Study of low-pressure premixed laminar n-heptane+ propane/oxygen/nitrogen flames

Low-pressure premixed laminar n-heptane+propane/oxygen/nitrogen flames were investigated with tunable synchrotron vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photoionization and molecular-beam sampling mass spectrometry. Three flames with different mass percentage of propane in the fuel blends of 0%, 10%, and 20% were studied. The combustion intermediates were identified by comparing the measured IEs with those values in literatures. Mole fraction profiles of the main species were compared among the three flames. The experime...     

An experimental study of premixed laminar methane/oxygen/argon flames doped with hydrogen at low pressure with synchrotron photoionization

Laminar premixed stoichiometric methane/hydrogen/oxygen/argon flames were investigated with tunable synchrotron vacuum ultraviolet （VUV） photoionizaUon and molecular-beam sampling mass spectrometry techniques. The methane/hydrogen fuel blends with hydrogen volumetric fraction of 0, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% were studied. All observed flame species, including stable intermediates and radicals in the flames, were detected by measuring photoionization mass spectra and photoionization efficiency （PIE） spectra. Mole fraction profiles of major species and intermediates were derived by scanning burner at some selected photon energies near ionization thresholds. The influence of hydrogen addition on mole fraction of major species and intermediates was analyzed. The results show that the major species mole fraction of CO, CO2 and CH4 decreases with the increase of hydrogen fraction. The mole fraction of intermediates measured in this experiment decreases remarkably with the increase of hydrogen fraction. This would be due to the increase of H and OH radicals by hydrogen addition and the high diffusivity and activity of H radical promoting the chemical reaction. In addition, the increase of H/C ratio with the increase of hydrogen fraction also leads to the decrease of the mole fraction of carbon-related intermediates and contributes to the decrease of unburned and incomplete combustion products.     

柴油机燃用柴油/乙醇混合燃料的燃烧特性

分析了柴油机燃用柴油/乙醇混合燃料的燃烧特性和放热规律,研究了相同十六烷值条件下混合燃料中含氧量对燃烧特性和放热过程的影响,为柴油机燃用含氧混合燃料提供理论指导和试验依据.研究结果表明:十六烷值改进剂(亚硝酸异戊酯)的体积分数为0.2%时,可使其着火性能与乙醇的体积分数减小10%时的水平相当.当保持十六烷值不变,混合燃料中氧的质量分数提高3.6%,扩散燃烧期和总燃期的曲轴转角平均缩短0.8°,中高负荷放热率曲线型心位置的曲轴转角向上止点平均靠近0.25°,可以认为,试验结果反映了混合燃料含氧量对燃烧的影响.     

激素和PEG对华重楼种子萌发的影响

为研究不同浓度的赤霉素(GA3)、2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4-D)和不同浓度的PEG4000、PEG6000、PEG8000和PEG10000对华重楼种子萌发的影响,采用培养皿培养法,用不同浓度的2种激素和4种PEG浸种处理,观察记录了种子萌发率和萌发开始时间(胚根突破种皮所需的天数)、第120 d时胚根长3 cm的种子所占的比例,筛选了促进华重楼种子萌发的最适浸种试剂和浓度.结果表明:500 mg/L GA3,0.5 mg/L 2,4-D,25%(质量比)PEG4000和25%PEG8000浸种能有效打破华重楼种子休眠并促进种子萌发,其中500 mg/L GA3效果最佳.这是国内首次关于华重楼种子萌发条件的全面研究报道.     

准东高铁煤与稻草秆热解NOx前驱物释放规律研究

氨(NH_3)和氰氢酸(HCN)是燃料热解过程中的主要含氮化合物,也是燃烧过程中重要的NO_x前驱物,因此研究热解过程中HCN/NH_3的释放规律与转化机制,对降低NO_x排放意义重大。借助热重-质谱联用(TG-MS)系统开展实验研究,探讨了准东高铁煤与稻草秆热解过程中NO_x前驱物的释放规律。研究表明:准东高铁煤与稻草秆的热解产物中,NH_3是主要的NO_x前驱物;NH_3与HNCO、HCN与CH_3CN的释放规律趋同;同等实验条件下,稻草秆热解的NO_x前驱物释放量明显高于准东高铁煤的;准东高铁煤与稻草秆混合热解时,当稻草杆掺混质量百分比从10%增加至40%时,NO_x前驱物的释放量呈先减少后增加的趋势,NO_x前驱物释放量最低时的掺混比为30%,说明稻草秆与准东高铁煤共热解时,二者对NO_x前驱物的释放具有一定的协同耦合抑制作用。     

