Characterizations of dissimilar S32205/316L welds using austenitic,super-austenitic and super-duplex filler metals

UNS S32205 duplex stainless steel plates were welded to AISI 316L stainless steel using the pulsed gas tungsten arc welding process with three different filler metals: ER2594, ER312, and ER385. The microstructures of the welds were characterized using optical and scanning electron microscopy, and all of the specimens were evaluated by ferrite measurements. The mechanical properties were studied through hardness, tensile, and impact tests. In addition, the pitting resistance equivalent number was calculated and cyclic polarization tests were performed to evaluate the corrosion resistance of the weld metal. The results showed that chromium nitride was formed in the heat-affected zone of the duplex side, whereas no sigma phase was detected in any of the specimens. The ferrite number increased from the root pass to the final pass. The absorbed energies of the impact test decreased with increasing ferrite number, whereas the tensile strength was enhanced. The fully austenitic microstructure of the specimen welded with ER385 exhibited the highest resistance to pitting corrosion at 25°C, and the super-duplex weld metal presented superior corrosion resistance at 50°C.     

Microstructures and mechanical properties of dissimilar Nd:YAG laser weldments of AISI4340 and AISI316L steels

This paper presents studies on the microstructure and mechanical properties of AISI 316L stainless steel and AISI 4340 low-alloy steel joints formed by the Nd:YAG laser welding process. The weld microstructures and heat affected zones (HAZs) were investigated. Austenitic microstructures were observed in all of the samples. The sizes of the HAZs changed when the heat input was varied, and the 316L sides exhibited a larger HAZ. The cooling rates were calculated by measuring the solidification dendrite arm spacing. It is shown that high cooling rates lead to an austenitic microstructure. Tensile tests were carried out, and the results revealed the tensile properties of both the base metals and the weldments. The hardness test results agreed well with the tensile test results.     

316L不锈钢应力腐蚀研究进展

316L不锈钢具备良好的力学性能、焊接性能、耐蚀性能,被广泛应用于化工管道、船舶及核电等领域。因其应用环境复杂,316L不锈钢在特定介质环境和拉应力的协同作用下,易发生应力腐蚀开裂,导致严重事故。概述了316L不锈钢应力腐蚀裂纹萌生及扩展的规律,总结了其应力腐蚀的阳极溶解和氢致开裂两种微观主导机制的特点。在此基础上,针对介质环境、材料、表面应力状态3个影响因素,综述了近年来通过调节介质环境的pH、溶液浓度、引入压应力、优化微观结构及涂层工艺等方面,改善316L不锈钢应力腐蚀性能的研究进展。最后,基于316L不锈钢面临的应力腐蚀问题,从应力腐蚀机制和防护措施两方面展望了316L不锈钢应力腐蚀的研究热点和方向。     

Reverse-transformation austenite structure control with micro/nanometer size

To control the reverse-transformation austenite structure through manipulation of the micro/nanometer grain structure, the influences of cold deformation and annealing parameters on the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of 316L austenitic stainless steel were investigated. The samples were first cold-rolled, and then samples deformed to different extents were annealed at different temperatures. The microstructure evolutions were analyzed by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), magnetic measurements, and X-ray diffraction (XRD); the mechanical properties are also determined by tensile tests. The results showed that the fraction of stain-induced martensite was approximately 72% in the 90% cold-rolled steel. The micro/nanometric microstructure was obtained after reversion annealing at 820-870℃ for 60 s. Nearly 100% reversed austenite was obtained in samples annealed at 850℃, where grains with a diameter ≤ 500 nm accounted for 30% and those with a diameter >0.5 μm accounted for 70%. The micro/nanometer-grain steel exhibited not only a high strength level (approximately 959 MPa) but also a desirable elongation of approximately 45%.     

