Microstructure evolution and thixoforming behavior of 7075 aluminum alloy in the semi-solid state prepared by RAP method

The effects of isothermal treatments on the microstructural evolution and coarsening rate of semi-solid 7075 aluminum alloy produced via the recrystallization and partial remelting (RAP) process were investigated. Samples of 7075 aluminum alloy were subjected to cold extrusion, and semi-solid treatment was carried out for 5–30 min at temperatures ranging from 580 to 605°C. A backward-extrusion experiment was conducted to investigate liquid segregation during the thixoforming process. The results revealed that obvious grain coarsening and spheroidization occurred during prolonged isothermal treatments. In addition, higher soaking temperatures promoted the spheroidization and coarsening process because of the increased liquid fraction and the melting of second phases. Segregation of the liquid phase caused by the difference in fluidity between the liquid and the solid phases was observed in different regions of the thixoformed specimens.     

Microstructural evolution in Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Sc-Zr alloys during short-time homogenization

Microstructural evolution in a new kind of aluminum (Al) alloy with the chemical composition of Al-8.82Zn-2.08Mg-0.80Cu-0.31Sc-0.3Zr was investigated. It is found that the secondary phase MgZn₂ is completely dissolved into the matrix during a short homogenization treatment (470℃, 1 h), while the primary phase Al₃(Sc,Zr) remains stable. This is due to Sc and Zr additions into the Al alloy, high Zn/Mg mass ratio, and low Cu content. The experimental findings fit well with the results calculated by the homogenization diffusion kinetics equation. The alloy shows an excellent mechanical performance after the short homogenization process followed by hot-extrusion and T6 treatment. Consequently, a good combination of low energy consumption and favorable mechanical properties is obtained.     

低碳微合金钢回火过程的组织演变规律

采用膨胀实验和差式扫描量热实验,结合SEM、TEM和显微硬度测试,研究了低碳微合金钢700L在回火过程中的组织演变规律。结果表明,700L钢回火过程包括5个阶段:渗碳体I的析出(50～200℃)、残余奥氏体的分解(200～300℃)、渗碳体II的析出(250～400℃)、合金碳化物的析出(450～580℃)和Mn的分配(580～650℃)。在2℃/min的升温速率下,钢中渗碳体析出、合金碳化物析出及Mn分配三个阶段存在明显的硬度改变,而且合金碳化物析出阶段试样的体积改变最显著,这可能是影响钢中残余应力演变的重要阶段。     

356铝合金液相线半连续铸造组织的研究

研究了液相线半连续铸造条件对356铝合金组织的影响·结果表明,合金熔体在常规铸造温度(720℃)下浇注获得的锭坯边部和中心部位的组织都是粗大的枝晶,极不均匀;在略高于液相线温度(625℃)保温30min后的铸造组织边部是细小枝晶组织,中心部位是均匀的近球形晶粒组织;在液相线温度(615℃)保温后进行半连续铸造获得的锭坯中心和边部组织均是均匀、细小的近球形组织,晶粒的平均等积圆直径为25～35μm,平均圆度为1.75～2·另外,一次冷却强度的降低、二次冷却强度的增大和铸造速度的减小有利于均匀、细小的近球形组织的形成·     

蛇形通道制备半固态A380铝合金浆料组织的演变

采用石墨质蛇形通道制备半固态A380铝合金浆料,并研究浆料制备过程中浆料组织的演变. 结果显示,合金熔体在蛇形通道内发生一次凝固,在其通道内壁的激冷和异质形核作用下形成大量的初生自由晶,半固态浆料的剩余液相在收集坩埚内发生二次凝固形成二次非枝晶. 初生晶粒的游离模型表明一部分初生自由晶直接生长为球晶,其他部分则成长为枝晶,枝晶在自搅拌的作用下发生缩颈和熔断,通过自旋转在蛇形通道内得到初步球化和熟化. 二次凝固形成的二次非枝晶在收集坩埚内得到初步球化和熟化,同时初生晶粒在收集坩埚内得到进一步球化、熟化和均匀分布.     