The effects of coal blending on the formation and properties of particulate matter during combustion

The control of particulate matter (PM) emissions from coal combustion becomes an urgent work due to their adverse effects on human health. Coal blending is a promising option for submicron particulate (PM1) reduction. This study addressed the effects of coal blending on the formation and properties of particulate matter in combustion process. Coal blends from lignite and bituminous coal, with different blend ratios (9:1, 7:3, 5:5, 3:7 and 1:9), were combusted in a drop tube furnace. The mass size distribution, concentration, elemental composition and morphology of the particulate matter generated under O₂/N₂ and O₂/CO₂ conditions were characterized. Particulate matter was collected by a low pressure impactor (LPI), which aerodynamically segregated particulates into thirteen fractions with sizes ranging from 0.03 to 9.8 μm. The results showed that coal blending reduced PM1 generation, compared with the calculated average values from the combustion of constituent coals. This indicated that the mineral interactions had a great effect on PM₁ reduction. The blend ratio also played an important role in the suppression of PM1 generation. In this experimental study, PM1 generation suffered a maximum suppression at the blend ratio of 7:3. The O₂/CO₂ atmosphere affected the formation and properties of the PM1 during coal blends combustion. Compared with the O₂/N₂ combustion, the interaction of minerals was weakened under O2/CO2 combustion, thus the suppression of PM₁ generation decreased after coal blending. Compared with the calculated values, the concentrations and percentages of Ca, Fe in PM₁ decreased, but the concentrations of Ca, Fe, Si and Al in coarse particulates (PM₁₀₊) increased after coal blends combustion. The interactions between the aluminosilicates in the bituminous coal and volatile elements Ca, Fe in the lignite were thought to contribute to the suppression of PM₁ generation during the com-bustion of coal blends.     

大、小叶榄仁叶小极性成分分析

目的分析比较大叶榄仁叶和小叶榄仁叶中的小极性化学成分。方法采用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用法对大叶榄仁叶和小叶榄仁叶中的小极性化学成分进行分离鉴定,运用质谱库检索系统对化合物进行结构鉴定,采用色谱峰面积归一化法计算各成分的相对百分含量。结果经过鉴定,大、小叶榄仁叶中分别鉴定出41和42种成分,各占其总量的87.04%和91.12%,其中,大叶榄仁中的主要成分是脂类33.81%、萜类32.21%、芳香族13.26%和烷烃类4.36%,含量最高的成分为植醇,占总量的25.42%。小叶榄仁中的主要成分是脂类63.9%、烷烃类12.38%、萜类9.54%和芳香族3.9%,含量最高的成分为棕榈酸乙酯,占总量的20.58%。结论大叶榄仁叶和小叶榄仁叶小极性部位的化学成分和相对含量方面均有一定差异,为鉴别大叶榄仁叶和小叶榄仁叶提供了在化学成分上面的依据。     

乙醇/硫酸铵双水相体系分离纯化款冬花总黄酮

以低温烘干的款冬花为原料,利用乙醇/硫酸铵双水相体系分离纯化款冬花总黄酮。首先对无水乙醇、(NH_4)_2SO_4、黄酮粗提取液、NaCl质量分数和pH值进行单因素研究,然后利用Box-Benhnken Design实验对(NH_4)_2SO_4质量分数、无水乙醇质量分数、黄酮粗提取液质量分数、pH值进行了优化;结果表明:(NH_4)_2SO_4质量分数为15.5%、无水乙醇质量分数为32.2%、黄酮粗提取液质量分数为20.4%、pH=4.1时款冬花总黄酮萃取率可达99.21%,与预测的99.44%非常接近。     

鸡腿菇多糖微胶囊的制备工艺研究

在单因素试验基础上,以微胶囊包埋率为考察指标,采用U10（53）进行均匀试验设计,对鸡腿菇多糖微胶囊的制备工艺进行优化。试验结果通过二次多项式逐步回归分析,对鸡腿菇多糖微胶囊包埋率影响最大的因素是鸡腿菇多糖的质量分数,制备工艺优化方案为：壳聚糖的质量分数为1.6%,海藻酸钠的质量分数为2.2%,鸡腿菇多糖的质量分数为2.0%。应用优化得到的制备工艺进行验证试验,并将得到的微胶囊进行结构表征,表明微胶囊包埋率较高,成型性良好,热稳定性能得到改善。     

