Indonesia. This research try to obtain an understanding of the complexity of inter-relationship between stakeholders of the Citarum River Basin and to give feasible recommendations based on a new developed integrated framework. We first describe the problem in a comprehensive way, then develop a framework to analyze the conflict. Next, we propose a general procedure to apply it, which we call Drama-theoretic Dilemma Analysis (DtDA). After analyzing the conflicts that arise there between stakeholders using DtDA, we will show how to resolve the dilemmas by using holistic as well as intensive approaches. By applying DtDA in stakeholder analysis and resolving the dilemmas that arise in the interactions between them, we can identify barriers for collaboration.     

The Role of Formalisation, Participation and Context in the Success of Public Involvement Mechanisms in Resource Management

In the face of complex and uncertain issues, one important goal of public participation in resource management and research is to foster communication and the inclusion of non-expert knowledge—thus the effective flow of information between project organisers and stakeholders. We compare different methods (instruments, tools) that were employed in the German–Austrian ‘PartizipA’ project to structure information flows in participatory processes. Depending on their goals and context, more or less ‘formalised’ and ‘participatory’ methods were applied, the most important being guided interviews, focus groups, agent-based modelling, nutrient modelling, cognitive mapping and group model building as well as the development of a common document. Two regional case studies, both concerned with European-induced institutional change, are portrayed in which the specific participatory methods were embedded. The Austrian case study involved the analysis and modelling of agricultural land use in the region of St. Pölten against the background of the reform of the Common Agricultural Policy, while the implementation of recent European water policy was the issue in the German agricultural region north of Osnabrück. Presenting both cases in their regional context, the applied methods are first described according to the logic of the entire respective process. Subsequently, the specific methods are systematically analysed and compared according to their objective, context and degrees of participation and formalisation. Finally, we evaluate all methods regarding their effectiveness in terms of goal attainment and their potential generalisation, seeking to respond to the question of when a particular method might best be used.     

Bridging the Gap Between the Theory and Practices of Stakeholder Participation in Integrated Vulnerability Assessments of Climate Change

In the international climate regime, integrated vulnerability assessments have become the most prominent method of investigating the potential effects of climate change. Vulnerability assessments typically operate on a local to regional level, where it is most likely to inform subsequent decision making. To cope with the inherent complexity of the climate change problem, the corresponding uncertainties and the aim of producing useful and actionable knowledge various degrees of stakeholder participation have become a critical part of participatory integrated vulnerability assessments. The present study relies upon Fiorino’s (Sci Technol Hum Values 15(2):226–243, 1990) heuristic distinctions between the normative, instrumental and substantive rationales of participation, and it investigates two internationally renowned case studies to demonstrate the consequences of the design and conduct of participatory processes. An analysis of the interplay of the purposes and practices of stakeholder integration points to four fundamental challenges of participatory integrated assessments: knowledge integration, interest convergence, causality and representation. At the end two exit options are discussed, which aim to overcome some obstacles of using the concept of participation in the assessment efforts. This paper therefore goes beyond the typical analyses of ways to better organize and steer the process of stakeholder participation and wants to make a contribution to improve future integrated vulnerability assessments of climate change.     

A Comprehensive Dea Approach for the Resource Allocation Problem based on Scale Economies Classification

This paper is concerned with the resource allocation problem based on data envelopment analysis （DEA） which is generally found in practice such as in public services and in production process. In management context, the resource allocation has to achieve the effective-efficient-equality aim and tries to balance the different desires of two management layers： central manager and each sector. In mathematical programming context, to solve the resource allocation asks for introducing many optimization techniques such as multiple-objective programming and goal programming. We construct an algorithm framework by using comprehensive DEA tools including CCR, BCC models, inverse DEA model, the most compromising common weights analysis model, and extra resource allocation algorithm. Returns to scale characteristic is put major place for analyzing DMUs＇ scale economies and used to select DMU candidates before resource allocation. By combining extra resource allocation algorithm with scale economies target, we propose a resource allocation solution, which can achieve the effective-efficient-equality target and also provide information for future resource allocation. Many numerical examples are discussed in this paper, which also verify our work.     

