Tribological behavior of CrN-coated Cr-Mo-V steels used as die materials

DIN 1.2343 and 1.2367 steels are commonly used as die materials in aluminum extrusion, and single/duplex/multi-coatings enhance their surface properties. The design of an appropriate substrate/coating system is important for improving the tribological performance of these steels under service conditions because the load-carrying capacity of the system can be increased by decreasing the plastic deformation of the substrate. In this study, the tribological behavior of CrN-coated Cr-Mo-V steels (DIN 1.2343, 1.2367, and 1.2999 grades) was investigated using different setups and tribological pairs at room and elevated temperatures. The aim of this study was to reveal the wear resistance of a suggested system (1.2999/CrN) not yet studied and to understand both the wear and the failure characteristics of coated systems. The results showed that (i) among the steels studied, the DIN 1.2999 grade steel exhibited the lowest friction coefficient because it had the highest load-carrying capacity as a result of secondary hardening at elevated temperatures; (ii) at room temperature, both abrasive tracks and adhesive layers were observed on the worn surfaces; and (iii) a combination of chemical reactions and progressive oxidation caused aluminum adhesion on the worn surface, and the detachment of droplets and microcracking were the characteristic damage mechanisms at high temperatures.     

Mechanical analysis of superplastic bulge in a cylindrical die

Previous mechanical analytical theories of superplastic bulge into a shaped die are all based on uniform thinning assumption, but in fact, the thinning process is obviously non-uniform. In this paper, the non-uniform thinning mechanical analytical equations of superplastic bulge in a cylindrical die based on superplastic bulge constitutive equation with variable m are established and verified by experiments performed on typical superplastic material ZnAl4Cu alloy sheet. Experimental results show that the non-uniform thinning mechanical analytical model can reflect the deformation process of bulging in a cylindrical die.     

Implementation of the finite deformation plastic theory-Tensor derivative and metal forging simulation

It has been shown that the traditional small deformation plasticity can be transplanted to the finite deformation plasticity by using the logarithmic strain measure only. In this way, the mathematical problem of how to find the derivative of a tensor function arises. In this paper, a general method for finding the derivative of a tensor function is proposed. Several metal forging examples are given.During the calculation, the mesh regeneration is not even invoked.     

基于语料库的英语学习——以die of与die from的对比研究为例

英语作为第二外语,词汇的准确掌握使用一直是横亘在学习者面前的难点。本文通过对die of和die from在BNC语料库中检索情况的归纳介绍,探讨了英语词汇教学与语料库的使用相结合的可行性,以及与传统英语学习模式的比较。     

Effects of hot compression deformation temperature on the microstructure and properties of Al-Zr-La alloys

The main goal of this study is to investigate the microstructure and electrical properties of Al-Zr-La alloys under different hot compression deformation temperatures. In particular, a Gleeble 3500 thermal simulator was used to carry out multi-pass hot compression tests. For five-pass hot compression deformation, the last-pass deformation temperatures were 240, 260, 300, 340, 380, and 420℃, respectively, where the first-pass deformation temperature was 460℃. The experimental results indicated that increasing the hot compression deformation temperature with each pass resulted in improved electrical conductivity of the alloy. Consequently, the flow stress was reduced after deformation of the samples subjected to the same number of passes. In addition, the dislocation density gradually decreased and the grain size increased after hot compression deformation. Furthermore, the dynamic recrystallization behavior was effectively suppressed during the hot compression process because spherical Al₃Zr precipitates pinned the dislocation movement effectively and prevented grain boundary sliding.     

Global asymptotic stability of cellular neural networks with multiple delays

Global asymptotic stability (GAS) is discussed for cellular neural networks (CNN) with multiple time delays. Several criteria are proposed to ascertain the uniqueness and global asymptotic stability of the equilibrium point for the CNN with delays. These criteria can eliminate the difference between the neuronal excitatory and inhibitory effects. Two examples are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the criteria.     

