Copepod hatching success in marine ecosystems with high diatom concentrations

Diatoms dominate spring bloom phytoplankton assemblages in temperate waters and coastal upwelling regions of the global ocean. Copepods usually dominate the zooplankton in these regions and are the prey of many larval fish species. Recent laboratory studies suggest that diatoms may have a deleterious effect on the success of copepod egg hatching. These findings challenge the classical view of marine food-web energy flow from diatoms to fish by means of copepods. Egg mortality is an important factor in copepod population dynamics, thus, if diatoms have a deleterious in situ effect, paradoxically, high diatom abundance could limit secondary production. Therefore, the current understanding of energy transfer from primary production to fisheries in some of the most productive and economically important marine ecosystems may be seriously flawed. Here we present in situ estimates of copepod egg hatching success from twelve globally distributed areas, where diatoms dominate the phytoplankton assemblage. We did not observe a negative relationship between copepod egg hatching success and either diatom biomass or dominance in the microplankton in any of these regions. The classical model for diatom-dominated system remains valid.     

The Phaeodactylum genome reveals the evolutionary history of diatom genomes

Diatoms are photosynthetic secondary endosymbionts found throughout marine and freshwater environments, and are believed to be responsible for around one-fifth of the primary productivity on Earth. The genome sequence of the marine centric diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana was recently reported, revealing a wealth of information about diatom biology. Here we report the complete genome sequence of the pennate diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum and compare it with that of T. pseudonana to clarify evolutionary origins, functional significance and ubiquity of these features throughout diatoms. In spite of the fact that the pennate and centric lineages have only been diverging for 90 million years, their genome structures are dramatically different and a substantial fraction of genes ( approximately 40%) are not shared by these representatives of the two lineages. Analysis of molecular divergence compared with yeasts and metazoans reveals rapid rates of gene diversification in diatoms. Contributing factors include selective gene family expansions, differential losses and gains of genes and introns, and differential mobilization of transposable elements. Most significantly, we document the presence of hundreds of genes from bacteria. More than 300 of these gene transfers are found in both diatoms, attesting to their ancient origins, and many are likely to provide novel possibilities for metabolite management and for perception of environmental signals. These findings go a long way towards explaining the incredible diversity and success of the diatoms in contemporary oceans.     

海洋浮游动物学研究

中国的海洋浮游生物学由我们已故科学家郑重、金德祥教授创建于本世纪40年代。近10年来,该领域继续取得一批研究成果,促进了我国海洋浮游生物学的发展。在浮游动物生物学方面,揭示了台湾海域及其邻近海域浮游动物多样性,发现水母类39个新种,桡足类2个新种,并对浮游动物生态类群、群落结构、微小型浮游动物在生态系统中的地位和作用等基础生态学取得了系列成果。同时,开展了实验生理生态学及个体生物学研究。其中,浮游动物生化组成与生理生态功能、浮游桡足类卵型与滞育、浮游动物能学、主要浮游动物染色体、生活周期与世代,摄食生态,经济贝类幼体附着与变态等研究。     

北麂列岛附近海域海洋生态环境现状

2013年11月对北麂列岛附近进行水质、沉积物和海域生态环境现状(浮游植物、浮游动物和底栖生物)进行了调查研究,结果表明:按照一类海洋功能标准,水质中无机氮和磷酸盐严重超标,锌部分站位超标。浮游植物45种,以硅藻类为主,占88.4%。大型浮游动物26种,以桡足类为主,占34.6%。大型底栖生物11种,以软体动物和多毛类为主,各占45.5%。浮游植物、浮游动物和底栖生物的生物多样性指数偏低。     

