A Novel Technique to Manufacture Nanostructured Materials by Machining

超细晶和纳米晶材料通常比其粗晶材料具有更高的硬度、强度和更好的耐磨性。切削是一种大批量、低成本制造纳米结构金属和合金的新颖方法。切削是一种典型的大应变加工工艺,它可以在切屑成型的一个单一的变形过程中施加更大的应变,而且也适合高强度的金属和合金,克服了剧烈塑性变形方法的局限性。本文详细介绍了切削加工的大应变变形、切屑的微观结构和性能,同时提出了一些改进措施和发展前景。     

A Novel Technique to Manufacture Nanostructured Materials by Machining

超细晶和纳米晶材料通常比其粗晶材料具有更高的硬度、强度和更好的耐磨性.切削是一种大批量、低成本制造纳米结构金属和合金的新颖方法.切削是一种典型的大应变加工工艺,它可以在切屑成型的一个单一的变形过程中施加更大的应变,而且也适合高强度的金属和合金,克服了剧烈塑性变形方法的局限性.详细介绍了切削加工的大应变变形、切屑的微观结构和性能,同时提出了一些改进措施和发展前景.     

Preparation and mechanism study of bulk pure rare-earth metals with amorphous and nanocrystalline structures

The preparation and the mechanism study of bulk pure rare-earth metals with amorphous and nanocrystalline structures, which were produced by spark plasma sintering (SPS), were carried out in this paper. With different processing parameters, the amorphous, two phases of amorphous and nanocrystalline, and complete nanocrystalline microstructures have been obtained. The nano-grain sizes in the bulk nanocrystalline materials are found smaller than the original powder particles sizes, which may change the conventional viewpoint that the grains in the sintered bulk are generally coarser than the raw powder particles. The technique developed in the present work can be extended to the preparation of many other nano bulk metal materials, and thus enables the studies of the nano-size effects on the physical, chemical and mechanical properties of bulk nano materials.     

纳米晶软磁合金及其各向异性理论

介绍纳米晶软磁合金的各向异性理论及FINEMET、NANOPERM、HITPERM等3种典型纳米晶软磁材料的研究进展,对于高温条件下使用的Fe Co基纳米晶软磁合金进行了讨论及展望.     

High tensile ductility in a nanostructured metal

Nanocrystalline metals--with grain sizes of less than 100 nm--have strengths exceeding those of coarse-grained and even alloyed metals, and are thus expected to have many applications. For example, pure nanocrystalline Cu (refs 1-7) has a yield strength in excess of 400 MPa, which is six times higher than that of coarse-grained Cu. But nanocrystalline materials often exhibit low tensile ductility at room temperature, which limits their practical utility. The elongation to failure is typically less than a few per cent; the regime of uniform deformation is even smaller. Here we describe a thermomechanical treatment of Cu that results in a bimodal grain size distribution, with micrometre-sized grains embedded inside a matrix of nanocrystalline and ultrafine (<300 nm) grains. The matrix grains impart high strength, as expected from an extrapolation of the Hall-Petch relationship. Meanwhile, the inhomogeneous microstructure induces strain hardening mechanisms that stabilize the tensile deformation, leading to a high tensile ductility--65% elongation to failure, and 30% uniform elongation. We expect that these results will have implications in the development of tough nanostructured metals for forming operations and high-performance structural applications including microelectromechanical and biomedical systems.     

Mechanical milling assisted by electrical discharge

Mechanical milling is an effective technique for the preparation of fine metallic and ceramic powders and can also be used to drive a wide range of chemical reactions. Milling devices include planetary machines, attritors and vibrational mills; products include amorphous, nanocrystalline and quasicrystalline materials, supersaturated solid solutions, reduced minerals, high-surface-area catalysts and reactive chemicals. During milling, solid-solid, solid-liquid and solid-gas reactions are initiated through repeated deformation and fracture of powder particles. A separate materials synthesis and processing technique involves reacting a material in a gas atmosphere under an electrical discharge. Here we show that the application of low-current, high-voltage electrical impulses during milling can result in both faster reactions and new synthesis and processing routes. We demonstrate the effects of glow (cold) and spark (hot) discharge milling on particle fracture for brittle, low-conductivity materials and ductile metals. Glow discharge milling was found to promote solid-gas reactions whereas spark discharge milling promotes fast fracturing, recrystallization, mineral reduction and solid-solid reactions.     