Your Vision or My Model? Lessons from Participatory Land Use Scenario Development on a European Scale

Participatory processes in scenario development have received increasing attention throughout the last years. Combining qualitative stakeholder and quantitative expert information (i.e. modelling) offers unique opportunities to mix good data, scientific rigour, imagination and expertise from different perspectives. However, this task is all but easy as it requires a careful balancing of approaches and an acceptance of different levels of knowledge and trust in different methods across disciplinary boundaries. In spite of a growing body of literature we are still in the early stages of learning how to deal effectively with participatory scenario development. In the PRELUDE project of the European Environment Agency a relatively far-reaching participatory approach to scenario development was applied: a group of stakeholders from across Europe was given full responsibility to develop long-term alternative land use scenarios in cooperation with experts and modellers. The scenarios have been used in a formal outreach process with key clients and stakeholders at the European and Member State level afterwards. The aim of this paper is to document the methods used, analyse their strengths and weaknesses and draw some general conclusions regarding participatory processes in scenario development. This paper argues that in future scenario development more attention needs to be paid to strengthen the integration of qualitative and quantitative analysis. A set of compelling and coherent storylines can effectively trigger strategic conversations among policy-makers and key stakeholders about potential future developments and related response strategies. A weak integration with quantitative results can undermine this outcome, which is one of the ultimate objectives of any scenario exercise.

Systems Language for e-Democracy: Personal Resource Systems Management (PRSM), a Model and Action Research

In ancient Athens, the Agora was a place for collective decision making about personal and community issues. New Agoras, most recently Internet-enabled ones, now propose to enliven participatory democracy and establish systems by which our institutions can serve us and we can govern ourselves (B. H. Banathy, Guided Evolution of Society: A Systems View, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Press, New York, 2000). Effective participation in such activity will require a language and consciousness not currently in evidence, and learning beyond current parameters. In this article, high school students from Stephanie Williams' Child Development classes at McDowell High School, Millcreek Township School District, demonstrate use of a new paradigm. This model of Personal Resource Systems Management provides systems language for Agora discourse enabling effective participatory democracy.     

基于双色性反射模型的彩色不变特征的研究

在对双色性反射模型理论分析的基础上,定义和分析了多种彩色不变特征。实验结果表明,归一化的彩色分量rgb,饱和度S,色度H,以及新定义的彩色分量c1c2c3和l1l2l3对视角、光源方向和光照强度是不敏感的,而且色度H和l1l2l3同时对面反射光的影响也不敏感,在照明的光谱能量分布发生变化时,定义了新的不变参量m1m2m3,该参量对白光照明中单色光强度的变化具有很好的鲁棒性。     

一种基于灰色模型的资源可用性预测模型

网格环境中资源可用性信息的掌握是网格中间层应用的基础和依据,对于系统性能的提高和资源的有效利用发挥着重要作用。针对当前资源可用性预测难以有效指导网格应用的缺点,从应用的角度评估资源可用性并提出了一种基于灰色模型的资源可用性预测模型(Model for Resource Availability Prediction Basedon Grey Model,MRAPGM)。首先,结合当前监测方法分析资源可用性历史数据中噪声的存在。然后,在MRAPGM中,利用小波分析方法对资源可用性历史数据进行噪声过滤,再利用灰色预测模型预测出资源在未来某一时间段内的资源可用性。通过大量实验确定了模型中使用的小波以及相关参数,并且实验结果表明提出的预测模型是合理和有效的。     

新型农产品流通服务体系的协同模式研究

研究的重点是协同商务在农产品流通中的应用.首先,将农产品流通划分为生产服务层、流通服务层、消费服务层,提出了一个结构化的分析框架,并分析了现有体系存在的关键问题;基于这个框架研究设计了以农产品批发市场为核心的新型农产品流通协同服务体系,并重点研究其中的信息共享、协同运作模式,以及协同系统的功能结构.以农产品批发市场为核心的新型农产品流通协同服务体系的应用,有利于提升农产品批发市场的功能,提高流通的组织化程度,推动农产品流通的变革与发展.     

The Role of Action Research (AR) in Environmental Research: Learning from a Local Organic Food and Farming Research Project

We expand on the FMA model of inquiry elucidated by Checkland and Holwell (Syst Pract Act Res 11:9, 1998) and identify three kinds of research: interactive Action Research (AR), extractive participatory research, and traditional science, that were integrated into an interdisciplinary agro-environmental research project involving researchers from eight countries around the Baltic Sea. The research project held the goal of creating scientific understanding of the ecological, economic and social effects of the sustainable development of local food systems, while also having the explicit goal of implementing change in the studied systems. Based on our experience working as action researchers in the project, we highlight the role that normative goals and facilitation process competence play in complex interdisciplinary research projects. Our reflections focus on project design, including the relation between AR and other kinds of research when employed in a single project, and includes reflections on preconditions for stakeholder participation in AR projects.     

