A study on responses of soil erosion and sediment yield to closing cultivation on sloping land in a small catchment using ^137Cs technique in the Rolling Loess Plateau, China

By comparison of volumes and ^137Cs Contents of the deposited sediments before and after 1993,changes of specific sediment yields and relative sediment contributions from the gully area and from the inter gully area after closing cultivation on the later area on a small catchment of Zhaojia Gully,in the Rolling Loess Plateau,are analyzed in this paper.Closing cultivation in a large scale has not resulted in decrease but increase of specific sediment yield and the relative sediment contribution of the inter-gully area,and in increase of the sediment yield and the contribution of the gully area,for a short term.The mean specific sediment yield of 29650 t km^-2a^-1 of 1994-1996 in the catchment was 2.2 times the average value of 13413 t km^-2 a^-1 for a long term.The specific sediment yield of the inter-gully area decreased from the 14335t km^-2a^-1 in 1994 to 7034 t km^-2 a^-1 in 1995 and 3517 t km^-1a^-1 in 1996 which was much greater than the value of 21118 t km^-2 a^-1 before 1993.The relative sediment contribution from the inter-gully area decreased form 23% in 1994 to 15% in 1995 and 6% in 1996,while the contribution from the gully area increased form 77% in 1994 to 85% in 1995 and 94% in 1996.It is suggested that compacting of ploughed soils resulted in increasing of the erosion resistance but in decreasing of the precipitation infiltration,therefore,the soil erosion reduced but the runoff amount increased on the inter-gully area.Increase of delivering runoff from the inter-gully area to the gully area should result in activeness of gully erosion and mass movements,consequently,in increase of the total sediment yield from the catchment.     

A study on responses of soil erosion and sediment yield to closing cultivation on sloping land in a small catchment using 137Cs technique in the Rolling Loess Plateau, China

By comparison of volumes and ¹³⁷Cs contents of the deposited sediments before and after 1993, changes of specific sediment yields and relative sediment contributions from the gully area and from the inter gully area after closing cultivation on the later area on a small catchment of Zhaojia Gully, in the Rolling Loess Plateau, are analyzed in this paper. Closing cultivation in a large scale has not resulted in decrease but increase of specific sediment yield of the catchment, in sharp decrease of the sediment yield and the relative sediment contribution of the inter-gully area, and in increase of the sediment yield and the contribution of the gully area, for a short term. The mean specific sediment yield of 29650 t km⁻² a⁻¹ of 1994–1996 in the catchment was 2.2 times the average value of 13413 t km⁻² a⁻¹ for a long term. The specific sediment yield of the inter-gully area decreased from the 14335 t km⁻² a⁻¹ in 1994 to 7034 t km⁻² a⁻¹ in 1995 and 3517 t km⁻² a⁻¹ in 1996, while the yield of the gully area varied between 44944 and 62136 t km⁻² a⁻¹ during the period of 1994–1996 which was much greater than the value of 21118 t km⁻² a⁻¹ before 1993. The relative sediment contribution from the inter-gully area decreased from 23% in 1994 to 15% in 1995 and 6% in 1996, while the contribution from the gully area increased from 77% in 1994 to 85% in 1995 and 94% in 1996. It is suggested that compacting of ploughed soils resulted in increasing of the erosion resistance but in decreasing of the precipitation infiltration, therefore, the soil erosion reduced but the runoff amount increased on the inter-gully area. Increase of delivering runoff from the inter-gully area to the gully area should result in activeness of gully erosion and mass movements, consequently, in increase of the total sediment yield from the catchment.     

