颗粒物质剪切流动的类固-液转化特性及相变图的建立

颗粒物质类固-液相态间的转化现象广泛存在于工程地质、自然环境和工业生产等诸多领域,其力学特性在相态转化过程中会发生很大的变化,是目前颗粒物质力学研究的热点和难点.通过对颗粒物质类固-液转化过程中基本力学行为的研究,可建立表征颗粒物质类固-液转化的相变图,揭示类固-液转化的内在机理.颗粒物质的类固-液转化过程可大体分为两种,即阻塞与流动状态的转化,以及在流动过程中类固态与类液态力学行为的转化.本文以周期边界条件下的多分散颗粒系统为研究对象,采用离散单元方法数值模拟了单剪流动过程;分析了在不同体积分数和剪切速率下颗粒系统的平均应力、配位数、净接触时间数、有效摩擦系数、惯性指数和广义Savage数等宏观参数的分布规律;讨论了类固-液转化的内在机理,建立了一个以孔隙率、无量纲剪切应力和无量纲剪切速率为基本变量的相变图.该相变图不仅能够表征出颗粒物质由阻塞向流动状态的转变,同时也能够描述颗粒物质在剪切流动中发生类固-液转化的演化规律.     

风积沙散体材料的本构关系

为建立无粘性材料风积沙的本构关系,引入风积沙颗粒接触法向密度分布函数和形状修正系数,得到二维条件下颗粒体的平均应力和微观接触力之间的关系,其中微观接触力与接触位移和刚度张量有关.根据颗粒接触的配位数,计算出风积沙体中颗粒总数,进而得到各向异性和各向同性条件下风积沙的本构关系及相应的体积模量和杨氏模量.     

描述砂性土宏细观力学关系的数学模型

土体等颗粒材料在外力作用下的细观颗粒层面的力学行为决定着其宏观力学性质。然而,目前已经提出的宏细观本构关系多基于对某一种试验数据的唯象总结,缺乏普适性。根据已有的理论研究成果,基于Hertz接触理论,采用颗粒流离散元程序(particle flow code, PFC^3D)模拟了粒状砂性土的单轴压缩试验,推导了一种更具普适性的描述砂性土宏细观力学关系的数学模型。建立宏观力学响应与细观力学行为的联系,为构建土的本构关系提供了新的途径。     

Some open problems in granular matter mechanics

Granular matter is a large assemblage of solid particles, which is fundamentally different from any other type of matters, such as solid and liquid. Most models presented for granular matter are phenomenological and are only suitable for solving engineering problems. Many fundamental mechanical problems remain open. By analyzing characteristics of internal state structure, we propose that granular matter is intrinsically multiscale, i.e. microscale of particle size, mesoscale of force chain, and macroscale of the bulk of granular matter. The correlations among difference scales would be crucial. The mesoscale force chain network is determined by both particle properties and macroscopic boundary conditions. The evolution of the force the chain network contributes to macroscopic mechanical properties of granular matter. In addition, we discuss the drawbacks in simplifying contact forces in the current models, and the difficulties in analyzing the interaction of interstitial fluid in wet granular matter. As an appropriate application of granular matter, debris flow can be studied with granular matter mechanics; meanwhile, debris flow brings more challenges which certainly motivate future studies on granular matter.     

The jamming route to the glass state in weakly perturbed granular media

It has been suggested that a common conceptual framework known as 'jamming' (refs 1 and 2) may be used to classify a wide variety of physical systems; these include granular media, colloidal suspensions and glass-forming liquids, all of which display a critical slowdown in their dynamics before a sudden transition to an amorphous rigid state. Decreasing the relevant control parameter (such as temperature, drive or inverse density) may cause geometrical constraints to build up progressively and thus restrict the accessible part of the system's phase space. In glass-forming liquids (thermal molecular systems), jamming is provided by the classical vitrification process of supercooling, characterized by a rapidly increasing and apparently diverging viscosity at sufficiently low temperatures. In driven (athermal) macroscopic systems, a similar slowdown has been predicted to occur, notably in sheared foam or vibrated granular media. Here we report experimental evidence for dynamic behaviour, qualitatively analogous to supercooling, in a driven granular system of macroscopic millimetre-size particles. The granular medium is perturbed by isolated tapping or continuous vibration, with the perturbation intensity serving as a control parameter. We observe the random deflection of an immersed torsion oscillator that moves each time the grains rearrange, like a 'thermometer' sensing the granular noise. We caution that our granular analogy to supercooling is based on similarities in the dynamical behaviour, rather than quantitative theory.     