氢燃料内燃机NOx排放特性及机理

为深入研究氢燃料内燃机NO_x的生成机理,基于CONVERGE软件建立了三维网格耦合详细化学反应机理的氢燃料内燃机CFD仿真模型,进行了氢燃料内燃机在不同负荷下的燃烧及排放特性研究。模型的仿真结果和试验数据较为吻合。结果表明,氢气浓度增大有利于提高氢燃料内燃机的效率;NO的大量生成出现在不断升温的快速燃烧期,快速燃烧结束后NO总量不断减少,其缸内平均温度低于2 200K时NO总量趋于稳定;热NO,NNH和N_2O是NO生成最主要的路径,其中热NO路径产生的NO排放最多,其贡献率随着负荷增大而增大。NNH和N_2O路径在较低浓度时有接近25%的贡献率,而在燃空当量比为1.0时,这2种路径对NO生成的贡献率之和为负值。采用化学反应动力学方法得到了3种路径在不同负荷下对NO生成的贡献率,初步揭示了氢燃料内燃机NO_x生成的机理,为后续研究提供了理论参考。     

High molecular weight (C35 +) n-alkanes of Neogene heavily biodegraded oil in the Qianmiqiao region, North China

With wax content of 1.62%, heavy oil has been produced from the sandstone reservoirs of Neogene Guantao Formation (Ng1^Ⅲ). In the GC and GC-MS RIC profiles of its aliphatic fraction, n-alkanes are totally lost, which shows the result of heavy biodegradedation. However, the remaining trace C₁₃－C₃₆ n-alkanes can be still seen from its m/z 85 mass chromatogram. In addition, a complete series of C₃₅－C₇₃ high molecular weight (HMW) n-alkanes was detected by high-temperature gas chromatography (HTGC). The HMW n-alkane series shows a normal distribution pattern, a major peak at nC₄₃, obvious odd-carbon-number predominance, CP_I37—55 and OEP_45—49 values up to 1.17 and 1.16—1.20 respectively. The present study not only has conformed the strong resistibility of HMW n-alkanes to biodegradation in crude oils as concluded by previous researchers, but also has provided some significant information on source input and maturity for the heavily biodegraded oil in the Qianmiqiao region.     

遮光对红鳞蒲桃幼苗光合特性的影响

为了解红鳞蒲桃（Syzygium hancei）对光能的需求及适应性,以红鳞蒲桃幼苗为材料,设置透光率分别为100.0%、72.3%、48.6%、24.9%的4种光照处理,测定其光合作用参数、光响应参数、叶绿素含量等数据,研究不同遮光处理对其光合特性的影响。结果表明：（1）红鳞蒲桃是喜光树种,红鳞蒲桃幼苗净光合速率（Net Photosynthetic Rate,P_n）、气孔导度（Stomatal Conductance,G_s）日均值随着遮光程度的增加而减小,胞间CO₂浓度（Intercellular Carbon Dioxide Concentration,C_i）日均值随之增大,过度遮光下（透光率为48.6%和24.9%）,蒸腾速率（Transpiration Rate,T_r）日均值显著低于全光照;（2）遮光条件下,红鳞蒲桃幼苗净光合速率下降可能是非气孔限制引起的;（3）红鳞蒲桃幼苗的最大净光合速率（Maximum Net Photosynthetic Rate,P_max）、光补偿点（Light Compensation Point,LCP）、光饱和点（Light Saturation Point,LSP）、暗呼吸速率（Respiration Rate,R_d）均随着光照强度的增加而显著增加;（4）红鳞蒲桃幼苗叶绿素a、叶绿素b及叶绿素（a+b）的含量均随着遮光程度的增加而显著增加,叶绿素a/b的值随之减小。红鳞蒲桃在幼苗期具有较明显的喜光性,因此,在红鳞蒲桃幼苗的培育及种群的恢复过程中,可通过疏伐、修剪枝条等措施来增加林内的透光量,为处于幼苗时期的红鳞蒲桃创造适宜的光照环境,为其自然更新提供良好条件。     