Q&P钢配分过程中的组织演变

利用扫描电镜、透射电镜、X射线衍射和电子探针等研究了0.2C--1.51Si--1.84Mn钢在配分阶段组织的演变情况.配分温度为400℃时,碳在10 s时就可以完成配分,得到残余奥氏体最大体积分数为13.4%.随着配分时间的增长,钢中马氏体发生回火现象,奥氏体发生分解,强度、延伸率降低.当配分时间达到1000 s时,屈服强度、延伸率突然升高.分析认为马氏体回火带来的塑性提高抵消了残余奥氏体量减少引起的塑性降低,并且由于渗碳体和碳化物的析出,变形时阻碍位错的运动,从而提高了屈服强度.通过电子探针分析说明配分阶段发生了碳的扩散,随着配分时间的增长,发生了渗碳体和碳化物的析出,降低了残余奥氏体中碳的含量.     

Mg-Zn-Gd合金中二十面体准晶相组织演变分析

通过高频感应熔炼法制备Mg-Zn-Gd合金,利用XRD、SEM、TEM和EDS等对不同成分及不同冷却条件下所制合金的微观组织及相组成进行表征。结果表明,在MgzZn(97-z)Gd3(27z57)合金中,其主要组织为二十面体准晶相(I相)、Mg7Zn3及Mg2Zn3,其中Gd元素的含量决定准晶相的生成,且I相中x(Gd)稳定在6.5%~7.5%;随着Mg/Zn比的增大(1/3x(Mg)/x(Zn)1)或者熟化时间的延长,I相形貌由空心多边形演变为具有五次对称性的花瓣状。     

恒定剪切作用下全尾膏体微观结构演化特征

全尾砂膏体作为一种塑性流体,其内部结构的形貌特征与浆体流动性能紧密相关,研究剪切过程中微观结构的演化特征,对于分析膏体管道输送及制备工艺中的流动行为具有十分重要的意义.本文借助扫描电镜技术,拍摄了不同搅拌时间的膏体微观结构图像.综合应用计算机图像处理技术和分形理论,估算了膏体微结构的分形盒维数,提出以结构系数λ作为微结构形貌特征的表征指标,建立了搅拌过程中微结构时间演化过程的数学模型.某铅锌尾矿膏体相关实验的结果表明：其结构系数λ随搅拌时间急剧减小,并逐渐趋于平缓,最终达到某一平衡状态.通过对实验数据的拟合,得到其演化模型相关的破坏系数及恢复系数,分别为0.171及0.491.     

Microstructural evolution of a heat-treated H23 tool steel

The microstructure and the stability of carbides after heat treatments in an H23 tool steel were investigated. The heat treatments consisted of austenization at two different austenizing temperatures (1100℃ and 1250℃), followed by water quenching and double-aging at 650℃, 750℃, and 800℃ with air cooling between the first and second aging treatments. Martensite did not form in the as-quenched microstructures, which consisted of a ferrite matrix, M₆C, M₇C₃, and MC carbides. The double-aged microstructures consisted of a ferrite matrix and MC, M₆C, M₇C₃, and M₂₃C₆ carbides. Secondary hardening as a consequence of secondary precipitation of fine M₂C carbides did not occur. There was disagreement between the experimental microstructure and the results of thermodynamic calculations. The highest double-aged hardness of the H23 tool steel was 448 HV after austenization at 1250℃ and double-aging at 650℃, which suggested that this tool steel should be used at temperatures below 650℃.     

Effect of microstructure on the breakage of tin bronze machining chips during pulverization via jet milling

In this study, jet milling was used to recycle tin bronze machining chips into powder. The main purpose of this study was to assess the effect of the microstructure of tin bronze machining chips on their breakage behavior. An experimental target jet mill was used to pulverize machining chips of three different tin bronze alloys containing 7wt%, 10wt%, and 12wt% of tin. Optical and electron microscopy, as well as sieve analysis, were used to follow the trend of pulverization. Each alloy exhibited a distinct rate of size reduction, particle size distribution, and fracture surface appearance. The results showed that the degree of pulverization substantially increased with increasing tin content. This behavior was attributed to the higher number of machining cracks as well as the increased volume fraction of brittle δ phase in the alloys with higher tin contents. The δ phase was observed to strongly influence the creation of machining cracks as well as the nucleation and propagation of cracks during jet milling. In addition, a direct relationship was observed between the mean δ-phase spacing and the mean size of the jet-milled product; i.e., a decrease in the δ-phase spacing resulted in smaller particles.     

