Improvement of orbit determination for geostationary satellites with VLBI tracking

China’s COMPASS satellite navigation system consists of five or more geostationary (GEO) satellites.The roles of GEO satellites are to improve the regional user’s positioning accuracy and provide the continuous Radio Determination Satellite Service.The motion of GEO satellites relative to a ground tracking station is almost fixed,and regular orbit maneuvers are necessary to maintain the satellites’ allocated positions above the equator.These features present difficulties in precise orbit determination (POD).C-band ranging via onboard transponders and the L-band pseudo-ranging technique have been used in the COMPASS system.This paper introduces VLBI tracking,which has been successfully employed in the Chinese lunar exploration programs Chang’E-1 and Chang’E-2,to the POD of GEO satellites.In contrast to ranging,which measures distances between a GEO satellite and an observer,VLBI is an angular measurement technique that constrains the satellite’s position errors perpendicular to the satellite-to-observer direction.As a demonstration,the Chinese VLBI Network organized a tracking and orbit-determination experiment for a GEO navigation satellite lasting 24 h.This paper uses the VLBI delay and delay-rate data,in combination with C-band ranging data,to determine the GEO satellite’s orbit.The accuracies of the VLBI delay and delay rate data are about 3.6 ns and 0.4 ps/s,respectively.Data analysis shows that the VLBI data are able to calibrate systematic errors of the C-band ranging data,and the combination of the two observations improves orbit prediction accuracy with short-arc data,which is important for orbital recovery after maneuvers of GEO satellites.With the implementation of VLBI2010,it is possible for VLBI to be applied in the COMPASS satellite navigation system.     

GEO导航卫星多种观测资料联合精密定轨

针对跟踪站少、观测几何条件差以及轨道机动后GEO导航卫星精密定轨问题,提出了用激光观测数据解算无线电测距离观测数据设备时延、用CODE模型参数和多频载波相位数据进行电离层延迟精确修正的精密定轨和轨道快速恢复的处理体制.通过在轨实测数据实验证明,利用激光标定的距离观测数据组合设备时延精度优于1ns;基于3站观测数据GEO卫星精密定轨结果,RMS为0.25m;24h数据定轨结果重叠12小轨道径向互差0.55m,位置互差约1.62m;预报12h轨道重叠弧段互差为径向3.63m,位置互差8.51m;定轨结果与激光比对残差约0.10m,预报2h轨道比对残差约0.18m,预报24h轨道比对残差约2.04m.GEO卫星轨道机动后2～3h,动力学定轨结果能够恢复到与激光比对残差小于1m、与精密定轨结果比对位置互差约30m的水平.试验及分析结果表明,所提出的GEO精度定轨技术方案可靠、稳定.     

北斗二号/三号融合的分米级星基增强算法与性能分析

北斗卫星导航系统星基增强服务通过地球静止卫星向用户播发等效钟差、轨道改正数、电离层格网改正数和分区综合改正数等四重广域差分改正数,用户在此基础上利用载波相位观测值实现实时分米级的定位性能.本文介绍了分米级星基增强服务的参数匹配算法以及单频、双频用户精密定位模型.将系统播发的四重差分改正数应用于北斗二号与三号融合的精密单点定位,分析了不同频点及定位模型的系统精密定位服务性能.18个测站7 d的结果表明:北斗二号/三号融合的星基增强服务双频组合动态精密单点定位平均12.42 min收敛至0.5 m以内,收敛后的平均定位精度为平面0.15 m,高程0.2 m;相比仅使用北斗二号系统,不同定位模型收敛时间平均缩短了56.7%;而基于非差非组合的分区定位收敛速度更快,并且能达到与无电离层组合模型相同的精度水平.使用北斗电离层格网信息改正的单频动态定位PPP平均11.74 min收敛至0.8 m以内,收敛后的平均定位精度为平面0.2 m,高程0.3 m;相比使用广播星历电离层模型改正的结果,静态和动态定位平均收敛时间分别缩减了21.4%和25.2%.     

