楚雄州地质灾害降水特征及气象预警指标研究

利用2004～2010年逐日降雨量、滑坡泥石流历史地质灾害记录,分析研究了楚雄州滑坡泥石流地质灾害的时空分布状况及滑坡泥石流发生与降雨的关系.结果表明:滑坡泥石流的发生与当日及前期累积降雨量关系密切,其中,1～3 d累积降雨量20～30 mm、5 d累积降雨量30～40 mm、10 d累积降雨量50～60 mm、15 d累积降雨量80～90 mm等降雨条件下易发生滑坡泥石流灾害,相应的预警等级较高,进而根据本结论采用短期天气预报加前期实时降雨资料进行推理,得出了楚雄州地质灾害气象预警指标,为楚雄州进一步深入开展地质灾害气象预警以及预警模式的优化完善提供重要的预报依据.     

都江堰市龙池镇“8·13”蜂桶岩泥石流灾害特征

蜂桶岩泥石流是汶川地震灾区都江堰市龙池镇2010年“8·13”泥石流灾害中的新增灾害点之一.以野外调查资料和室内实验数据为基础,分析了蜂桶岩泥石流的成灾条件、过程及特征.蜂桶岩沟流域内地震产生的部分松散固体物质在降水带动下向沟下游流动,侵蚀地表形成洪水沟.在8月13日的强降雨作用下,大量坡体上的松散固体物质随水流汇集到洪水沟,与沟道内的松散堆积物质一起迅速向下流动形成泥石流.激发蜂桶岩泥石流的1h降雨量为53.8 mm,8月13日全天总降雨量为209.8 mm,降雨频率约为十年一遇.“8·13”蜂桶岩泥石流容重为2.0 g/cm3,泥石流屈服应力为4999 Pa,洪峰流量为104 m3/s,冲出物总体积为7.4×104 m3.蜂桶岩沟在发生“8.13”泥石流后沟道深切,流域内还存有松散固体物源,具备再次发生泥石流的条件,沟口区域不再适宜作为居民建设用地.     

柿树沟7.24泥石流形成条件和特征分析

对柿树沟7.24泥石流灾害形成条件和特征进行了分析.结果表明:柿树沟地形条件有利,物源丰富,降雨充足,前期降雨量丰富和短历时高雨强是此次泥石流的诱发因素.柿树沟7.24泥石流为沟床起动型泥石流,搬运能力强,加之防灾意识不足使此次泥石流灾害增大,表现为冲毁房屋、耕地和损毁公路3种形式.     

三明市后山冲沟泥石流易发性评价及预报

2019年5月15—17日和6月7—10日三明市区持续强降雨,其中5月16日24 h降雨量为50年一遇,受强降雨影响,市区东侧后山产生大量浅层滑坡,冲沟内松散固体物源增加,后山冲沟山洪暴发;若在100年一遇甚至200年一遇暴雨作用下,冲沟内产生的浅层滑坡数量及能够参与泥石流活动的松散固体物源量都将会大幅度提高,很可能暴发由浅层滑坡诱发的沟谷泥石流.根据直接指标评价法对三明市区后山20条冲沟的泥石流易发程度进行评价:除了碧桂园后山冲沟为不易发外,其余19条冲沟的泥石流易发程度均为轻度易发;通过19条轻度易发泥石流冲沟的地形数据和2019年5—6月两次降雨过程数据,对浅层滑坡诱发沟谷泥石流降雨预报模型进行验证,结果表明模型预报结果与实际相符;并利用该预报模型给出三明后山冲沟泥石流预报临界降雨值,为该区泥石流预测预报和监测预警指标选取提供参考.     

枇杷沟泥石流基本特征分析与评价

以枇杷沟地区地质环境为基础,综合多因素分析阐明：枇杷沟泥石流的发生除受地形地貌等因素的影响外,地震过程中受损岩土体为泥石流的发生提供了大量物源,但主控因素为降雨量及降雨强度。在进行大量野外地质工作的基础上,运用数学手段对枇杷沟泥石流特征值进行计算和确定并最终分析表明：地震地质作用与外动力地质作用所形成的崩滑物在粒度和分选上有所区别,对泥石流的容重和流量有所影响;震后灾区泥石流对泥石流沟道有着明显的拓宽效应和“刮铲效应”,使泥石流过水断面面积和泥石流平均流速发生显著变化,所以在确定新的参数并得到新的流量值后有必要使用行之有效的计算方法对计算结果进行验证。     