Microstructural evolution during ultra-rapid annealing of severely deformed low-carbon steel: strain,temperature, and heating rate effects

An interaction between ferrite recrystallization and austenite transformation in low-carbon steel occurs when recrystallization is delayed until the intercritical temperature range by employing high heating rate. The kinetics of recrystallization and transformation is affected by high heating rate and such an interaction. In this study, different levels of strain are applied to low-carbon steel using a severe plastic deformation method. Then, ultra-rapid annealing is performed at different heating rates of 200–1100℃/s and peak temperatures of near critical temperature. Five regimes are proposed to investigate the effects of heating rate, strain, and temperature on the interaction between recrystallization and transformation. The microstructural evolution of severely deformed low-carbon steel after ultra-rapid annealing is investigated based on the proposed regimes. Regarding the intensity and start temperature of the interaction, different microstructures consisting of ferrite and pearlite/martensite are formed. It is found that when the interaction is strong, the microstructure is refined because of the high kinetics of transformation and recrystallization. Moreover, strain shifts an interaction zone to a relatively higher heating rate. Therefore, severely deformed steel should be heated at relatively higher heating rates for it to undergo a strong interaction.     

Influence of process parameters on the microstructural evolution of a rear axle tube during cross wedge rolling

In the shaping process of cross wedge rolling (CWR), metal undergoes a complex microstructural evolution, which affects the quality and mechanical properties of the product. Through secondary development of the DEFORM-3D software, we developed a rigid plastic finite element model for a CWR-processed rear axle tube, coupled with thermomechanical and microstructural aspects of workpieces. Using the developed model, we investigated the microstructural evolution of the CWR process. Also, the influence of numerous parameters, including the initial temperature of workpieces, the roll speed, the forming angle, and the spreading angle, on the grain size and the grain-size uniformity of the rolled workpieces was analyzed. The numerical simulation was verified through rolling and metallographic experiments. Good agreement was obtained between the calculated and experimental results, which demonstrated the reliability of the model constructed in this work.     

低碳钢控制轧制的温度范围及组织变化

以碳(质量分数)0057%,锰(质量分数)091%的低碳钢为研究对象,在Gleeble1500热模拟实验机上利用喷水淬火法确定了应变诱导相变发生的上限温度Ad3·根据热变形过程中组织变化的主要过程将低碳钢的控制轧制分为3个阶段:Ad3以上、Ar3～Ad3之间以及Ar3以下·在3个温度范围内进行了不同参数的压缩实验,通过组织分析研究了变形过程中的组织变化·结果表明,在Ad3以上,变形过程中主要发生奥氏体的动态再结晶过程;Ar3～Ad3之间,变形过程中有应变诱导铁素体析出,且随着变形温度的降低、变形量的增加及变形速率的降低,铁素体量增加;在A...     

高温注氢对钒合金微观结构的影响

研究了500℃高温条件下注氢对V-4Cr、V-4Ti和V-4Cr-4Ti三种合金微观结构的影响。在注氢实验之前,V-4Cr合金的基体清晰干净,而V-4Ti和V-4Cr-4Ti两种合金的基体中则出现很多相互平行和垂直的针状析出相,且大部分析出相周围都存在着位错。在500℃注氢实验之后,V-4Cr合金基体中出现大量的分布不均的黑色点状缺陷和缺陷簇,而V-4Ti和V-4Cr-4Ti两种合金的基体中除产生点状缺陷外,还出现高密度的气泡,且V-4Cr-4Ti合金中气泡的平均尺寸要稍小一些。另外,V-4Ti和V-4Cr-4Ti合金基体中原有的析出相在注氢实验之后都发生不同程度的溶解。在观察V-4Cr-4Ti合金基体中气泡分布规律时发现,在距离晶界25 nm的范围内几乎看不到气泡的存在,由此推断晶界的存在可以抑制氢气泡等辐照缺陷的产生。     

基于元胞自动机的30CrMo钢动态再结晶组织演变规律研究

根据30CrMo钢的热模拟实验数据,建立了基于动态再结晶物理机制的位错密度、形核率及晶粒长大模型,并采用元胞自动机(CA)方法模拟了30CrMo钢在不同温度及应变速率下的微观组织演变规律。结果显示,通过CA方法模拟得到30CrMo钢的流变应力曲线及平均晶粒尺寸均与实验值吻合较好,所建模型的有效性和准确性得到验证。当应变速率一定时,变形温度越高越利于动态再结晶的充分进行,稳态下晶粒尺寸相对较大;而当变形温度一定时,高应变速率条件下材料的形核率较大,再结晶晶粒较细小。     