Precise orbit determination for geostationary satellites with multiple tracking techniques

A new precise orbit determination (POD) strategy based on the combination of satellite laser ranging (SLR) and C-band transfer ranging for geostationary satellites (GEO) is presented.Two approaches to calibrate ranging biases of the C-band ranging system are proposed,namely the two tracking system co-location comparison and the combined POD method,with calibration accuracies estimated to be 0.5 ns and 1 ns respectively.Using data from a C-band tracking network in China,POD experiments indicate that meter-le...     

基于高/低轨监视平台的GEO卫星定轨精度比较

针对传统地基监视系统对地球同步轨道(GEO)卫星静地测量模式不利于获取其态势信息,而空间目标监视平台利用其快速轨道运动、增强观测几何强度和GEO卫星动力学模型的约束作用,有利于对GEO卫星环带的跟踪、监视和编目处理这一问题,分析了高、低轨平台与其观测模式,采用了数值微分法计算变分方程系数阵的定轨算法,统计了光学观测误差对定轨结果的影响.仿真计算表明,高、低轨平台对GEO卫星的定轨精度均在公里级,低轨平台对GEO卫星的定轨精度好于高轨监视平台,观测系统误差是定轨误差的主要来源.     

一点多星轨道计算精度研究

应用理论分析和计算机模拟相结合的方法,讨论了卫星动力学模型中多种误差因素对一点多星轨道计算精度的不同影响,给出了星间相对位置计算的主要误差因素及其限制要求．并在此基础上,对一点多星的轨道计算和跟踪测量方法,提出了一些可行的建议     

基于TLE数据的空间目标EDR分类及观测需求计算

根据能量耗散率（EDR）的定义及空间目标的大气阻力摄动加速度公式,推导出一种由卫星两行根数（TLE）数据计算空间目标EDR的方法. 该方法无需计算空间目标弹道系数和大气模型,EDR计算误差可在1%以下,并且运算量极小. 此外,通过空间目标相对轨道的协方差矩阵描述空间目标的定轨精度,并结合扩展卡尔曼滤波方程,提出一种计算平面轨道下不同EDR空间目标的定轨精度-观测需求曲线的方法. 仿真验证了EDR计算方法的有效性,并给出了雷达对不同EDR分类的目标观测时对应的定轨精度-观测需求曲线. 结果表明当观测稀疏时,目标轨道预报误差正比于EDR,而观测较多时,会有观测饱和现象.      

北斗三号GEO卫星的RDSS定轨精度分析

有源服务模式RDSS(Radio Determination Satellite Service)所具备的通信、导航一体化特性是我国北斗卫星导航系统的重要特色之一.为进一步提高RDSS的通信服务能力,并保障RDSS服务系统的健壮性,北斗三号RDSS服务从系统架构到信号体制都进行了很大改进.本文首先分析了新的信号体制下,RDSS测距在测量模型和观测噪声等方面的误差特性,并比较了其与原有信号体制的不同.为了避免在RNSS(Radio Navigation Satellite Service)载荷故障时RDSS不能正常提供导航服务的情况发生,RDSS系统需要能够仅利用RDSS测距完成GEO测轨,以此作为原有RNSS测轨的备份保障.文章进一步分析了这种情况下,仅利用RDSS测距进行GEO定轨的精度.通过实测数据分析,我们发现其精度可优于10 m,利用该轨道信息的定位、定时精度可以满足服务指标要求.     

基于拥塞避免的卫星网络路由算法

提出一种基于低轨道和静止轨道星座的双层网络新路由算法, 利用低轨道卫星及其星间链路构成的网状拓扑对星上路由进行计算, 并通过拥塞避免和数据包分类机制进行优化, 解决了卫星网络中由于业务流量大而导致的网络拥塞问题. 仿真结果表明, 该方法降低了网络平均端到端的时延和平均丢包率, 从而提高了网络性能.     

Precise orbit determination for Jason-1 satellite using on-board GPS data with cm-level accuracy

The joint US/French Jason-1 satellite altimeter mission, launched from the Vandenberg Air Force Base on December 7, 2001, continues the time series of centimeter-level ocean topography observations as the follow-on to the highly successful T/P radar altimeter satellite. Orbit error especially the radial orbit error is a major component in the overall budget of all altimeter satellite missions, in order to continue the T/P standard of observations. Jason-1 has a radial orbit error budget requirement of 2.5 cm. In this work, two cycles (December 19, 2002 to January 7, 2003) of the Jason-1 on-board GPS data were processed using the zero-difference (ZD) dynamic precise orbit determination (POD) technique. The resulting Jason-1 orbit accuracy was assessed by comparison with the precise orbit ephemeris (POE) produced by JPL, orbit overlaps and SLR residuals. These evaluations indicate that the RMS radial accuracy is in the range of 1－2 cm.     