具有单离子各向异性场的键稀疏混合横向伊辛自旋系统的相图(英文)

本文在有效场理论的框架内研究了具有单离子各向异性场的键稀疏混合横向伊辛自旋系统的相图。重点给出了蜂窝晶格的相图。如果负单离子各向异性场参数不大且横场值较小,我们观察到在目前的系统中重入相变可能发生。横场对重入相变行为的影响在本文中也进行了讨论。     

Phase transitions in the assembly of multivalent signalling proteins

Cells are organized on length scales ranging from ?ngstr?m to micrometres. However, the mechanisms by which ?ngstr?m-scale molecular properties are translated to micrometre-scale macroscopic properties are not well understood. Here we show that interactions between diverse synthetic, multivalent macromolecules (including multi-domain proteins and RNA) produce sharp liquid-liquid-demixing phase separations, generating micrometre-sized liquid droplets in aqueous solution. This macroscopic transition corresponds to a molecular transition between small complexes and large, dynamic supramolecular polymers. The concentrations needed for phase transition are directly related to the valency of the interacting species. In the case of the actin-regulatory protein called neural Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (N-WASP) interacting with its established biological partners NCK and phosphorylated nephrin, the phase transition corresponds to a sharp increase in activity towards an actin nucleation factor, the Arp2/3 complex. The transition is governed by the degree of phosphorylation of nephrin, explaining how this property of the system can be controlled to regulatory effect by kinases. The widespread occurrence of multivalent systems suggests that phase transitions may be used to spatially organize and biochemically regulate information throughout biology.     

颗粒材料修正的微形态连续体模型研究

基于细观力学给出了1个颗粒材料的修正的微形态连续体模型。在该模型中,考虑了颗粒的平动和转动,且对颗粒间的相对运动进行分解,认为颗粒的细观真实运动(包括平动和转动)是由细观平均运动与1个表征相对于平均运动的波动组成。对微曲率进行对称修正,推导得到了与对称应变张量共轭的对称柯西应力张量,与对称微曲率张量共轭的对称偶应力张量,以及与非对称相对应变张量(微曲率张量)共轭的非对称相对应力张量(偶应力张量)。基于运动分解与对称修正,最终得到了1个颗粒材料的1阶微形态宏观本构关系。宏观本构关系包括应力-应变关系,偶应力-微曲率关系,以及相对应力(偶应力)-相对应变(微曲率)关系。宏观本构模量通过表征细观信息的接触刚度、内部长度参数等识别。     

Direct observation of growth and collapse of a Bose-Einstein condensate with attractive interactions

Quantum theory predicts that Bose-Einstein condensation of a spatially homogeneous gas with attractive interactions is precluded by a conventional phase transition into either a liquid or solid. When confined to a trap, however, such a condensate can form, provided that its occupation number does not exceed a limiting value. The stability limit is determined by a balance between the self-attractive forces and a repulsion that arises from position-momentum uncertainty under conditions of spatial confinement. Near the stability limit, self-attraction can overwhelm the repulsion, causing the condensate to collapse. Growth of the condensate is therefore punctuated by intermittent collapses that are triggered by either macroscopic quantum tunnelling or thermal fluctuation. Previous observations of growth and collapse dynamics have been hampered by the stochastic nature of these mechanisms. Here we report direct observations of the growth and subsequent collapse of a 7Li condensate with attractive interactions, using phase-contrast imaging. The success of the measurement lies in our ability to reduce the stochasticity in the dynamics by controlling the initial number of condensate atoms using a two-photon transition to a diatomic molecular state.     

Quantum phase transition from a superfluid to a Mott insulator in a gas of ultracold atoms.

For a system at a temperature of absolute zero, all thermal fluctuations are frozen out, while quantum fluctuations prevail. These microscopic quantum fluctuations can induce a macroscopic phase transition in the ground state of a many-body system when the relative strength of two competing energy terms is varied across a critical value. Here we observe such a quantum phase transition in a Bose-Einstein condensate with repulsive interactions, held in a three-dimensional optical lattice potential. As the potential depth of the lattice is increased, a transition is observed from a superfluid to a Mott insulator phase. In the superfluid phase, each atom is spread out over the entire lattice, with long-range phase coherence. But in the insulating phase, exact numbers of atoms are localized at individual lattice sites, with no phase coherence across the lattice; this phase is characterized by a gap in the excitation spectrum. We can induce reversible changes between the two ground states of the system.     

Effect of curing time on the mesoscopic parameters of cemented paste backfill simulated using the particle flow code technique

Several special mechanical properties, such as dilatancy and compressibility, of cemented paste backfill(CPB) are controlled by its internal microstructure and evolution.The mesoscopic structure changes of CPB during the development process were investigated.On the basis of the scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and mechanical test results of CPB, the particle size information of CPB was extracted, and a two-dimensional particle flow code(PFC) model of CPB was established to analyze the evolution rule of mesoscopic parameters during CPB development.The embedded FISH language in PFC was used to develop a program for establishing a PFC model on the basis of the SEM results.The mesoscopic parameters of CPB samples at different curing times, such as coordination number(C_n), contact force chain, and rose diagram, were obtained by recording and loading and used to analyze the intrinsic relationship between mesoscopic parameter variations and macroscopic mechanical response during CPB development.It is of considerable significance to establish the physical model of CPB using the PFC to reveal the mesoscopic structure of CPB.     