Practicality, Positionality, and Emancipation: Reflections on Participatory Action Research with a Watershed Partnership

In the last few decades, there has been a trend towards increased stakeholder and public participation in natural resource management in North America. To a certain extent, the rationale for this trend is found in the complexity and uncertainty of environmental issues, which confront us with the coexistance of multiple legitimate values and perspectives in society. Recognizing this “epistemological plurality” has important implications for both policy and science. In this paper, I critically reflect on my experiences as a doctoral student engaged in participatory action research (PAR) with a watershed partnership in Ontario, Canada. In providing this biographical account, I seek to make a contribution to ongoing discussions regarding the nature, challenges and benefits of this methodological approach for academic research, as well as to emerging debates on PAR in the context of environmental governance and “post-normal” approaches to natural resource management.

Designing a Capability-Focused Strategic Management Model for a Turkish Public Hospital: Learning from Failure

This study aims to depict a failed strategic change initiative in a Turkish public hospital by means of an action research and it strives to explain critical factors underpinning the failure, thereby proposing how such factors should be tackled with for similar initiatives elsewhere. The study calls attention to the recent challenges ongoing in the environment of hospitals, which urge them to take on a more strategic focus. In this vein, we discredit accreditation based systems, which emphasize monitoring resources and propose a capability-focused strategic management model for hospitals. A hybrid action research protocol, which combines both traditional and participatory action research methodologies in its design, is employed to formulate and implement the model in a public hospital. The phases of the project and obstacles faced during these phases are discussed. The findings suggest that although the model offers significant potential for competitive success and better resource efficiency, path-dependent characteristics of the public sector governance in Turkey have impeded the adoption of the model in our case. Both macro-systemic characteristics related mainly to the Turkish national culture and management of public institutions and situation-specific characteristics, such as top management’s decision making orientation, professional norms and patronage relationships have blocked the way for the aspired transformation despite positive attitudes of and support from higher order public authorities and internal professional groups.     

An Analytical Framework of Social Learning Facilitated by Participatory Methods

Social learning among different stakeholders is often a goal in problem solving contexts such as environmental management. Participatory methods (e.g., group model-building and role playing games) are frequently assumed to stimulate social learning. Yet understanding if and why this assumption is justified is quite limited. Difficulties arise from the complexity and context-dependence of processes influencing social learning. Furthermore, continuing discussion of the exact meaning and theoretical basis of social learning result in a limited capacity to assess and evaluate whether social learning has occurred. In this paper we introduce an analytical framework to develop an in depth understanding of essential processes underlying social learning facilitated by participatory methods. Concepts from different fields of science are discussed and integrated, including resource management, small group research and learning research. The individual and group perspectives are brought together via mental models and emergent roles. We added the direction of learning, being either convergent or divergent, to be able to explore if and when personal views on a problem converge into a shared understanding of a problem. The analysis of convergence and divergence of learning is facilitated through the use of the mental model concept. Methods for measurement of proposed indicators for social learning are also discussed. The framework developed provides a conceptual basis for the analysis of social learning facilitated by participatory methods and an operationalization for application in empirical research.     

Formalised and Non-Formalised Methods in Resource Management—Knowledge and Social Learning in Participatory Processes: An Introduction

The participation of non-state actors in public decision-making and transdisciplinary research is increasingly regarded as an effective means to cope with growing uncertainties and complexities in human–nature interactions. The management of natural resources is expected to profit from a broader knowledge base and processes of social learning, thus allowing for potentially more informed and creative decision-making. Communication is a key element of transmitting knowledge and fostering social learning. This article introduces the special issue, which assembles contributions that discuss different methods, instruments, tools, and models that have been developed in order to facilitate the transmission of information as well its selection and aggregation. Each of the contributions is briefly reviewed. The approaches discussed here and in the individual papers aim to foster learning in participatory processes. We argue that a key aspect is the degree to which methods are formalised. Formalisation refers to the extent to which information is channelled in a certain way, leaving more or less scope for open communication. Depending on the goals and context, more or less formalised methods can be employed. We conclude by highlighting the context-dependency of participatory processes in natural resource management and indicate some directions for future research.

