技术创新市场化适应机制的研究

本文建设性地提出了“企业技术创新市场化适应机制”的重要问题,通过分析技术创新的经济学特征及其市场化的本质要求和社会、经济意义,提出技术创新市场化及其经济规模化是最终体现企业技术创新能力和衡量创新成败的根本准则;指出适应市场是技术创新的根本导向;探讨了技术创新与市场相适应的理论机理;并根据技术创新与市场在一个适应整体中磨合形成的主次定位关系及对技术创新及其产品进行了分类界定,提出了“导向市场型创新”、“市场导向型创新”及其“导向市场型产品”、“市场导微型产品”等新的科技管理概念。在此基础上,结合实际具体研究了技术创新市场适应机制的建立问题以及由此促进科技经济一体化融合的运作方法,同时阐明了在建设企业技术创新系统过程中应该注重抓好市场开拓体系建设的配套问题。     

国家创新系统与我国第二次现代化

创新是人类文明进步的灵魂,国家创新系统是第二现代化的发动机。国家创新系统的发展可以分为三个阶段：国家技术创新系统,以技术创新为轴心,属于工业经济时代的创新系统;国家创新系统,知识创新和技术创新并重,属于过渡时期的创新系统;国家知识创新系统,以知识创新为轴心,属于知识经济时代的创新系统。实现我国和二次现代化的战略选择：建设知识创新和技术创新并重视的国家创新体系。     

知识创新的Markov控制模型研究

本文在已有的知识创新的相关理论基础上研究知识创新问题。完善了知识创新的机理模型，并对其进行了理论说明，指出知识创新的原理和作用；在对其机理分析的基础上，用Markov模型描述了企业的知识创新过程，分析了影响知识创新的关键因素——隐性知识；并提出了有关知识创新的相应策略框架。     

区域创新系统的理论来源分析

在经济全球化程度加深、知识经济时代来临、可持续发展思想普及的社会经济背景下，世界经济发展愈来愈呈现区域化特征，区域创新能力、潜力和区域创新系统构建巳成为区域获取竞争优势的决策因素。区域创新系统的理论来源和基础是：国家创新系统理论、渐进经济学理论、新区域科学和现代区域发展理论及新产业区理论，本文对这四个理论进行了简单的回顾和分析。     

芬兰的自主创新体系

早在20世纪90年代，芬兰就已建立了适合本国经济发展的技术创新机制，并在实践中不断加以调整和完善，现已形成从教育和研发投入、企业技术创新、创新风险投资到提高企业出口能力等一整套较为完整的自主创新体系。     

石化催化技术创新的历史回顾与展望

回顾石油炼制主要催化技术的创造发明历史,被誉为“60年炼油工业技术革命”的分子筛裂化催化剂、提高直馏汽油辛烷值的铂重整工艺和生产高辛烷值汽油馏分的异丁烷/丁烯烷基化工艺,其创造发明新构思的形成是受论文的启发、移植其它领域的概念以及实验中的意外发现。这些历史经验说明利用已有的知识和经验是形成技术新构思的一条重要途径,1980年以来,我们也是沿着这些道路前进的,通过各种渠道已取得RN-1低压加氢精制催化制、ZRP分子筛催化剂、重油裂解制丙烯、己内酰胺磁稳定床加氢等技术创新成果,进一步证实利用已有的知识和经验能导致技术创新。在科学技术突飞猛进的今天,仅仅利用已有的知识和经验去创新,是远远不够的。特别是要取得原始性的技术创新,因此需要开展导向性基础研究,围绕企业的重大业务,选择有关的科技前沿领域去寻找新的科学技术知识。帮助形成新构思去开发新技术。回顾国外石油化工催化技术的发展史,新催化材料的发现是创造发明新催化剂和新工艺的源泉,如ZSM-5沸石、钛硅分子筛和有机茂金属化合物的发现,导致一系列炼油,石油化工和聚烯烃等原创性新工艺和新产品的出现,受这样一系列历史经验的启发,近年我们开展了非晶态合金、负载型杂多酸、纳米分子筛等新催化材料的研究,已取得长足的进展,此外,新反应工程是开发新催化工艺的一条重要途径。新化学反应的发现是开发新工艺的基础,还需要这些领域开展导向性基础研究。展示未来,我们需要在离子液体、纳米分子筛等新兴催化材料,催化蒸馏和膜催化等反应工程、绿色化学和烷烃反应等领域,开展导向性基础研究,以迎接技术竞争的挑战。     