Unicellular C4 photosynthesis in a marine diatom

Nearly 50 years ago, inorganic carbon was shown to be fixed in microalgae as the C3 compound phosphoglyceric acid. The enzyme responsible for C3 carbon fixation, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco), however, requires inorganic carbon in the form of CO2 (ref. 2), and Rubisco enzymes from diatoms have half-saturation constants for CO2 of 30-60 microM (ref. 3). As a result, diatoms growing in seawater that contains about 10 microM CO2 may be CO2 limited. Kinetic and growth studies have shown that diatoms can avoid CO2 limitation, but the biochemistry of the underlying mechanisms remains unknown. Here we present evidence that C4 photosynthesis supports carbon assimilation in the marine diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii, thus providing a biochemical explanation for CO2-insensitive photosynthesis in marine diatoms. If C4 photosynthesis is common among marine diatoms, it may account for a significant portion of carbon fixation and export in the ocean, and would explain the greater enrichment of 13C in diatoms compared with other classes of phytoplankton. Unicellular C4 carbon assimilation may have predated the appearance of multicellular C4 plants.     

海水鱼网箱养殖对比试验

本文通过１９９１年６月－１９９３年９月对１３种海水鱼网箱对比试养，探讨了各筛选鱼类的生长、增长率、摄饵量、饵料系数、适应范围与成活率，提出状黄姑鱼Ｎｉｂｅａｍｉｉｃｈｔｈｉｏｉｄｅｓ、鲈鱼Ｌａｔｅｏｌａｂｒａｘｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕｓ、鱼Ｍｉｉｃｈｔｈｙｓｍｉｉｕｙ、真鲷Ｂｏｇｒｏｓｏｍｕｓｍａｊｏｒ、石斑鱼Ｅｐｉｎｅｐｈｅｌｕｓ、黑鲷Ｓｐａｒｕｓｍａｃｒｏｃｅｐｈａｌｕｓ以及卵形鲳Ｔｒａｃｈｉｎｏｔｕｓｏｖａｔｕｓ是目前适合于浙江海区环境与技术经济条件的增养殖鱼种，状黄姑鱼、鱼、鲈鱼为最佳鱼种，石斑鱼、真鲷、黑鲷是优良鱼种，卵形鲳是较佳鱼种。     

Genomic and functional adaptation in surface ocean planktonic prokaryotes

The understanding of marine microbial ecology and metabolism has been hampered by the paucity of sequenced reference genomes. To this end, we report the sequencing of 137 diverse marine isolates collected from around the world. We analysed these sequences, along with previously published marine prokaryotic genomes, in the context of marine metagenomic data, to gain insights into the ecology of the surface ocean prokaryotic picoplankton (0.1-3.0?μm size range). The results suggest that the sequenced genomes define two microbial groups: one composed of only a few taxa that are nearly always abundant in picoplanktonic communities, and the other consisting of many microbial taxa that are rarely abundant. The genomic content of the second group suggests that these microbes are capable of slow growth and survival in energy-limited environments, and rapid growth in energy-rich environments. By contrast, the abundant and cosmopolitan picoplanktonic prokaryotes for which there is genomic representation have smaller genomes, are probably capable of only slow growth and seem to be relatively unable to sense or rapidly acclimate to energy-rich conditions. Their genomic features also lead us to propose that one method used to avoid predation by viruses and/or bacterivores is by means of slow growth and the maintenance of low biomass.     

光照和盐度对8种底栖硅藻生长及其生理生化成分的影响

研究了不同光照强度和盐度条件对8种海洋底栖硅藻生长及其生理生化成分的影响．结果表明：8种底栖硅藻生长最适光照强度和盐度不完全相同,其范围分别为1500—5500lx和25-40;硅藻的理化成分受光照和盐度条件影响也较大,其含量均呈现低-高-低的变化趋势．光照低于1500lx、盐度低于25或光照、盐度高于最适值时均不利于理化成分的积累,但高于最适光强时利于胞内外总糖的产生;光强高于5500lx,盐度高于40时,总脂肪含量几乎不增加甚至急剧下降．     

海洋硅藻多样性与生态作用研究

硅藻是海洋浮游植物的主要类群,也是海洋生态系统中的主要初级生产者,在海洋生态系统的物质循环和能量流动中起着极其重要的作用,但人们对海洋硅藻多样性和生态作用的认识还很有限.在叙述海洋硅藻多样性、生态作用及硅藻分类学与系统学的国内外研究动态和最新进展的基础上,概述了厦门大学硅藻课题组近年来在海洋硅藻分类学与系统学、多样性与生态分布、硅藻数据库与计算机自动识别、微型硅藻与硅藻隐形种、硅藻遗传地理差异、硅藻对环境和气候变化的响应机制、硅藻细胞硅吸收与硅质壁形成机制等方面的主要研究进展和取得的主要成果.     