南亚热带杉木、红锥人工林碳储量及分配特征

明确南亚热带杉木(Cunnighamia lanceolata)、红锥(Castanopsis hystrix)人工林碳储量及分配特征,可为应对全球气候变化研究提供基础数据,为碳汇林业发展提供科学依据。以我国亚热带地区广泛栽培的杉木人工林和红锥人工林为研究对象,以相对生长方程计算林木生物量,实测林下植被生物量、林木和林下植被各组分含碳率、土壤含碳率等,进而分析不同人工林的碳储量及分配规律。结果表明:(1)人工林生态系统不同组分的含碳率存在一定差异,虽然杉木和红锥的全株含碳率相差无几,分别为48.04%和47.80%,但林下植被和土壤表层的含碳率差别较大,林下植被含碳率为40.84%—47.73%(杉木林)、36.69%—43.76%(红锥林);土壤表层含碳率为2.28%—3.30%;(2)杉木人工林乔木层碳储量(71.48t/hm~2)、林下植被碳储量(1.533t/hm~2)显著高于红锥人工林乔木层碳储量(51.82t/hm~2)和林下植被碳储量(1.185t/hm2),而红锥人工林枯落物层碳储量(0.673t/hm2)显著高于杉木人工林(0.386t/hm~2);(3)杉木人工林的皮、叶、根碳储量显著高于红锥人工林,相反,红锥人工林的枝碳储量(8.04t/hm~2)显著高于杉木人工林(6.00t/hm~2);(4)杉木人工林生态系统碳储量(217.56t/hm~2)与红锥人工林生态系统碳储量(195.05t/hm~2)无显著差异,土壤和乔木层是人工林生态系统的主要碳库,分别占生态系统碳储量的66.37%—72.81%和26.59%—32.93%。杉木人工林乔木层、林下植被和生态系统碳储量均高于红锥人工林,红锥人工林枯落物碳储量显著高于杉木人工林,杉木是发展碳汇林的较好树种。     

Liquid-phase aerobic oxidation of benzyl alcohol catalyzed by mechanochemically synthesized manganese oxide

Benzyl alcohol oxidation by molecular oxygen using solid manganese oxide as a catalyst and n-heptane as the solvent was studied in the liquid phase. The catalyst was synthesized by a simple mechanochemical process at room temperature and was characterized by different physical methods. The catalyst was highly active and 100% selective for benzyl alcohol conversion to benzaldehyde. The solid catalyst can be recovered from the reaction mixture by simple filtration and can be re-used. We found n-heptane to be an excellent solvent for the oxidation reaction, and that the catalyst did not leach into solution.     

Comparison study of chitosan/β-cyclodextrin and carboxymethyl chitosan/β-cyclodextrin microspheres

To compare two microspheres of chitosan/β-cyclodextrin and carboxymethyl chitosan/β-cyclodextrin loaded theophylline as pulmonary sustained drug delivery carriers, the characteristics and ciliotoxicity were studied. The drug loadings of chitosan/β-cyclodextrin and carboxymethyl chitosan/β-cyclodextrin microspheres were 21.09% and 21.42%, and the encapsulation efficiencies were 91.40% and 92.80%. The distributions of 50% (d _0.5) of chitosan/β-cyclodextrin and carboxymethyl chitosan/β-cyclodextrin microspheres were 4.89 and 5.83 μm, respectively. Both microspheres showed spherical shape with smooth or wrinkled surfaces. FT-IR of chitosan/β-cyclodextrin microspheres demonstrated that theophylline had formed hydrogen bonds with chitosan and β-cyclodextrin, while for the carboxymethyl chitosan/β-cyclodextrin microspheres theophylline had interaction with carboxymethyl chitosan. The moisture absorption showed that an equilibrium was reached within 24 h. The two microspheres possessed better adaptability. In vitro release of theophylline from chitosan/β-cyclodextrin microspheres was slower than that from carboxymethyl chitosan/β-cyclodextrin microspheres at pH 6.8. Biography: LI Ruobao(1968–), male, Associate professor, research direction: foundation research of respiratory system.     

促进种子萌发的重楼内生菌的筛选

通过比较60株重楼内生细菌发酵液的水相提取液和有机相提取液对冬小麦种子萌发的影响,发现8株细菌的有机相提取物具有促萌发作用.将其中4株细菌的发酵液依次用石油醚、氯仿、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇进行萃取,蒸干物用甲醇溶解并稀释成不同浓度处理冬小麦种子.结果表明:肠杆菌属74#菌的石油醚相提取物、不动杆菌属108#菌的氯仿相提取物、芽孢杆菌属138#菌的氯仿相提取物和克雷白氏杆菌属149#菌的乙酸乙酯相提取物的促萌作用较强(p0.05);其中芽孢杆菌属138#菌的氯仿相提取物的1/2稀释液的促萌作用最强(p0.01).     