城市郊区农业可持续发展的创新:生态学与信息技术的结合

针对城市郊区农业与大区域农村农业不同的特点,发展城市郊区农业的前提条件应该包括有利于城市生态系统健康的维护,其目标定位应该包括发展无公害的或“绿色的”可持续农业,其产业特色应该包括能够在大力发展高效和出口创汇农业的过程中全面体现人类的生态智能。城市郊区农业可持椟发展需要知识创新、技术创新和管理创作。知识创新首先是生态学知识创新。城市郊区是城市生态系统中面积上最在的组份,也是功能上最重要的组份之一,它对城市生态系统的生产功能、消费功能和调节功能的影响会愈来愈大。从技术创新的角度来看,传统的植保技术应该扩展,使之容纳植物医学和生态系统健康技术。管理创新的核心问题是使管理适应农业的产业化和市场化。以现代信息技术为基础,搭建农业生产决策支持系统平台和农产品流通电子商务平台。将保证城市郊区农业可持续发展的知识创新、技术创     

大学科技园创新集聚区建设的内涵、路径与策略

大学科技园是大学科技成果转化、创新创业、人才培养等功能在特定载体的延伸与强化。依托大学、政府、企业等多方资源推动大学科技园创新集聚区的建设与发展，对于有力促进区域经济高质量发展，加快实现高水平科技自立自强具有重要意义。本文首先在理论层面上探讨了大学科技园创集聚区的理论基础；其次在理论与实践结合的层面上，提出和论述了大学科技园创新集聚区建设的发展路径，即包括由“1.0阶段：资源导入/愿景驱动；2.0阶段：资源集聚/红利驱动；3.0阶段：布局重构/策源驱动”组成的发展演进历程；最后在实践层面上提出了大学科技园创新集聚区建设的发展策略。     

科技创新中的新型举国体制实施路径

举国体制在我国“两弹一星”、人工合成结晶牛胰岛素、青蒿素等重大成就中发挥了至为重要的作用。近年来，在科技攻关中采用新型举国体制受到越来越多的重视，但在新形势下如何更高效地实施，需要进一步的探索。为解析这一问题，我们从历史逻辑、理论逻辑和实践逻辑出发，就国内外如何在国家层面调动创新资源、突破重大科学技术难题的方法和案例进行了比较，就我国不同历史时期的科技创新形势进行了对比，在此基础上提出了新型举国体制实施的“弓箭模式”。该模式表明新型举国体制是“自上而下”与“自下而上”的有机结合，前者侧重于确定大目标和大方向，后者则侧重保持各任务的适应性和灵活性。一方面，“自上而下”的路径通过对各解决方案的内在关联梳理，使得整体谋划瞄准战略重点来展开；另一方面，“自下而上”的路径则用于协同子任务团队各尽所能地围绕大目标来攻关。因而，新型举国体制或可在科技团队的攻关任务协同中发挥重要作用。     

创新文化管理:现代管理的重要内容

翻开当代西方管理学的丛书，有关“组织文化”问题的探索几乎已经成为了必不可少的内容，创新文化建设在我国已成为了管理者关注的一项重要内容，本文将从关于组织文化，文化研究与现代管理科学，影响组织文化的主要因素以及文化的转变的转变、领导者与创新文化建设等四个方面来探讨创新文化管理的问题。     

Pepsinogens, progastricsins, and prochymosins: structure, function, evolution, and development

Five types of zymogens of pepsins, gastric digestive proteinases, are known: pepsinogens A, B, and F, progastricsin, and prochymosin. The amino acid and/or nucleotide sequences of more than 50 pepsinogens other than pepsinogen B have been determined to date. Phylogenetic analyses based on these sequences indicate that progastricsin diverged first followed by prochymosin, and that pepsinogens A and F are most closely related. Tertiary structures, clarified by X-ray crystallography, are commonly bilobal with a large active-site cleft between the lobes. Two aspartates in the center of the cleft, Asp32 and Asp215, function as catalytic residues, and thus pepsinogens are classified as aspartic proteinases. Conversion of pepsinogens to pepsins proceeds autocatalytically at acidic pH by two different pathways, a one-step pathway to release the intact activation segment directly, and a stepwise pathway through a pseudopepsin(s). The active-site cleft is large enough to accommodate at least seven residues of a substrate, thus forming S₄ through S₃′ subsites. Hydrophobic and aromatic amino acids are preferred at the P₁ and P₁′ positions. Interactions at additional subsites are important in some cases, for example with cleavage of κ-casein by chymosin. Two potent naturally occurring inhibitors are known: pepstatin, a pentapeptide from Streptomyces, and a unique proteinous inhibitor from Ascaris. Pepsinogen genes comprise nine exons and may be multiple, especially for pepsinogen A. The latter and progastricsin predominate in adult animals, while pepsinogen F and prochymosin are the main forms in the fetus/infant. The switching of gene expression from fetal/infant to adult-type pepsinogens during postnatal development is noteworthy, being regulated by several factors, including steroid hormones. Received 25 May 2001; received after revision 27 August 2001; accepted 30 August 2001     