Sub-classes and evolution stability of Wolfram''s classesin the total-rule cellular automata

In this paper, we propose a concept of sub-classes and its evolution stability for the Wolfram's classes. Firstly, we obtain the sub-classes of the Wolfram's class IV, gene-piece of these sub-classes and their existing circumstance. Secondly, we introduce a new concept, the evolution stability, for the Wolfram's classes and sub-classes of Wolfram's class IV. Lastly, we find that Wolfram's classes I, II, and III have the evolution stability, but sub-classes of the Wolfram's class IV have not the evolution stability for the total rule cellular automata.     

Linear stability of numerical methods for systems of functional differential equations with a proportional delay

The numerical solution of functional differential equations with a proportional delay is considered. The stability of general linear methods for linear systems of neutral type is investigated. It is shown that a general linear method with strict stability at infinity can preserve the asymptotic stability of the underlying system if we employ an appropriate equi-stage interpolation to approximate the delay argument.     

Thermal stability and magnetic properties of Fe–Co–M–Zr–Nb–Ge–B(M=Mo,Cr) bulk metallic glasses

Fe62Co8 xMxZr6Nb4Ge1B19(M=Mo, Cr) bulk metallic glasses were synthesized in the diameter range up to 2 mm by copper mold casting,which exhibit high thermal stability and large glass-forming ability. The super-cooled liquid region diminishes by the dissolution of Mo. The addition of 2 at% Cr leads to the broading of the liquid region remarkably, resulting in the improvement of thermal stability. The crystallization takes place through a single exothermic reaction, accompanying the precipitation of more than three kinds of crystallized phases such as α-Fe,Fe2Zr and ZrB2. The Fe-based alloys show soft ferromagnetic properties. The saturation magnetization(ss) decreases with increasing Mo or Cr content while the saturated magnetostriction increases with raising Mo or Cr content. There is no evident change in the ssand coercive force(Hc)with annealing temperature below the crystallization temperature, which suggests a more relaxed atomic configuration the glasses have. The crystallization causes a substantial enhancement in both ssand Hc. Each soft magnetic property of the glasses containing Cr with higher thermal stability is superior to that of the alloys containing Mo.     

主动螺旋伞齿轮闭塞模锻物理模拟

根据金属流动趋势设计了主动螺旋伞齿轮的预制坯;开式模锻螺旋伞齿轮试验结果显示,模具结构复杂,所产锻件有飞边;采用闭塞模锻成形了螺旋伞齿轮铅试件,揭示了闭塞模锻主动螺旋伞齿轮成形过程,说明了用闭塞模锻工艺成形主动螺旋伞齿轮的可行性;通过铅试件网格试验,揭示出在闭塞模锻中金属内部质点的流动规律、金属流线分布趋势及纤维状况,说明了锻造齿轮内在质量高的原因;提出采用局部加热,以工件柄部代替大端冲头,设计大、小端双动冲头闭塞模锻模具的创意．研究结果表明,螺旋伞齿轮闭塞模锻铅试样物理模拟对该类零件精密成形工艺制定及模具设计具有重要指导意义．     

锻模设计知识管理系统的规划与实现

针对锻模行业中普遍存在的知识利用率不高、知识资源流失严重的现象,按功能不同将锻模设计知识进行梳理并分为5大知识模块,基于J2EE平台建立支持锻模产品设计的知识管理系统．进一步对知识形式划分为数据型、规则型等6大类,分别提出了知识的表示方法．分别从深层知识和浅层知识2个方面开发知识获取方式,构建数据和知识结合、常规数据处理与基于知识的处理结合的广义知识库系统．最后以整体锻模为设计对象,提出知识管理系统和CAX设计自动化系统集成与融接模型．     

用高速钢W18Cr4V扁锭锻造方坯时内部裂纹的研究

在微机上采用刚－粘塑性有限元分析法对高速钢锻造过程进行了模拟研究，发现纵向裂纹主要是由于锻造过程中双鼓形的存在，使锻平时横截面内出现较大横向拉应力，其数值超过坯料强度而形成的。据此提了合理工艺参数和改进锻造工艺的措施，有限元分析结果与实际相符。     

Cr-Co-Mo-Ni齿轮钢的热变形行为及模锻工艺的有限元模拟

在Gleeble-3800热模拟试验机上进行大变形等温压缩试验,研究Cr-Co-Mo-Ni齿轮钢的高温热变形行为和显微组织,分析材料流变应力与变形温度和应变速率的关系,建立热变形过程的本构方程和热加工图.该材料的流变应力随着温度的升高而下降,随应变速率的增加而增加;用双曲正弦函数式可描述其在热变形过程中的流变应力,热变形活化能为487.21kJ·mol-1;热加工图显示的适宜加工区间为温度1000～1100℃,应变速率0.1 ～1s-1.在热模拟试验基础上进行该钢种锻造工艺的有限元模拟,并结合热加工图分析初锻温度和加工道次对于锻件温度和应变速率的影响,得出适宜的模锻工艺参数为初锻温度1000～1100℃,锻造道次15次.     