CaCO3纳米晶须对PBT/PE/LCI杂化材料性能的影响

合成了一种CaCO3纳米晶须和主链含磺酸基的液晶离聚物(LCI),采用熔融共混法制备了PBT/PE/LCI/CaCO3纳米晶须杂化材料.通过DSC,红外图像系统和拉伸试验对共混体系的热行为、形态结构和力学性能进行了研究.结果表明:在共混体系中加入质量分数为3%LCI时,提高了PBT的结晶温度和结晶度,并且分散相均匀地分散在PBT基体中,证实LCI发挥增容剂的作用;当LCI质量分数为3%和CaCO3纳米晶须质量分数为5%时,杂化材料的力学性能达到了最大值,证实了LCI同时起到了增容和增强作用.     

A comparative study of n -alkane biomarker and pollen records: an example from southern China

We report the results of a comparative study of n-alkane biomarkers and pollens in lacustrine and peat deposits at Dingnan, Jiangxi Province in southern China, and discuss the likely causes for the discrepancy in the interpretations of the n-alkane biomarker and pollen records in terms of climate and vegetation change. The results show that past changes in climate and vegetation revealed by the n-alkane record are not always consistent with the pollen assemblage record in the whole section. Biomarkers do not permit direct identification of the plant family and/or genus and mainly record compositions of local plant remains, while pollens mainly reflect the regional vegetation change. Biomarkers and pollen records complement each other, providing a better picture of local and regional environments. Furthermore, biomarkers are more sensitive than pollen to climatic and vegetational change. Several climatic events are clearly identified by the n-alkane biomarker proxies, such as C₃₁/(C₂₇+C₂₉+C ₃₁) ratio and can be correlated to the North Atlantic Heinrich event, B/A, YD and two dry-cool events during the early Holocene such as the periods of 9850 to 9585 cal a B.P. and 8590 to 7920 cal a B.P. These events are consistent with those found in the surrounding regions, suggesting that the regional climate was coupled with global-scale abrupt climatic events. Our results suggest that biomarker and pollen data can record the more detailed climate and vegetation information, thus improving the resolution and precision of vegetation and climate reconstruction. Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40602004) and National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2004CB720200)     

秀丽线虫对根际益生菌P13和S3-1传播作用及对植物生长的影响

通过缓慢杀线实验、偏好性实验和共培养毒性实验分析了秀丽线虫(Caenorhabditis elegans)对荧光假单胞菌P13(Pseudomonas fluorescens P13)和解淀粉芽孢杆菌S3-1(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens S3-1)传播的可能性.通过显微观察与平板稀释涂布对秀丽线虫细菌携带作用进行了定性、定量分析,并对细菌—线虫—植物三者交互作用进行初步探究.结果发现,P13和S3-1对秀丽线虫的慢性致死率分别为12.12%和3.00%,每10 s身体弯曲次数分别为4.68和4.33.相对于尿嘧啶缺陷型大肠杆菌(OP50),线虫对P13和S3-1选择系数分别为0.13和0.52,P13、S3-1携带菌量分别为(4.02×103±47)和(9.67×102±22)CFU/条.携细菌线虫将细菌定向传播至植物根际,细菌定殖菌量为105CFU,有效促进植物生长发育.     

红树蚬与歪红树蚬形态差异分析

【目的】从形态上区分红树蚬(Polymesoda erosa)和歪红树蚬(Polymesoda expansa)。【方法】运用多变量形态度量学分析方法,采用14项生物学形态性状指标比较广西廉州湾草头村红树林的红树蚬与歪红树蚬的差异。【结果】方差分析结果显示,1个比例性状达到差异显著水平(P0.05),12个比例性状达到差异极显著水平(P0.01)。主成分分析构建了4个主成分,第1主成分贡献率为30.70%,第2主成分贡献率为17.76%,第3主成分贡献率为10.11%,第4主成分贡献率为7.80%,累计贡献率为66.37%。逐步判别分析建立判别函数,其判别准确率p1为81.7%~89.0%,p2为81.7%~87.5%,综合判别率为86.0%。【结论】壳高、壳宽、韧带长、韧带宽等性状决定红树蚬和歪红树蚬两个种间的形态差异,判别方程可以有效将上述种群区分开来。