Bile Acids: Chemistry, Pathochemistry, Biology, Pathobiology, and Therapeutics

Bile acids and bile alcohols in the form of their conjugates are amphipathic end products of cholesterol metabolism with multiple physiological functions. The great variety of bile acids and bile alcohols that are present in vertebrates are tabulated. Bile salts have an enterohepatic circulation resulting from efficient vectorial transport of bile salts through the hepatocyte and the ileal enterocyte; such transport leads to the accumulation of a pool of bile salts that cycles between the liver and intestine. Bile salt anions promote lipid absorption, enhance tryptic cleavage of dietary proteins, and have antimicrobial effects. Bile salts are signaling molecules, activating nuclear receptors in the hepatocyte and ileal enterocyte, as well as an increasing number of G-protein coupled receptors. Bile acids are used therapeutically to correct deficiency states, to decrease the cholesterol saturation of bile, or to decrease the cytotoxicity of retained bile acids in cholestatic liver disease.     

Immunofluorescent localization of collagen types I,III, IV,V, fibronectin,laminin, entactin,and heparan sulphate proteoglycan in human immature placenta

The distribution of eight components of the extracellular matrix in immature human placenta was studied by an indirect immunofluorescence method with monospecific antibodies. In the stroma of the term chorionic villi, collagen types I, III, IV, V, and fibronectin formed a mesh of fibers and conglomerates. Heparan sulphate proteoglycan formed multiple conglomerates, whereas laminin comprised small, scanty, discrete granules. Collagen type IV, laminin, entactin, and heparan sulphate proteoglycan were confined to the basement membrane of the trophoblast. Sometimes, only collagen type IV was identified in fetal vascular basement membrane.     

Phylogeography of crossbills, bullfinches, grosbeaks, and rosefinches

Mitochondrial cytochrome b (cyt b) from 24 Carduelini species including crossbills, bullfinches, grosbeaks, rosefinches, and other related, but not conclusively classified species, was sequenced. These sequences were also compared with all the available sequences from the genera Carduelis, Serinus, and Passer. Phylogenetic analyses consistently gave the same groups of finches and the calculated divergence times suggest that speciation of the studied species occurred between 14 and 3 million years ago (Miocene-Pliocene), appearing before the Passer, Carduelis, and Serinus genera. Pleistocene glaciations may have been important in sub-speciation. Crossbills are integrated within the genus Carduelis, and within redpolls; the common crossbill shows subspeciation with Loxia japonica in the Pleistocene epoch. Pinicola enucleator groups together with bullfinches and is probably the ancestor of the group. Hawfinch is only distantly related to the studied groups, and might either represent an isolated genus or be related to the New World genus Hesperiphona. The grosbeak genera Eophona and Mycerobas are clearly sister groups, and species belonging to the former might have given rise to Mycerobas species. The isolated (in classification) Uragus sibiricus and Haematospiza sipahi are included within the genus Carpodacus (rosefinches); Carpodacus nipalensis is outside the genus Carpodacus in the molecular analyses and might be an isolated species or related to the genus Montifringilla.     

Forecasting technique familiarity,satisfaction, usage,and application

A ten-year retrospective study of Mentzer and Cox (1984) was undertaken to answer the question 'Have sales forecasting practices changed over the past ten years?' A mail survey of 207 forecasting executives was employed to investigate this important question. Findings revealed both discrepancies and similarities between today's sales forecasting practices and those of ten years ago. One particular finding indicated greater reliance on and satisfaction with quantitative forecasting techniques today versus ten years ago. Another indicated that forecasting accuracy has not improved over the past ten years, even though the familiarity and usage of various sophisticated sales forecasting techniques have increased. Future research and managerial implications are discussed based on these and other findings.