热等静压316L不锈钢致密体的组织与性能

采用热等静压方法对气雾化316L奥氏体不锈钢粉末致密化,用箱式电阻炉对致密体进行了固溶处理,研究了固溶前后致密体的显微组织和力学性能,并对其拉伸断口形貌进行了分析．结果表明：热等静压态致密体密度接近理论全致密,内部组织为细小的奥氏体,存在较多的碳化物,抗拉强度、屈服强度分别达到595．3MPa和263．3MPa,延伸率为58．3％,硬度为HBS152．3;固溶处理使致密体强度和硬度降低,塑性增加,且随着固溶温度的提高,强度迅速降低,塑性明显提高,最佳固溶温度为1050℃;在固溶温度为1050℃和水冷的情况下,最佳保温时间为20min;固溶处理前后拉伸试样断口呈现明显的韧性断裂,固溶韧性好于固溶前的,均高于热轧态产品的韧性．     

双相不锈钢管道焊接残余应力参数的数值模拟

焊接残余应力一直为人们所关注，其大小和分布与焊接热源、接头形式和材料性能等多种因素有关，作者利用热弹塑性理论为基础的有限元数值模拟技术，对SAF2205双相不锈铜管道接头环焊缝残余应力进行有限元数值模拟，得到了管道内外表面残余应力的分布规律，即，在管道的焊缝及近缝区，内表面轴向残余应力是拉伸应力，外表面轴向残余应力是压缩应力，而内外表面环向残余应力都是拉应力；研究了不同的焊接线能量、管内径与壁厚比值R1／d和多层焊对焊接残余应力的影响，结果表明，残余应力受焊接能量变化的影响不大，外表面残余应力和内表面轴向残余应力部随着壁厚增大而增大，多层焊的残余应力有不同程度降低。     

工艺参数对选区激光熔化成型316L不锈钢组织结构的影响

选区激光熔化技术(selective laser melting,SLM)在制造高精度复杂零件方面具有很大的优势,这种零件加工方法具有节省材料、低成本和高速度的优点,在机械零件制造、生物医学和发电机制造领域具有广阔的发展前景。为研究不同工艺参数对选区激光熔化成型的316L不锈钢组织结构的影响,通过选择性熔化成型技术制备316L不锈钢材料,分析不同成型方向的晶体结构和工艺参数对材料组织结构的影响,研究不同激光功率和扫描速度下不锈钢结构的变化。结果表明:垂直扫描方向且平行于沉积方向的平面晶体为鱼鳞状,扫描平面晶体为柱状晶且连续外延生长;激光功率和扫描速度的变化将对试样的组织结构产生相应的影响,激光功率偏小会使试样表面产生明显的孔洞现象,激光功率偏大试样表面会在孔洞的基础上产生"球化";扫描速度过小试样表面产生"球化",扫描速度过大则会使试样致密度变小,产生裂纹和孔洞。因此,由激光熔化技术制作的316L不锈钢金属试样需要选择适当的激光功率和扫描速度才能有效减少球化和孔洞的产生。     

奥氏体不锈钢焊接接头抗腐蚀性能研究

研究了不同焊接工艺对SUS316奥氏体不锈钢焊接接头的抗腐蚀性能。分别采用了钨极氩弧焊（TIG）、熔化极钨极氩弧焊（MIG）和钨极氩弧焊加填丝（TIG＋M）的方法焊接SUS316奥氏体不锈钢，焊接材料选用超低碳高铬镍焊丝H0Cr19Ni12Mo2。利用金相显微镜、晶间腐蚀实验和电化学腐蚀等的测试分析方法，对不同焊接工艺条件下的化学成分、显微组织和抗腐蚀性能进行了分析研究。结果表明，焊缝区抗晶间腐蚀性能依次为母材〉TIG＋M〉MIG〉TIG，焊缝区在硫酸溶液中的抗电压学腐蚀性能依次为；TIG＋M〉MIG〉TIG。     

TiC/316L复合材料的致密化和力学性能试验

采用真空烧结法制备出TiC颗粒增强316L不锈钢复合材料.通过对试样进行光学显微分析并测定其相对密度和拉伸性能,研究了增强相含量和模压压力对复合材料的致密化和拉力学性能的影响,并对断口形貌进行分析.结果表明:添加TiC颗粒有利于复合材料的烧结致密化;TiC颗粒的体积分数对复合材料的拉力学性能有较大影响,当TiC的体积分数从0%增加到10%时,复合材料的抗拉强度从543MPa提高到655MPa,而断裂应变却从0.325减至0.052;在较低的模压压力下,提高模压压力有利于复合材料的相对密度、抗拉强度的增加;但过高的模压压力会使试样在烧结后残余封闭孔隙,降低复合材料的塑性性能和抗拉强度.当模压压力为500MPa时,可得到相对密度高、组织致密、增强相颗粒分布均匀、拉伸性能良好的复合材料.     