Deformation behavior and microstructural evolution during hot compression of an a+b Ti-6.5Al-3.5Mo-1.5Zr-0.3Si alloy

The effect of processing parameters on the flow response and microstructural evolution of the a+b titanium alloy Ti-6.5Al-3.5Mo-1.5Zr-0.3Si has been studied by conducting isothermal hot compressive tests at a strain rate of 0.01-10 s-1 at 860-1100°C. The true stress-true strain curves of the sample hot-compressed in the a+b phase region exhibit a peak stress followed by continuous flow softening, whereas in the b region, the flow stress attains a steady-state regime. At a strain rate of 10 s-1, the alloy exhibits plastic flow insta-bilities. According to the kinetic rate equation, the apparent activation energies are estimated to be about 674-705 kJ/mol in the a+b region and 308-335 kJ/mol in the b region, respectively. When deformed in the a+b region, the globularization process of the a colony structure occurs, and a dynamic recrystallized microstructures are observed to show bimodal. Dynamic recrystallization can take place in the b region irrespective of starting deformed structures.     

工业纯铝极薄带异步轧制过程中的织构演变

采用异步轧制工艺制备出工业纯铝极薄带,并利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)对其织构演变和微观组织进行分析。结果表明,随着变形程度的增加,工业纯铝的晶粒主要向β取向线聚集,形变织构中铜型织构(C){112}〈111〉和黄铜型织构(B){011}〈211〉逐渐增强,轧至100μm厚时试样中晶体取向密度达到最大值26,轧至30μm厚时其取向密度值下降至16,并逐渐形成旋转立方织构(RC){100}〈011〉;形变储能剧烈增加诱发工业纯铝在室温下发生再结晶过程,使系统能量降低,导致织构强度下降。     

Effect of dislocation structure evolution on low-angle grain boundary formation in 7050 aluminum alloy during aging

The effect of dislocation structure evolution on low-angle grain boundary formation in 7050 aluminum alloy during aging was studied by using optical microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and electron backscatter diffraction analysis of misorientation angle distribution, cumulative misorientation and geometrically necessary dislocation (GND) density. Experimental results indicate that coarse spindle-shaped grains with the dimension of 200 μm×80 μm separate into fine equiaxed grains of 20 μm in size as a result of newborn low-angle grain boundaries formed during the aging process. More specifically, the dislocation arrays, which are rearranged and formed due to scattered dislocations during earlier quenching, transform into low-angle grain boundaries with aging time. The relative frequency of 3°-5° low-angle grain boundaries increases to over 30%. The GND density, which describes low-angle grain boundaries with the misorientation angle under 3°, tends to decrease during initial aging. The inhomogeneous distribution of GNDs is affected by grain orientation. A decrease in GND density mainly occurs from 1.83×1013 to 4.40×1011 m-2 in grains with 〈111〉 fiber texture. This is consistent with a decrease of unit cumulative misorientation. Precipitation on grain boundaries and the formation of a precipitation free zone (PFZ) are facilitated due to the eroding activity of the Graff etchant. Consequently, low-angle grain boundaries could be readily viewed by optical microscopy due to an increase in their electric potential difference.     

2A12-T4铝合金再填充搅拌摩擦点焊过程中的材料流动行为和微观组织演变

In this study, we used the stop-action technique to experimentally investigate the material flow and microstructural evolution of alclad 2A12-T4 aluminum alloy during refill friction stir spot welding. There are two material flow components, i.e., the inward- or outward-directed spiral flow on the horizontal plane and the upward- or downward-directed flow on the vertical plane. In the plunge stage, the flow of plasticized metal into the cavity is similar to that of a stack, whereby the upper layer is pushed upward by the lower layer. In the refill stage, this is process reversed. As such, there is no obvious vertical plasticized metal flow between adjacent layers. Welding leads to the coarsening of S (Al₂CuMg) in the thermo-mechanically affected zone and the diminishing of S in the stir zone. Continuous dynamic recrystallization results in the formation of fine equiaxed grains in the stir zone, but this process becomes difficult in the thermo-mechanically affected zone due to the lower deformation rate and the pinning action of S precipitates on the dislocations and sub-grain boundaries, which leads to a high fraction of low-angle grain boundaries in this zone.