Two coexisting vortex phases in the peak effect regime in a superconductor

The critical current in the vortex phase of a type-II superconductor such as NbSe2 displays a striking anomaly in the vicinity of the superconductor-to-normal-metal transition. Instead of going to zero smoothly, it rebounds to a sharp and pronounced maximum, just before vanishing at the transition. This counter-intuitive phenomenon, known as the peak effect, has remained an unsolved problem for 40 years. Here we use a scanning a.c. Hall microscope to visualize the real-space distribution of the critical current in NbSe2. We show that in the peak-effect regime two distinct vortex-matter phases with intrinsically different pinning strengths coexist on a macroscopic scale. The composition of the two-phase mixture and the transformation of one phase into another are responsible for the history effects and anomalous voltage response commonly seen when external parameters such as temperature, magnetic field or transport current are varied. We argue that the observed phase coexistence is, in fact, the hallmark of a disorder-driven non-thermal phase transition.     

增湿-减湿条件下重塑黄土宏微观试验研究

为了明确增湿-减湿作用下重塑黄土的宏观变形特性及微观结构特性,以陕北某填方区黄土为研究对象,利用单杠杆固结仪和扫描电子显微镜对增湿-减湿条件下重塑土体的宏观力学性能和微观结构变化进行分析。研究结果表明：宏观方面,侧向压缩应变与增湿-减湿循环次数呈正相关,并且增湿-减湿循环下侧限压缩应变规律可以用幂函数表示,说明长期的水土相互作用使压实土体强度及承载力降低;微观方面,增湿-减湿循环使压实黄土孔隙结构增大、颗粒形态由扁平状变成圆形以及颗粒接触方式由面-面接触变为点-点接触,导致土体结构松散产生裂缝,颗粒间摩擦力及承载力降低。通过对重塑黄土的宏微观分析,为黄土区域的建设工程提供理论依据。     

780 MPa级微合金钢的激光相变硬化工艺及组织性能

利用4 k W光纤激光器对一种780 MPa级Nb-Ti-Mo微合金化的低碳钢进行了激光相变强化处理,研究了激光功率和扫描速度对激光相变区宏观形貌和显微硬度的影响,讨论了激光相变区显微组织的演变规律.结果表明:随着激光功率的增加或扫描速度的降低,激光相变区宽度和深度逐渐增加.激光相变区包含三个区域:微熔区、硬化区和过渡区.微熔区显微组织为铁素体、粒状贝氏体和马氏体;硬化区显微组织为全马氏体;过渡区为相对细小的全马氏体或与铁素体的混合组织.在所研究的参数中,硬化区的硬度可超过母材30%左右,平均硬度达到320 HV.实验钢表面耐磨性能提高30%左右.     

铁相组分对硫铝酸钡钙水泥的影响

以纯化学试剂配料,经 X 射线衍射仪（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和强度测试,研究铁相 C6A2F、C4AF、C6AF2和 C2F 对硫铝酸钡钙水泥熟料的煅烧及性能的影响。结果表明：各生料配比试件在 1 350oС 时,熟料矿物形成较好;随铁相中Al 与 Fe 的摩尔比的减小,熟料外观颜色呈浅绿色→ 深绿色→ 黑绿色变化;熟料矿物主要生成菱形十二面体的硫铝酸钡钙和卵粒状的硅酸二钙;铁相能够促进 Ba2 +取代 Ca2 +;主要水化产物为水化硫铝酸钡钙、BaSO4和水化铝酸钙。铁相组分为 C4AF时,其 1 d 和 3 d 抗压强度分别为 73. 2 MPa 和 97. 9 MPa。     

Observing brownian motion in vibration-fluidized granular matter

Observation of the rotational brownian motion of a very fine wire immersed in a gas led to one of the most important ideas of equilibrium statistical mechanics. Namely, the many-particle problem of a large number of molecules colliding with the wire can be represented by just two macroscopic parameters: viscosity and temperature. Interest has arisen in the question of whether this idea (mathematically developed in the Langevin model and the fluctuation-dissipation theorem) can also be used to describe systems that are far from equilibrium. Here we report an experimental investigation of an archetypal non-equilibrium system, involving a sensitive torsion oscillator immersed in a granular system of millimetre-size grains that are fluidized by strong external vibrations. The vibro-fluidized granular medium is a driven environment, with continuous injection and dissipation of energy, and the immersed oscillator can be seen as analogous to an elastically bound brownian particle. By measuring the noise and the susceptibility, we show that the experiment can be treated (to a first approximation) with the equilibrium formalism. This gives experimental access to a granular viscosity and an effective temperature; however, these quantities are anisotropic and inhomogeneous. Surprisingly, the vibro-fluidized granular matter behaves as a 'thermal' bath satisfying a fluctuation-dissipation relation.     