Martensite transformation induced by deformation and its phase electrochemical behavior for stainless steels AISI 304 and 316L

The martensite transformation induced by tensile elongation and its effect on the behavior of phase electrochemistry of AISI 304 and 316L in 3.5% NaCl solution were studied. The results show that the content of α'-martensite in stainless steel 304 increases with the true strain. As α'-martensite content increased, free corrosion potential and pitting potential of stainless steel 304 in 3.5% NaCl solution appeared the change trend of a minimum. It was also found that pitting nucleated preferentially at the phase interfaces between martensite and austenite. There existed apparent difference between electrochemical properties of austenite and of martensite for stainless steel 304 and 316L in 3.5% NaCl solution.     

醋酸介质中T-403塔不锈钢填料腐蚀机理研究

某化工厂PTA装置氧化单元系统中铁离子含量增高，已影响到氧化反应效果，严重威胁稳定生产，分析认为铁离子主要来自T-403溶剂回收塔316L不锈钢填料的腐蚀．利用扫描电镜、电子探针、金相显微镜等现代物理和化学分析检测手段，观察了从T-403塔取出填料的微观形貌，测试分析了所用填料的主要化学成分及元素分布，对比了未使用和已腐蚀填料的金相显微结构、力学性能变化，研究分析了不锈钢填料的腐蚀机理．实验结果表明：不锈钢填料发生了严重的局部腐蚀，腐蚀形态为晶间腐蚀和小孔腐蚀．填料发生腐蚀后，强度和硬度明显降低．测试分析结果证明，贫铬导致晶间腐蚀，Br以及不锈钢钝化膜局部破损造成蚀孔．原填料质量存在问题，不锈钢填料的含碳量未达到超低碳316L不锈钢的标准．     

316L不锈钢动态再结晶行为

在Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机上, 通过高温压缩实验对316L不锈钢的动态再结晶行为进行了系统研究. 结果表明:316L不锈钢热变形加工硬化倾向性较大, 在真应力应变曲线上没有出现明显的应力峰值σ_p;316L不锈钢在热变形过程中发生了动态再结晶, 但只是在局部区域观察到了动态再结晶晶粒. 对动态再结晶的实验数据进行拟合, 得到316L不锈钢的热激活能和热变形方程, 并给出了发生动态再结晶的临界应变和临界应力以及Zener-Hollomon参数和稳态应力的关系.     

试件尺寸对金属材料Hopkinson拉杆实验结果的影响研究

分离式Hopkinson拉杆是当前进行材料高应变率加载条件下力学行为的主要研究手段.受加载条件的限制，往往采用小尺寸的试件开展实验.因此，试件在加工过程中的加工硬化对实验结果会产生一定的影响，从而不能完全反映真实材料的力学性能.为研究这一效应的影响，首先利用微纳米压痕法测量了小尺寸不锈钢试件沿表面厚度方向的维氏硬度变化规律，得到了加工硬化层的厚度及其对材料性能的影响.在此基础上，通过理论分析研究了加工硬化对试件拉伸试验结果的影响，并结合不同尺寸试件的准静态拉伸试验结果，给出了分离式Hopkinson拉杆动态拉伸结果的修正方法.     

Properties of passive film formed on 316L/2205 stainless steel by Mott-Schottky theory and constant current polarization method

Semiconductor properties of the passive films formed on 316L and 2205 stainless steel were studied by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy(EIS) in the high-temperature acetic acid.The results showed that the corrosion resistance of 2205 was higher than that of 316L,and the passive films formed on 316L and 2205 stainless steel showed p-type and n-type semiconductor behavior,respectively.Destruction and self-repairing of passive films were studied by using the constant current polarization method.The result...     