Biogenic nanostructured silica

Silicon is by far the most abundant element in the earth crust and also is an essential element for higher plants, yet its biology and mechanisms in plant tolerance of biotic and abiotic stresses are poorly understood. Based on the molecular mechanisms of the biosilicification in marine organisms such as diatoms and sponges, the cell wall template-mediated self-assembly of nanostructured silica in marine organisms and higher plants as well as the related organic molecules are discussed. Understanding of the templating and structure-directed effects of silicon-processing organic molecules not only offers the clue for synthesizing silicon-based materials, but also helps to recognize the anomaly of silicon in plant biology.     

Evolution and metabolic significance of the urea cycle in photosynthetic diatoms

Diatoms dominate the biomass of phytoplankton in nutrient-rich conditions and form the basis of some of the world's most productive marine food webs. The diatom nuclear genome contains genes with bacterial and plastid origins as well as genes of the secondary endosymbiotic host (the exosymbiont), yet little is known about the relative contribution of each gene group to diatom metabolism. Here we show that the exosymbiont-derived ornithine-urea cycle, which is similar to that of metazoans but is absent in green algae and plants, facilitates rapid recovery from prolonged nitrogen limitation. RNA-interference-mediated knockdown of a mitochondrial carbamoyl phosphate synthase impairs the response of nitrogen-limited diatoms to nitrogen addition. Metabolomic analyses indicate that intermediates in the ornithine-urea cycle are particularly depleted and that both the tricarboxylic acid cycle and the glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase cycles are linked directly with the ornithine-urea cycle. Several other depleted metabolites are generated from ornithine-urea cycle intermediates by the products of genes laterally acquired from bacteria. This metabolic coupling of bacterial- and exosymbiont-derived proteins seems to be fundamental to diatom physiology because the compounds affected include the major diatom osmolyte proline and the precursors for long-chain polyamines required for silica precipitation during cell wall formation. So far, the ornithine-urea cycle is only known for its essential role in the removal of fixed nitrogen in metazoans. In diatoms, this cycle serves as a distribution and repackaging hub for inorganic carbon and nitrogen and contributes significantly to the metabolic response of diatoms to episodic nitrogen availability. The diatom ornithine-urea cycle therefore represents a key pathway for anaplerotic carbon fixation into nitrogenous compounds that are essential for diatom growth and for the contribution of diatoms to marine productivity.     

巡回牧师策略下的编队海上补给规划

为有效规划巡回牧师(CR)策略下的海上补给过程,首先,根据CR策略下的海上补给特点,分析海上补给流程,介绍了汇合点的概念、计算方法以及出入库排队情况,并阐明了平时、战时不同环境下的补给规划目标;然后,分别建立海上补给整数非线性规划模型和多智能体仿真模型,设定典型的海上补给案例,分析数据并带入模型,通过LINGO和Anylogic仿真平台分别对模型进行求解,将两个模型的求解结果进行比较分析.结果表明,整数规划模型与多智能体仿真模型能够有效实现问题求解,对于优化CR策略下的海上补给过程均具有较好的适用性,其中多智能体仿真模型优化效率更高.     