Al对热挤压模具钢 SDAH13连续冷却转变规律的影响

采用热膨胀仪测定Al质量分数分别为0.77%和1.43%以及无Al的热挤压模具钢SDAH13的连续冷却转变曲线,并结合光学显微镜、扫描电镜及显微硬度仪分析Al元素对SDAH13钢相变点、连续转变规律、组织以及硬度的影响.结果表明：Al元素显著提高SDAH13钢的Ac1、Ac3和Ms点,降低淬火残留奥氏体含量,同时扩大铁素体及奥氏体两相区.在1060℃奥氏体化温度下,Al元素对SDAH13钢贝氏体相变的临界冷速(0.30℃·s-1)无明显影响,但使贝氏体相区变宽,Al质量分数分别为0.77%和1.43%的SDAH13钢的珠光体相变的临界冷速(0.05℃·s-1和0.3℃·s-1)均高于无Al的SDAH13钢的临界冷速(0.02℃·s-1),且Al质量分数为1.43%的SDAH13钢在0.02~0.08℃·s-1冷速下出现先共析铁素体组织. Al的加入还使SDAH13钢淬火硬度有所降低.     

Nb--Ti微合金化热冲压成形用钢的微观组织与力学性能

利用扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)对Nb-Ti微合金化热成形钢的微观组织进行观察,采用Kahn撕裂试验对其韧性和撕裂性能进行了研究,并利用Thermo-Calc热力学软件对其析出行为和析出粒子成分进行分析计算.结果表明,含碳质量分数0.13%的热成形钢在Nb-Ti微合金化后的组织为马氏体,和传统热成形钢(22MnB5)相比其奥氏体晶粒、板条块和板条束都得到细化,并且其抗拉强度达到1500 MPa以上,撕裂强度和单位面积裂纹扩展能分别达到1878 MPa、436 kN·m-1.在950℃奥氏体化时,Nb-Ti合金元素几乎全部以析出粒子形式存在,能有效阻止奥氏体晶粒长大.另外在基体中主要存在两种析出物,一种是尺寸在100~200 nm的Ti(C,N);另一种是纳米级别的钛铌复合碳氮化物,能有效强化基体,提高强度.     

W18Cr4V钢凹模坯热处理软化工艺试验

分析了W 18Cr4V钢凹模在冷冲压成型时开裂的原因 ,进行了几种W 18Cr4V钢热处理软化工艺试验 ,观察组织并测定力学性能 ,得到可用于生产实际的W 18Cr4V钢凹模坯热处理软化工艺     

低温压力容器钢回火过程组织转变规律

以07MnNiMoVDR钢为研究对象,通过热膨胀试验、TEM检测相结合的方法,研究其回火过程中各回火温度区间中组织转变和碳化物析出的变化规律.结果表明:300℃回火时,残余奥氏体分解,片状θ-碳化物位于仍具有较高位错密度的α相板条之间;650℃回火时,α相除回复外,部分α相还发生了再结晶,析出物分布于已回复的板条之间以及再结晶晶界上.     

300MN模锻水压机动梁驱动系统锻压速度动态响应特性

考虑流体的可压缩性、粘性阻力及工作框架系统变形等因素,采用解析法建立300 MN模锻水压机动梁驱动系统分配阀口、液压管道、液压缸的流量方程以及动梁和上横梁的动力学方程,得到驱动系统的动态机液耦合模型.研究结果表明,仿真和试验研究结果相互吻合;动梁速度在阀芯开启瞬间瞬变载荷作用下发生变化,响应时间约为0.7 s;必须采取针对性控制策略以确保速度控制精度.