贵州七星关区大河乡岔沟泥石流形成条件分析

本文对贵州七星关区大河乡岔沟泥石流形成条件作研究,从地形地貌条件,水源条件,物源条件进行分析,阐述泥石流灾害在暴雨季节是中频发生时期,在长时间降雨和短时暴雨情况下产生泥石流的可能性增大。对泥石流的运动特征进行了分析,为泥石流防治设计提供基础资料。     

基于PFC模拟的坡面物源体启动机理

松散物源体含水率是反映降雨入渗程度的重要参数,对研究坡面泥石流的启动机理具有重要意义.以北京西山门头沟区清水镇扫帚港沟为例,在野外详细调查的基础上,采用室内直剪试验,研究了松散物源体在4种不同含水率水平下的强度特性,借助于PFC数值模拟手段,探讨了不同含水率下坡面泥石流启动的内在力学机制和外在表现形式.结果表明:松散物源体抗剪强度随含水率的增加而减小,随着含水率的增大,其内聚力和内摩擦角均呈减小的趋势.当含水率达到25%～30%时,松散物源体强度骤减,原有平衡状态被打破,坡趾碎屑物率先失去支撑牵引后部土体发生坍滑,产生由前至后的溯源破坏,并加速形成坡面泥石流.     

四川绵竹清平乡"8·13"走马岭特大泥石流灾害特征

2010年8月13日四川省绵竹市清平乡着降暴雨导致走马岭沟暴发泥石流,主沟及支沟内的大量松散堆积物一起冲出,导致绵运河改道.为了探讨强震区泥石流灾害的形成原因及成灾机理,利用野外现场调查资料和航空图像解译成果对马岭泥石流的流域特征,特别是地震条件下的泥石流物源特征,进行了分析.结果表明走马岭特大泥石流受降雨影响显著,流速为7.19m/s,最大洪峰流量为866.35m3/s,一次泥石流过流总量为121.64×104 m3,显示了强震区泥石流暴发的特点,认为震后绵运河区域进入了泥石流的高发期,降雨是强震区诱发泥石流的主要动力因素,泥石流暴发主要受前期累积雨量和当次激发雨量共同作用.     

长白山天池地区泥石流激发雨型与临界雨量

长白山天池景区内受多条泥石流沟威胁,为降低泥石流灾害造成的损失与威胁,通过收集与整理该区域内泥石流活动历时资料与相应的降雨资料,分析各沟泥石流灾害暴发的降雨过程,获得长白山天池地区的泥石流激发雨型的特征,并研究相关降雨参数(小时降雨强度、历史累计雨量、前期有效降雨和降雨历时)与泥石流灾害爆发之间的关系,得到了长白山天池地区泥石流灾害暴发的临界雨量值。经研究表明,长白山天池地区泥石流激发雨型分为长期持续降雨与长期间断降雨两类,长期持续降雨型的前期不间断降雨持续时间长,总降雨时间也持续较长,泥石流在降雨强度逐步达到临界值时暴发。长期间断降雨较长期持续降雨来说,总的降雨时间更长。该降雨类型的降雨强度存在多次由零到极大值增大再降低的重复过程,直到最终松散堆积体饱和至临界值导致泥石流暴发。经统计与分析得出,长白山天池地区泥石流灾害暴发的防范雨量与预警指标(临界雨量),以历史累计降雨量43.5 mm或前期有效降雨32.7 mm可以作为防范值,以小时降雨强度19.7 mm/h作为泥石流临界雨量,对不同的激发雨型特征与临界雨量的研究能够为长白山天池地区的泥石流灾害监测预警提供科学依据。     

基于人工降雨的天津盘龙谷泥石流起动特征

通过泥石流物理模型试验研究了盘龙谷泥石流的起动特征,探讨了其起动方式、物源补给来源以及降雨条件的影响等.实验结果表明,泥石流起动时形成区堆积物源不会整体滑移,而是在其表面形成冲沟并逐渐扩大直至引发泥石流;前期先降小雨使土体达到完全饱和,然后再降中雨或大雨的情形其危险性最高;冲沟两侧的不稳定岩土体构成泥石流物源的主要补给来源.实验现象与盘龙谷泥石流具有较高的一致性,可以为建立泥石流预警系统及防灾减灾提供一定的参考依据.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that