Reliability of flipper-banded penguins as indicators of climate change

In 2007, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change highlighted an urgent need to assess the responses of marine ecosystems to climate change. Because they lie in a high-latitude region, the Southern Ocean ecosystems are expected to be strongly affected by global warming. Using top predators of this highly productive ocean (such as penguins) as integrative indicators may help us assess the impacts of climate change on marine ecosystems. Yet most available information on penguin population dynamics is based on the controversial use of flipper banding. Although some reports have found the effects of flipper bands to be deleterious, some short-term (one-year) studies have concluded otherwise, resulting in the continuation of extensive banding schemes and the use of data sets thus collected to predict climate impact on natural populations. Here we show that banding of free-ranging king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) impairs both survival and reproduction, ultimately affecting population growth rate. Over the course of a 10-year longitudinal study, banded birds produced 41% [corrected] fewer chicks and had a survival rate 16 percentage points [corrected] lower than non-banded birds, demonstrating a massive long-term impact of banding and thus refuting the assumption that birds will ultimately adapt to being banded. Indeed, banded birds still arrived later for breeding at the study site and had longer foraging trips even after 10?years. One of our major findings is that responses of flipper-banded penguins to climate variability (that is, changes in sea surface temperature and in the Southern Oscillation index) differ from those of non-banded birds. We show that only long-term investigations may allow an evaluation of the impact of flipper bands and that every major life-history trait can be affected, calling into question the banding schemes still going on. In addition, our understanding of the effects of climate change on marine ecosystems based on flipper-band data should be reconsidered.     

Resource-use efficiency and plant invasion in low-resource systems

No species can maximize growth, reproduction and competitive ability across all environments, so the success of invasive species is habitat-dependent. Nutrient-rich habitats often experience more invasion than resource-poor habitats, a pattern consistent with traits generally associated with successful invaders (high growth rates, early reproduction and many offspring). However, invaders do colonize resource-poor environments, and the mechanisms that allow their success in these systems are poorly understood. Traits associated with resource conservation are widespread among species adapted to resource-poor environments, and invasive species may succeed in low-resource environments by employing resource conservation traits such as high resource-use efficiency (RUE; carbon assimilation per unit of resource). We investigated RUE in invasive and native species from three habitats in Hawaii where light, water or nutrient availability was limiting to plant growth. Here we show that across multiple growth forms and broad taxonomic diversity invasive species were generally more efficient than native species at using limiting resources on short timescales and were similarly efficient when RUE measures were integrated over leaf lifespans. Our data challenge the idea that native species generally outperform invasive species under conditions of low resource availability, and suggest that managing resource levels is not always an effective strategy for invasive species control.     

二氧化碳酸化和盐酸酸化对几种桡足类的急性毒性比较

利用实验生态学的方法研究了由二氧化碳和盐酸引起的海水酸化对几种桡足类的急性毒性,计算了24和48 hLC50(以pH值表示).结果表明:二氧化碳酸化条件下,几种桡足类的24和48 hLC50分别为pH 5.85~6.49和pH 5.93~6.69;盐酸酸化条件下,24和48 hLC50分别为pH 5.02~5.69和pH 5.25~6.12.裂区设计方差分析表明,二氧化碳酸化对桡足类的毒性显著高于盐酸酸化的毒性.此外,各种桡足类对海水酸化的耐受性具有高度的种类特异性:营底栖生活的日本虎斑猛水蚤的耐受性明显高于其他浮游性种类;在营浮游性生活的种类中,植食性种类(中华哲水蚤)对酸化的耐受性要高于杂食性和肉食性种类.本研究结果为进一步研究海水酸化对桡足类生理生化影响提供参考依据.     

海南海洋资源开发与环境保护探讨

介绍了２１ 世纪是海洋时代,世界诸发达国家相继制定了海洋科技战略或海洋科学规划,竞相占据２１ 世纪开发海洋战略的制高点;论述了海南海洋拥有多种丰富的资源及对其开发的战略对策,指出开发利用海洋资源的同时,必须注意保护海洋生态环境,以利于永续利用和协调发展．     

Distinguishing random environmental fluctuations from ecological catastrophes for the North Pacific Ocean