Towards a Dynamic Model of Organisational Flexibility

Organisational flexibility, as the ability to adapt quickly to new or changing environments, has received growing attention from both researchers and managers as a key driver for companies to survive and prosper in turbulent and unpredictable environments. Although many scholars have studied the complex nature and multidimensional structure of this construct, research on a comprehensive model, which explains the relationships between its key variables and consequent side effects of such iterations, remains a challenge. We explore these interactions and the dynamic adaptation processes applying system dynamics modelling to develop a more robust organisational flexibility theory. The objective of this paper is twofold, to provide dynamic propositions related to several strategies along different enterprise lifecycle stages and to complement the transition guidelines proposed by the organizational flexibility framework. The results suggest that decision concerning flexible capabilities management and organizational responsiveness can be improved if organizational flexibility is analysed and evaluated incorporating the time-varying dimension. The analysis help to test and expand current theory, envisage new theoretical propositions and provide new alternatives for empirical results about the complex construct of organizational flexibility.     

The Participation Imperative in Co-operative Inquiry: Personal Reflections of an Initiating Researcher

Participation has become an imperative in international development. In particular, participatory approaches to development research are believed to support empowerment through collective development of knowledge and action. Yet there are broad interpretations of participation, ranging from passive participation and information exchange to empowered participation through self-mobilisation. As such, development researchers may claim to use a participatory approach without yielding power and agency to citizens involved in the research. This is a reflexive article about a development researcher’s experience in applying a participatory worldview through co-operative inquiry, a research approach that attempts to engage emancipatory forms of participation. The article begins with a critical analysis of literature regarding participation, the participatory paradigm and participation in the co-operative inquiry. The author then analyses her personal experiences, challenges and strategies as initiating researcher to actualise empowering forms of participation in three co-operative inquiries. The article emphasises that researchers must “let go” of their power, control and personal agenda to support empowering participation.     

Petri网的分层递归模型

Petri网的分层模型是应用Petri网对复杂系统建模时的一种常用手段.在传统的Petri网分层模型中,是不考虑递归的.这样的分层模型虽然为系统的建模和分析带来方便,但并增强模拟能力.在分层模型中引入递归的概念,可以使系统的模拟能力增强.可以证明,任意一个上下文无关语言都可以被一个分层递归Petri网识别.     

Facilitation of Collaborative Management: Reflections From Practice

Collaborative management of natural resources requires that multiple stakeholders come together to negotiate agreements. Who is a stakeholder, what is the boundary and the definition of an issue, and who has legitimacy to convene are interrelated, systemic questions. To address this challenge, this paper provides a conceptual framework with nine Contextual Dimensions. A workshop on collaborative and conflict management of the fishery in Chile, designed and facilitated by the authors, serves as a case study where multiple stakeholders came together to vision desirable futures and explored organizational linkages that could accommodate the different agendas. The workshop is analyzed through a conceptual framework and some conclusions are drawn on the value of experiential learning and on the importance of the iterative consultations that must precede such collaborative management events.Member of the International Support Group (www.isglink.org), a community of practice dedicated to facilitating collaborative learning for natural resource management.     

基于DoDAF的民机MBSE研制方法

针对传统的民机研制方法中面临的设计需求不完整、难以保证设计与需求一致性、设计方案难以更改等一系列问题, 结合美国国防部架构框架(Department of Defense Architecture Framework, DoDAF)的多个视角, 提出基于DoDAF的民机基于模型的系统工程研制方法。该方法参考DoDAF中不同的视点从多角度对民机研制要求进行分解与细化, 生成资源流动模型、活动模型以及系统接口模型等, 开发出信息更加立体的飞机能力模型, 指导民用飞机的设计, 证明了基于DoDAF的民机研制方法能够从多视角的角度完整、全面地分解飞机能力要求，并将其转化为具体的设计要求, 从而更好地指导民机研制, 提高民机研制效率。     

A workload-based nonlinear approach for predicting available computing resources

Performance degradation or system resource exhaustion can be attributed to inadequate computing resources as a result of software aging.In the real world,the workload of a web server varies with time,which will cause a nonlinear aging phenomenon.The nonlinear property often makes analysis and modelling difficult.Workload is one of the important factors influencing the speed of aging.This paper quantitatively analyzes the workload-aging relation and proposes a framework for aging control under varying workloads.In addition,this paper proposes an approach that employs prior information of workloads to accurately forecast incoming system exhaustion.The workload data are used as a threshold to divide the system resource usage data into multiple sections,while in each section the workload data can be treated as a constant.Each section is described by an individual autoregression(AR)model.Compared with other AR models,the proposed approach can forecast the aging process with a higher accuracy.