Superconductivity in diamond

Diamond is an electrical insulator well known for its exceptional hardness. It also conducts heat even more effectively than copper, and can withstand very high electric fields. With these physical properties, diamond is attractive for electronic applications, particularly when charge carriers are introduced (by chemical doping) into the system. Boron has one less electron than carbon and, because of its small atomic radius, boron is relatively easily incorporated into diamond; as boron acts as a charge acceptor, the resulting diamond is effectively hole-doped. Here we report the discovery of superconductivity in boron-doped diamond synthesized at high pressure (nearly 100,000 atmospheres) and temperature (2,500-2,800 K). Electrical resistivity, magnetic susceptibility, specific heat and field-dependent resistance measurements show that boron-doped diamond is a bulk, type-II superconductor below the superconducting transition temperature T(c) approximately 4 K; superconductivity survives in a magnetic field up to Hc2(0) > or = 3.5 T. The discovery of superconductivity in diamond-structured carbon suggests that Si and Ge, which also form in the diamond structure, may similarly exhibit superconductivity under the appropriate conditions.     

Superconductivity without phonons

The idea of superconductivity without the mediating role of lattice vibrations (phonons) has a long history. It was realized soon after the publication of the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) theory of superconductivity 50 years ago that a full treatment of both the charge and spin degrees of freedom of the electron predicts the existence of attractive components of the effective interaction between electrons even in the absence of lattice vibrations--a particular example is the effective interaction that depends on the relative spins of the electrons. Such attraction without phonons can lead to electronic pairing and to unconventional forms of superconductivity that can be much more sensitive than traditional (BCS) superconductivity to the precise details of the crystal structure and to the electronic and magnetic properties of a material.     

超导修订版

在1986-1987年发现高温超导后的几年里，人们对超导抱有很大的期望。本书第一版写于1989年，那时，对高温超导有很高的热情。2004年本书出版第二版时，已经很清楚认识到，对高温超导广泛应用的希望值有点高了。但是，超导的应用前景仍然是巨大的，而且一般的低温超导比新的高温超导应用更广。本书的重点是介绍高温超导的机理和制造方法。     

排斥型有效互作用下的超导电性

分析了电子间在有效排斥互作用下的超导电性．发现当能带宽度Ｗ＞Ｅｃ，ｏ（）时，存在电子对；当Ｗ＜Ｅｃ，ｏ时，电子对消失．从而认为在电子对消失的区域，描写超导电性的应该是某种准粒子对，而不是电子对．     

铈掺杂氮化硅电子结构及其光学性能的第一性原理

采用密度泛函理论下的平面波赝势方法和广义梯度近似,计算稀土元素铈掺杂氮化硅体系的电子结构及其光学性能.结果表明:随掺杂浓度的提高,能带密度逐渐增加,带隙逐渐减小,分别为1.609、1.117、0.655eV,接近半导体带隙特征;差分电荷密度图表明,随掺杂浓度的提高,铈与氮成键的共价性逐渐降低,离子性逐渐升高,并通过布居值得到验证;掺杂一个铈原子体系在低能区的介电常数和损耗较小,表明其作为电介质材料在光电器件应用中可体现较长的使用寿命,同时在可见光区具有低的吸收系数和反射率,呈现"透明型"性质,说明光在该体系中更容易传播,也表明其作为光学元件具有潜在的应用前景.     

Tl—Ca—Ba—Cu—O体系的高温超导电性及其物相

用TlNO_3在Tl-Ca-Ba-Cu-O体系中获得了超导转变温度120K以上、零电阻温度为108K的超导体。超导相可以用Z.Z.Sheng报道的2122相指标,其晶格常数是a=5.450A,b=5.447A,c=29.57A。     

MgB2薄膜的超导电性

采用平面波赝势方法计算了MgB2超导薄膜的电子结构.结果发现,表面层B(S)在费米能级处的态密度显著增强.在线性响应的密度泛函微扰理论框架下计算了MgB2薄膜的动力学性质及电-声子相互作用,分析了MgB2超导薄膜在Γ点的振动模的频率.结果发现,MgB2薄膜中的声子存在软化现象,并且声子的软化提高了电-声子相互作用,从而增强了薄膜的超导电性.     

Superconductivity in two-dimensional CoO2 layers

Since the discovery of high-transition-temperature (high-T(c)) superconductivity in layered copper oxides, many researchers have searched for similar behaviour in other layered metal oxides involving 3d-transition metals, such as cobalt and nickel. Such attempts have so far failed, with the result that the copper oxide layer is thought to be essential for superconductivity. Here we report that Na(x)CoO2*yH2O (x approximately 0.35, y approximately 1.3) is a superconductor with a T(c) of about 5 K. This compound consists of two-dimensional CoO2 layers separated by a thick insulating layer of Na+ ions and H2O molecules. There is a marked resemblance in superconducting properties between the present material and high-T(c) copper oxides, suggesting that the two systems have similar underlying physics.     