W80X20合金球磨纳米化研究

机械球磨是一种制备纳米材料的新工艺，它方法简单、适应性强，因而具有广泛的应用前景。该文对比了4种W合金在球磨过程中晶粒尺寸随时间的变化规律，并结合不同金元素的熔点分析，提出了W系合金球磨纳米化的塑性变形－扩散双机制。     

晶粒细化对Cu-20Ag-30Cr合金在HCl溶液中腐蚀电化学行为的影响

采用机械合金化通过控制球磨时间制备不同晶粒尺寸的三元合金粉末,然后分别以真空热压工艺制备常规晶粒尺寸和纳米晶粒尺寸的Cu-20Ag-30Cr合金块状合金。并且利用PARM273A和M5210电化学综合测试系统对两种合金进行电化学腐蚀测试,通过测定电化学极化曲线和交流阻抗谱研究了常规晶粒尺寸和纳米晶粒尺寸的Cu-20Ag-30Cr合金在不同浓度HCl溶液中的腐蚀电化学行为。结果表明随着HCl浓度的增加,腐蚀电流密度随之持续增大,自腐蚀电位持续负移,传递电阻持续减小,表明合金的腐蚀程度加剧,合金的耐腐蚀性能减弱;在相同浓度的HCl溶液中,纳米晶粒尺寸的Cu-20Ag-30Cr合金的腐蚀电流密度明显高于高于Cu-20Ag-30Cr合金,表明经过晶粒细化合金腐蚀速度加快,其耐腐蚀性能下降。     

Activator-assisted electroless deposition of copper nanostructured films

This paper showed simple and effective synthesis of copper nanoparticles within controlled diameter using direct electroless deposition on glass substrates, following the sensitization and activation steps. Electroless-deposited metals, such as Cu, Co, Ni, and Ag, and their alloys had many advantages in micro- and nanotechnologies. The structural, morphological, and optical properties of copper deposits were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The structural data was further analyzed using the Rietveld refinement program. Structural studies reveal that the deposited copper prefers a (111) orientation. AFM studies suggest the deposited materials form compact, uniform, and nanocrystalline phases with a high tendency to self-organize. The data show that the particle size can be controlled by controlling the activator concentration. The absorption spectra of the as-deposited copper nanoparticles reveal that the plasmonic peak broadens and exhibits a blue shift with decreasing particle size.     

切削强烈塑性变形对材料微结构及硬度的影响

金属切削过程中,剧烈的大剪切变形可以产生具有超细晶结构的切屑从而使其获得了比本体材料更高的硬度和强度。本文对比了不同的金属和合金在各种刀具前角和切削速度条件下,切屑上产生的剪应变、切屑的微结构及其硬度的变化规律。实验结果显示随着刀具前角的减小切屑的微结构得到显著细化,其硬度随之得到极大地提高;而切削速度的减小提高了切屑的硬度但其微结构的变化不甚明显;采用负前角刀具在较低的切削速度下能加工出具有超细晶结构和高硬度的切屑材料,而切削速度的提高将使大剪切变形引起的硬度增长减弱。     

切削大变形对材料微结构及硬度的影响

在金属切削过程中,剧烈的大剪切变形可以产生具有超细晶结构的切屑,从而使其获得比本体材料更高的硬度和强度.文中比较了不同的金属和合金在各种刀具前角和切削速度下,切屑上产生的剪应变、切屑的微结构及硬度的变化规律.实验结果显示:随着刀具前角的减小,切屑的微结构显著细化,其硬度随之极大提高;切削速度的减小提高了切屑的硬度,但对其微结构的影响不甚明显;采用负前角刀具在较低的切削速度下能加工出具有超细晶结构和高硬度的切屑材料,而切削速度的提高将使大剪切变形引起的硬度增长变缓.     

纳米金属Cr在酸性介质中腐蚀电化学行为

为探究纳米材料的腐蚀机理,采用机械合金化通过热压制备了纳米金属Cr,并与常规尺寸金属Cr对比研究了其在酸性介质中的腐蚀性能.结果表明:当晶粒尺寸细化到纳米级后,金属Cr腐蚀电流密度增大,耐蚀性能下降;随着酸度的增加,常规尺寸和纳米尺寸金属Cr腐蚀电流密度加大,耐蚀性能下降.两种尺寸金属Cr在中性Na2SO4介质中均出现钝化现象,但常规尺寸金属Cr的钝化区间较宽;常规尺寸金属Cr在加入H+后,钝化减弱,而纳米尺寸金属Cr在加入H+后,钝化现象消失;两种尺寸Cr的交流阻抗谱均呈单容抗弧特征,对纳米材料的应用具有重要意义.     