The prospect of rapid dynamic changes in the environment is a pressing concern that has profound management and public policy implications. Worries over sudden climate change and irreversible changes in ecosystems are rooted in the potential that nonlinear systems have for complex and 'pathological' behaviours. Nonlinear behaviours have been shown in model systems and in some natural systems, but their occurrence in large-scale marine environments remains controversial. Here we show that time series observations of key physical variables for the North Pacific Ocean that seem to show these behaviours are not deterministically nonlinear, and are best described as linear stochastic. In contrast, we find that time series for biological variables having similar properties exhibit a low-dimensional nonlinear signature. To our knowledge, this is the first direct test for nonlinearity in large-scale physical and biological data for the marine environment. These results address a continuing debate over the origin of rapid shifts in certain key marine observations as coming from essentially stochastic processes or from dominant nonlinear mechanisms. Our measurements suggest that large-scale marine ecosystems are dynamically nonlinear, and as such have the capacity for dramatic change in response to stochastic fluctuations in basin-scale physical states.     

Light stimulates growth of proteorhodopsin-containing marine Flavobacteria

Proteorhodopsins are bacterial light-dependent proton pumps. Their discovery within genomic material from uncultivated marine bacterioplankton caused considerable excitement because it indicated a potential phototrophic function within these organisms, which had previously been considered strictly chemotrophic. Subsequent studies established that sequences encoding proteorhodopsin are broadly distributed throughout the world's oceans. Nevertheless, the role of proteorhodopsins in native marine bacteria is still unknown. Here we show, from an analysis of the complete genomes of three marine Flavobacteria, that cultivated bacteria in the phylum Bacteroidetes, one of the principal components of marine bacterioplankton, contain proteorhodopsin. Moreover, growth experiments in both natural and artificial seawater (low in labile organic matter, which is typical of the world's oceans) establish that exposure to light results in a marked increase in the cell yield of one such bacterium (Dokdonia sp. strain MED134) when compared with cells grown in darkness. Thus, our results show that the phototrophy conferred by proteorhodopsin can provide critical amounts of energy, not only for respiration and maintenance but also for active growth of marine bacterioplankton in their natural environment.     

2种浮游硅藻对底栖桡足类日本虎斑猛水蚤存活、发育和繁殖的影响

运用实验生态的研究方法,研究了2种浮游硅藻对底栖桡足类日本虎斑猛水蚤(Tigriopus japonicus)不同发育阶段的存活率、发育时间以及成体持续产幼数的影响.结果表明:日本虎斑猛水蚤可以直接有效地利用这2种浮游硅藻并完成其整个世代的发育和成体的繁殖,但是不同藻类对该种猛水蚤的影响不同.总体来说,牟氏角毛藻(Chaetocerosmuelleri)是日本虎斑猛水蚤整个发育阶段以及成体繁殖期间良好的饵料;低浓度(含碳量0.03μg/mL)的中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)也是日本虎斑猛水蚤成体繁殖期间的良好饵料,但该藻在较高浓度(含碳量≥0.17μg/mL)下虽然对日本虎斑猛水蚤的存活无抑制作用,对其发育和繁殖却均产生抑制.此外,与牟氏角毛藻相比,投喂相同高浓度(含碳量8.50μg/mL)的中肋骨条藻后,日本虎斑猛水蚤的各期发育时间延长、持续产幼数降低,差异显著(p<0.05).     

高速水面无人艇动态障碍物危险规避算法

水面无人艇(USV)是一种重要的海洋自主机器人,在障碍物环境中自主航行问题是当前USV的重要研究内容。针对高速USV在动态环境中的危险规避问题,提出一种基于行为的动态危险规避算法。算法首先对USV的运动特性进行分析获得基本运动空间,采用碰撞锥理论对USV与障碍物之间的情况进行判定,将海事规则约束和碰撞约束转换为USV基于行为的约束,通过求解基于偏航角度和速度的优化问题获得USV最优规避行为。仿真实验结果证明所提出的算法能够有效引导USV在高速(30 kn)情况下对动态障碍物实现有效危险规避。