过渡金属掺杂的立方型ZrO_2催化剂处理含酚废水

采用共沉淀法制备了一系列过渡金属(Cu,Mn,Co,Fe,Ni,Cr)掺杂的ZrO2催化剂,XRD表征.表明属于立方型ZrO2结构.在250 mL间歇式反应釜中,反应温度150℃,初始压力为3.5 MPa,反应时间90 min的条件下,对苯酚(2.1 g/L,COD质量浓度为5 000 mg/L)的催化湿式氧化结果为:COD去除率为12.6%~83.1%.其催化活性顺序为:Cu-ZrO2>Mn-ZrO2>Co-ZrO2>Ni-ZrO2>Cr-ZrO2>Fe-ZrO2.研究了催化剂Cu-ZrO2在不同反应条件下对COD去除率的影响.     

Superconductivity from buckled-honeycomb-vacancy ordering

Vacancies are prevalent and versatile in solid-state physics and materials science.The role of vacancies in strongly correlated materials,however,remains uncult...     

Superconductivity in compressed lithium at 20 K

Superconductivity at high temperatures is expected in elements with low atomic numbers, based in part on conventional BCS (Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer) theory. For example, it has been predicted that when hydrogen is compressed to its dense metallic phase (at pressures exceeding 400 GPa), it will become superconducting with a transition temperature above room temperature. Such pressures are difficult to produce in a laboratory setting, so the predictions are not easily confirmed. Under normal conditions lithium is the lightest metal of all the elements, and may become superconducting at lower pressures; a tentative observation of a superconducting transition in Li has been previously reported. Here we show that Li becomes superconducting at pressures greater than 30 GPa, with a pressure-dependent transition temperature (T(c)) of 20 K at 48 GPa. This is the highest observed T(c) of any element; it confirms the expectation that elements with low atomic numbers will have high transition temperatures, and suggests that metallic hydrogen will have a very high T(c). Our results confirm that the earlier tentative claim of superconductivity in Li was correct.     

Superconductivity at 39 K in magnesium diboride

In the light of the tremendous progress that has been made in raising the transition temperature of the copper oxide superconductors (for a review, see ref. 1), it is natural to wonder how high the transition temperature, Tc, can be pushed in other classes of materials. At present, the highest reported values of Tc for non-copper-oxide bulk superconductivity are 33 K in electron-doped Cs(x)Rb(y)C60 (ref. 2), and 30 K in Ba(1-x)K(x)BiO3 (ref. 3). (Hole-doped C60 was recently found to be superconducting with a Tc as high as 52 K, although the nature of the experiment meant that the supercurrents were confined to the surface of the C60 crystal, rather than probing the bulk.) Here we report the discovery of bulk superconductivity in magnesium diboride, MgB2. Magnetization and resistivity measurements establish a transition temperature of 39 K, which we believe to be the highest yet determined for a non-copper-oxide bulk superconductor.     

Bi—Sr—Ca—Cu—O系超导电性的探讨

用固态反应法制备不含稀土元类的BiSrCaCu_2Oy陶瓷高温超导体。该系统可能存在多个高温超导相,不同工艺可改变各超导相成份;150K附近可能有一更高温超导相。     

Hubbard－Hirsch模型的超导性

应用么正变换微扰论和平均场近似研究了二维Ｈｕｂｂａｒｄ－Ｈｉｒｓｃｈ模型的超导性。在大Ｕ和中等掺杂情况下，只要跳跃常数足够大，模型仍然具有超导性，此时交换作用积分使它的超导相区域比相应的Ｈｕｂｂａｒｄ模型的区域小很多。     

超导电流的动量守恒与超导电子对隧道效应

讨论了稳恒电流的动量守恒现象,由此分析了直流约瑟夫森隧道效应。指出,描述约瑟夫森隧道效应的2个基本方程遵循稳恒电流动量守恒定律;约瑟夫森隧道结上的超导电子对质心定向运动速度比隧道结2侧超导体内的超导电子对质心定向运动速度大3个数量级：vS2～1 03 vS1;约瑟夫森隧道结上超导电子对的质心定向运动速度和动量很大的原因在于其运动遵循稳恒电流动量守恒定律;约瑟夫森隧道结上超导电子对质心定向运动速度可以达到费米速度的数量级、其定向运动动能可以达到费米能的数量级,从而使隧道结由超导态转变成正常态。