Synchrotron X-ray diffraction techniques for in situ measurement of hydride formation under several gigapascals of hydrogen pressure

The high-pressure technique is a fundamental tool for realizing novel phase transitions, chemical reactions, and other exotic phenomena. Hydrogenation is one example of a high-pressure reaction; at high pressures of several gigapascals, hydrogen becomes chemically active and reacts with metals and alloys to form hydrides. This paper covers a high-pressure study of the hydrogenation process and the synthesis of hydrides using a cubic-type multi-anvil apparatus. The experimental details of a hydrogenation cell assembly, high-temperature and highpressure generation, and an in situ observation technique are presented. These experiments are conducted with the aid of in situ synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction measurements operated in an energy-dispersive mode in the conventional manner for time-resolved measurements and a newly developed angle-dispersive mode for observation of the crystal growth process during formation of metal hydrides. Two successful cases of high-pressure hydrogenation are presented： aluminum hydride, Al H3, and an aluminum-based alloy hydride, Al2 Cu Hx, which are potential candidates for hydrogen storage materials.     

磁热材料研究进展

对3d铁磁金属和合金磁热材料,4f稀土金属和合金磁热材料以及巨磁热材料的研究进展进行了较详细的综述,并对与其有关的磁热效应和巨磁热效应及其测定进行了分析和讨论.     

Exchange-coupling interaction, effective anisotropy and magnetic property of nano-magnetic materials

The theories and models of exchange-coupling interaction between grains in nanocrystalline magnetic materials are introduced here. Their insufficiencies and distinctions from the experimental results are pointed out, and some revisions are made. The effects of the phase component ratio, the grain size and microstructure on the effective anisotropy and magnetic properties in the nanocomposite permanent materials and the improved models are discussed in detail.     

纳米材料特点及研究动态

综合纳米材料的早期和近期研究成果,阐述了作为一种新兴材料的纳米晶体的结构特点,并总结了纳米材料的一些特异性能及制备方法;在讲述了纳米材料研究现状及应用之后,提出了展望。     

金属间化合物Ni3Si合金的燃烧合成

采用燃烧合成方法制备低放热反应体系的Ni3Si和Ni3(Si0.9,Ti0.1)合金粉体材料,研究了球磨时间、预热温度、合金化元素Ti对燃烧合成的影响.实验证明,机械活化、热学活化和合金化元素Ti的加入均能降低点火温度,加速燃烧合成反应的进行.同时采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析了产物的物相组成和微观形貌变化.     

Fe－（Cu－Nb）－Si－B纳米晶合金的磁致伸缩

采用适当的热处理工艺将不同成分的Ｆｅ－（Ｃｕ－Ｎｂ）－Ｓｉ－Ｂ非晶态合金制备成纳米晶合金，测试了纳米晶合金的磁致伸缩，并与相应成分的非晶合金做了比较．实验结果表明，纳米晶合金的饱和磁致伸缩均小于非晶合金，较小的磁波伸缩并不是产生优异软磁性能的主要原因．     

Exchange-coupling interaction, effective anisotropy and magnetic property of nano-magnetic materials

The theories and models of exchange-coupling interaction between grains in nanocrystalline magnetic materials are introduced here. Their insufficiencies and distinctions from the experimental results are pointed out, and some revisions are made. The effects of the phase component ratio, the grain size and microstructure on the effective anisotropy and magnetic properties in the nanocomposite permanent materials and the improved models are discussed in detail.     

Phase-field method and Materials Genome Initiative （MGI）

Predicting and controlling the microstructure evolution within a material are considered as the‘‘holy grail’’of materials science and engineering.Many important engineering materials are designed by controlling their phase transformations and microstructure evolution.Examples include the improvement of mechanical properties through solid-state precipitation reactions in Nibased superalloys and age-hardened Al alloys,the useful dielectric properties and electro-mechanical coupling effects by manipulating the phase transitions in ferroelectric crystals,and the memory effect of shape-memory alloys by utilizing martensitic transformations.Phase-field method has become the method of choice for modeling three-dimensional microstructure evolution for a wide variety of materials processes.This short article briefly discusses the potential roles that phase-field method can play in the Materials Genome Initiative.