北斗卫星整网集中式自主定轨算法研究

由于分布式定轨算法只能得到局部次优解,为进一步提升北斗卫星自主导航算法精度,对北斗卫星整网 集中式定轨算法在轨实现方法进行研究。设计了基于推广卡尔曼滤波算法的整网集中式定轨算法及其在轨实 现流程,并利用北斗卫星上的龙芯1E300 处理器对算法精度及工程可行性进行了评估。仿真结果表明,整网集 中式算法精度优于分布式导航算法。且通过在龙芯1E300 处理器上仿真验证可知,集中式导航算法已具备星 上使用条件。     

卫星干扰源定位理论研究

研究卫星干扰源的卫星定位理论.通过测量两颗相近位置卫星的时间差和多普勒频率差,可以确定地面干扰源的位置.在文中分析了卫星轨道参数与定位坐标之间的关系,给出了计算结果并进行了讨论.     

地球静止轨道卫星数对广域增强系统性能的影响

为了评估广域增强系统(wide area augmentation system,WAAS)中地球静止轨道(geostationary earth orbit,GEO)卫星数对WAAS性能的影响,正确解码WAAS报文,对比分析GEO卫星和全球定位系统(global positioning system,GPS)卫星的伪距改正值和用户差分距离误差指数;将GEO卫星纳入导航定位解算,并基于WAAS监测站实测数据,解算分析GEO卫星数对WAAS报文延迟、中断和导航性能的影响.结果表明:当现有GPS卫星均正常工作时,GEO卫星数的增加可有效降低报文的延迟和中断,但对WAAS定位精度和完好性的提升并不明显.星基增强系统(satellite-based augmentation system,SBAS)中有两颗正常工作的GEO卫星是比较理想的状况.     

Precise orbit determination of Haiyang-2 using satellite laser ranging

With the successful launch and official commissioning of China’s first dynamic ocean environment satellite Haiyang-2(HY-2),China’s capabilities for oceanic environment monitoring and oceanic resource detecting have been further improved and enhanced.Precise tracking and orbit determination are not only key technical concerns in the ocean dynamic environment satellite project but also necessary conditions for carrying out related oceanic science research using observational data obtained using spaceborne instruments including radar altimeter.In this study,the current available status of international satellite laser ranging(SLR) monitoring on HY-2 was introduced.Six-months of SLR data from HY-2 were processed to obtain precise satellite orbit information using the dynamic orbit determination method.We carried out a detailed assessment of the SLR orbit accuracy by internal evaluation,comparisons with the orbit derived by the French Doppler orbitography and radio-positioning integrated by satellite(DORIS) system,and station-satellite distance validation.These assessments indicate that the three-dimensional orbital accuracy of HY-2 is about 12.5 cm,and the radial accuracy is better than 3 cm.It provides a good example of the application of international SLR monitoring and precise orbit determination in China’s earth observation satellite project.     

北斗高精度相对定位选星方法研究

针对北斗系统中高轨卫星会带来较全球定位系统（global positioning system ,GPS）更为严重的法方程病态性这一问题,分析了双差载波相位观测方程系数矩阵对整周模糊度浮点解解算的影响,结合北斗系统三轨道星座混合的特点,研究了区域北斗高精度相对定位选星方法,以仰角最高的地球同步轨道（geostationary earth orbit, GEO）卫星作为参考星,优先选取仰角高于10°的中地球轨道（medium earth orbit,MEO）卫星,然后按照均匀分布的原则选取倾斜地球同步轨道（inclined geosynchronous satellite orbit,IGSO）卫星。通过对实测数据进行试验和分析,证明了该方法的正确性和合理性,在进行区域北斗高精度相对定位时,能在一定程度上改善法方程的病态性,使模糊度浮点解较快收敛至真值附近,有利于模糊度的快速正确固定。     

High-precision orbit prediction and error control techniques for COMPASS navigation satellite