基于模型试验的散装铁精矿流态化细观规律

利用室内振动台模型试验,对散装铁精矿流态化细观规律进行了研究.基于细观图像采集分析系统,研究了铁精矿在流态化演化过程中颗粒间及颗粒与水分间的相互作用,分析了颗粒长轴方向、平均接触数、平面孔隙率等演化规律,探讨了铁精矿流态化细观规律及其与宏观现象间的联系.结果表明:水分迁移在铁精矿流态化演化过程中至关重要,其宏观表现是水液面上升;细观组构是控制铁精矿宏观力学行为的重要参数,其所反映的规律与宏观现象一致.     

颗粒接触特性对煅烧石油焦换热器传热性能的影响

为了探究煅烧石油焦颗粒间接触特性对换热器传热性能的影响,构建了换热器非稳态传热模型,研究了颗粒间接触(接触面积系数)变化对换热器传热性能的影响规律。结果表明:随着接触面积系数的增加,颗粒间接触越好,导热能力越强,颗粒层平均温度降低速率、蓄热量减少速率明显加快,固相平均传热贡献度、壁面综合传热系数和放热率增加,有效换热时间下降,当接触面积系数由0. 03增加到0. 07时,固相平均传热贡献度由83. 4%上升到90. 5%,壁面综合传热系数由12. 7 W/(m2·K)增加到27. 1 W/(m2·K),放热率从83. 79%增加到98. 2%,有效换热时间从8. 02 h减小到5. 07 h。     

Terahertz-field-induced insulator-to-metal transition in vanadium dioxide metamaterial

Electron-electron interactions can render an otherwise conducting material insulating, with the insulator-metal phase transition in correlated-electron materials being the canonical macroscopic manifestation of the competition between charge-carrier itinerancy and localization. The transition can arise from underlying microscopic interactions among the charge, lattice, orbital and spin degrees of freedom, the complexity of which leads to multiple phase-transition pathways. For example, in many transition metal oxides, the insulator-metal transition has been achieved with external stimuli, including temperature, light, electric field, mechanical strain or magnetic field. Vanadium dioxide is particularly intriguing because both the lattice and on-site Coulomb repulsion contribute to the insulator-to-metal transition at 340?K (ref. 8). Thus, although the precise microscopic origin of the phase transition remains elusive, vanadium dioxide serves as a testbed for correlated-electron phase-transition dynamics. Here we report the observation of an insulator-metal transition in vanadium dioxide induced by a terahertz electric field. This is achieved using metamaterial-enhanced picosecond, high-field terahertz pulses to reduce the Coulomb-induced potential barrier for carrier transport. A nonlinear metamaterial response is observed through the phase transition, demonstrating that high-field terahertz pulses provide alternative pathways to induce collective electronic and structural rearrangements. The metamaterial resonators play a dual role, providing sub-wavelength field enhancement that locally drives the nonlinear response, and global sensitivity to the local changes, thereby enabling macroscopic observation of the dynamics. This methodology provides a powerful platform to investigate low-energy dynamics in condensed matter and, further, demonstrates that integration of metamaterials with complex matter is a viable pathway to realize functional nonlinear electromagnetic composites.     

理想导体与超导抗磁性

通过对理想导体和超导体的电学性质、磁学性质的比较研究，从宏观和微观角度讨论了理想导体的电磁学性质与超导体电磁学性质的差别，对理想导体的存在性给出了证明：指出，理想导体在电学性质上与超导体没有任何差别，在临界状态以下存在着能隙，在临界点发生的是二级相变，存在着比热跃变：理想导体在磁学性质上与超导体的磁学性质是相同的，理想导体的抗磁性与超导体抗磁性起源于同一物理原因-载流子的高速定向运动产生很强的磁场，从而将外磁场排出体外，磁场的产生遵循毕-萨定律和法拉第电磁感应定律，不存在磁通“冻结”的问题（第二类超导体的混合态问题与此有本质的差别，自然应当别论），磁通“冻结”的说法是没有理论根据的，它反映了人类对超导电性认识的偏差；作为存在物，理想导体就是超导体，人们设想的理想导体磁性质，更接近于第二类超导体的混合态，但是在本质上是有差别的；作为理想的“理想导体”是不存在的；剔除理想导体的概念，将会极大地促进超导电性理论的深入研究。促进凝聚态物理理论和实践的发展．