钝化预处理对316L不锈钢在漂液中电化学腐蚀性能的影响

采用电化学测试、SEM分析等方法,研究了316 L不锈钢在质量分数为30%的浓硝酸溶液及98%硫酸+20 g/L硝酸钾混合液两种钝化剂预处理后的特性,以及在ClO2漂液中的电化学抗腐蚀性能。结果表明,316 L不锈钢在25℃、30%硝酸介质中处理30 min时抗点蚀能力ΔE可达到773 mV,钝化效果较好。EIS图谱表明:316 L不锈钢在ClO2漂液中具有双容抗弧特征,钝化处理容抗弧半径较未钝化的增大,处理后的316 L不锈钢在60℃出现了Warburg阻抗;钝化膜的外层电阻和内层电阻均比未钝化的大。经钝化处理后的316 L不锈钢在ClO2漂液中的受腐蚀速率较未钝化的降低近一半,与钛材相比耐蚀性较差,但能在一定条件下起到减缓腐蚀的作用。     

不锈钢较粗粉末的注射成形

研究了粒度为－２００目的不锈钢３１６粉末的注射成形。通过原材料的选择，注射成形工艺和性能测试等实验工作发现，用较粗粉末作注射成形，也可以得到密度较高的制品，并且有较稳定的收缩率，很好的韧性和硬度，说明用不锈钢粉末注射成形法制造生产实际中的零件是完全可行的。     

核用A-TIG焊活性剂配比及对焊缝性能影响

以碳钢P265GH和不锈钢321为试验对象,结果表明,在相同焊接工艺参数下,涂刷配制出的活性剂,可大大增加焊接焊缝熔深,对于板件厚度在8 mm以下时,可无需开坡口、不用填丝,一次完成焊接过程,单面焊双面成形.并对焊缝接头进行相关的物理、化学分析,得到的焊缝宏观成形良好、熔深明显较常规TIG大,微观金相组织、力学性能均满足核电安装的焊接要求.     

不锈钢薄板激光点焊工艺对金相组织的影响分析

以厚度为0.5 mm的304不锈钢薄板作为研究对象,通过实验探讨了不同工艺下激光点焊的金相组织、力学性能.经过焊点金相微观组织的观察和焊点拉伸强度的试验,可得出结论:激光点焊焊接质量良好,很少出现气孔、飞溅、焊接裂纹、未熔透、未熔合等焊接缺陷,而且不同的激光功率密度或加热时间,对焊点的形貌、尺寸和金相组织有很大影响; 焊点处的耐腐蚀性强度比母材低,而且大部分焊点拉伸位移达到1.5 mm左右就会断裂,平均拉伸强度比母材低281.2 MPa,但平均屈服强度比母材高,满足不锈钢薄板作为换热器的需求.     

含氮316L不锈钢氮合金化工艺研究

在常压和真空条件下研究了温度与氮分压对316L不锈钢中氮溶解度的影响,钢中氮的溶解度随着温度的降低而升高,随着氮分压的增大而增大.建立了316L不锈钢氮溶解度热力学计算模型,不同吹氮条件下氮溶解度实测值与热力学模型计算值较吻合.在1773～1873K条件下,生产控氮型316L不锈钢,氮分压要控制在6～28kPa以上;生产中氮型316L不锈钢,氮分压要控制在22～101kPa以上.常压下吹氮10min,钢液含氮量即可超过0.10%.     

液固流动相中不锈钢耐颗粒冲刷腐蚀性能研究

采用自制的旋转冲刷腐蚀失重装置，研究了湿法磷酸中固体颗粒的性质，如固含量，粒径等环境参数对不锈钢316L和904L冲刷腐蚀速率的影响，并在扫描电镜下观察了不锈钢腐蚀的形貌，试验结果表明，CaSO4结晶颗粒固含量质量分数由10％增加到50％时，冲刷腐蚀速率有所增大，316L不锈钢主要以腐蚀为主，且表现为晶间腐蚀，当浆体中含有SiO2固体颗粒时，液相腐蚀性得到降低，虽然不锈钢904L耐液相腐蚀性能优良，但耐冲刷（磨损）性能较差，尤其当SiO2粒径增大时，冲刷腐蚀速率明显增大。