A new satellite orbit prediction method based on artificial neural network （ANN） model is proposed to improve the precision of orbit prediction. In order to avoid the difficulty of amending the dynamical model, it is attempted to use ANN model to learn the variation of orbit prediction error, and then the prediction result of ANN model is used to compensate the predicted orbit based on dynamic model to form a final predicted orbit. The experiment results showed that the orbit prediction error based on ANN model was less than that based on dynamical model, and the ent satellites and different improvement effects for differtime were different. The maximum rates of improvement of predicting 8, 15, 30 d were respectively 80 %, 77.77 %, 85 %. The orbit prediction error control technique based on the method of back overlap arc compare was brought forward to avoid the risk that the precision of predicted orbit is even worse after it is compensated by ANN model. The phenomena of failure were basically eliminated based on this technique, and the rate of failure was reduced from 30 % to 5 %. This technique could ensure that the engineering application of ANN model could come true.     

Satellite orbit determination by transfer with differenced ranges

The original idea of orbit determination called "determination of satellite orbit by transfer" was proposed by the National Time Service Center,Chinese Academy of Sciences.It shows that the system is very stable and the orbit determination accuracy is improved greatly.A new observation mode called "differenced ranges between master station and slave stations by transfer" is introduced.It is the development of "determination of satellite orbit by transfer".In principle,the differenced ranges between master station and slave stations have a high angular resolution,and strongly constrains in the transverse direction of satellite orbit,perpendicular to the line-of-sight.The principle of "differenced ranges between master station and slave stations by transfer" is discussed in detail.And differenced ranges in combination with ranging data were used to determine satellite’s orbit and orbit prediction under different arc observations.It shows that orbit determination accuracy for orbit prediction can be improved with differenced ranges in combination with ranging data.     

北斗GEO卫星微动条件下的GNSS-R土壤湿度反演

全球定位系统GPS发射的L波段导航信号源已被用于估测地球表面的土壤湿度,但由于卫星具有一定的重返周期,所以对固定区域土壤湿度反演的性能受到不断变化的星下点轨迹的限制。北斗GEO（geostationary earth orbit）卫星是地球静止轨道卫星,同时又存在着周期性的微动,利用它的反射信号来反演土壤湿度受到其微动特性的影响。针对这个问题,本文研究了利用GEO卫星反射信号功率进行固定区域内土壤湿度反演的可行性。本文首先分析了GEO卫星的微动特征和反射区域的变化;然后采用包络提取和三次多项式插值的方法来恢复SNR的趋势变化规律,以消除因为GEO卫星轻微运动带来的周期性波动和噪声,并且根据现场收集的部分实验数据确定的校准参数值对反射系数进行校正;最后,我们使用测试数据进行土壤湿度反演,得到每半小时固定区域的连续土壤湿度反演值。结果表明,土壤湿度反演值与原位土壤湿度值的变化趋势基本一致,反演的平均绝对误差小于4.63％。可见,BDS GEO卫星信号可以作为GNSS反射计的重要数据来源。     

GPS变形监测信息单历元解算的抗差估计方法研究

根据高精度GPS变形监测的特点,介绍了单历元解算监测点变形量的似单差数学模型及其算法．该算法不涉及周跳的探测与修复、双差整周未知数的解算等棘手问题,适用于同步观测卫星数不少于2颗的情况．为提高单历元解算变形信息的可靠性,在分析算法的基础上,构造了实现对卫星进行自动选择的抗差估计模型．3个不同测区的试验数据计算结果表明,本文建立的似单差模型是正确的,采用抗差估计方法来选择卫星也是可行的．     

用于地空通信的单轨小卫星组网轨道特性研究

提出了采用小卫星组网的方法来解决战斗机超视距通信问题。为实现某一局部区域的超视距通信保障，提出并设计了单轨道小卫星组网方案，多颗小卫星单轨道组网实现简单，只要数量足够多，就能够实现对局部区域的连续通信覆盖，满足对局部区域作战的超视距通信需要；研究了单颗小卫星的在不同高度时覆盖范围半径、覆盖区域与地心的夹角等特性；研究了小卫星组网时，在轨道高度为780 km，不同数量的小卫星组网通信宽度、相临小卫星覆盖范围的重叠宽度和夹角等特性。