我国黄土高原水土流失问题治理研究

根据黄土高原的治理现状,分析了现行治理措施的不足,提出了改进措施,展望了水土保持的前景。     

黄土高原旱作农业生态化与高质量发展

总结了新中国成立以来旱作物农业取得的主要进展:长期有组织大规模地进行梯田建设,有效地减少了水土流失;梯田建设标准不断提高,越来越方便于机械化大片农田生产;以合理施肥与多种耕作措施相结合的集成技术体系提高了土地生产力。进入21世纪以来,以沟垄地膜覆盖为主体的作物栽培与耕作体系获得大面积推广。在半干旱及其偏旱地区,相较于过去的作物系统,土地生产力几乎成倍增加。特别是玉米和马铃薯在地膜覆盖栽培下,产量增幅远大于其他作物,为粮草畜经协同发展创造了有利条件,有力地推进了脱贫攻坚和全面建成小康社会目标的实现。提出了旱作农业生态化主要内容和目标:面对新时期黄土高原高质量发展的要求,将创新旱作农业生态化技术体系和发展模式,推进优质特色旱作农业发展,探索生态重建由被动向主动的方式转变,实现区域生态优良化发展目标。     

Pollen evidence from Baode of the northern Loess Plateau of China and strong East Asian summer monsoons during the Early Pliocene

The red clay eolian sequence on the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP) is an important archive for paleoclimate change from the late Miocene to Pliocene,and can provide significant information for the controversial problems of East Asian monsoon evolution and its forcing mechanism.In this study,we present a pollen record from Baode,northern CLP.The record shows four stages of paleoecological evolution.From 5.6-4.4 Ma,a forest steppe ecosystem developed under an extremely warm period with high seasonal precipitation.Since 4.4 Ma,a drier episode occurred,which prompted parkland landscapes to develop.During 3.5-3.05 Ma,the environment changed to a rather open steppe ecosystem with a much cooler and drier climate.After 3.05 Ma,the vegetation evolved to forest steppe.Using the percentages of arboreal plants to mirror precipitation,and comparing with other published pollen data from the CLP,we find the existence of S-N directionality of the precipitation change and high percentage of arboreal plants in the entire CLP during the Early Pliocene,which suggest the CLP was characterized by a strong East Asian summer monsoon.The strong summer monsoon corresponds well to the low global ice volume,which may illuminate global climate mechanism for the summer monsoon evolution in the early Pliocene.     

黄土高原历史地貌与土壤侵蚀演变研究进展

黄土高原是引人注目的生态环境脆弱区,它的历史地貌与土壤侵蚀演变研究是其历史时期生态环境变迁研究的重要内容,也是黄土高原生态环境建设的基础性课题.回顾了黄土高原历史地貌与土壤侵蚀演变研究的过程,总结了研究取得的主要进展,指出了研究存在的不足和今后深化的方向.经过数十年的积累,黄土高原历史地貌与土壤侵蚀演变研究取得了重要的进展:较深入地研究了历史时期黄土塬区地貌演变的特征和规律,揭示了历史时期渭河河谷地貌的演变,研究了历史时期黄河中游的河道变迁,提出了黄土高原的侵蚀期,得出了历史时期黄土高原的土壤侵蚀历史、侵蚀速率.今后的研究应应用现代研究手段,以长时段、短周期、高分辨的研究为研究深化的方向.     

The effect of land use structure on the distribution of soil nutrients in the hilly area of the Loess Plateau, China

The irrational land use is one of the main reasons for the soil erosion and nutrienloss in the loess hilly area of China. In this project, 4 types of typical land use structure of sustain ment for about 15 years in the loess hill slope are selected to study the effect of land use structure on the distribution of soil nutrients. From hill bottom to hill top, the patterns of land use types are: grassland-slope farmland-forest, slope farmland-grassland-forest, terrace-grasslandforest and slope farmland-forest-grassland. By measuring the contents of the total N, total P, available N, available P and organic matter of soils, the results show that the land use structure types of slope farmland-grassland-forest and terrace-grassland-forest have a better capacity to maintain the soil nutrients.     

广州流溪河水库沉积物粒度端元模型分析及其沉积动力学意义

探讨广州市从化区流溪河水库建库以来50多年沉积环境和沉积物来源的空间差异及其演变过程。以流溪河水库不同区域的4个沉积柱为研究对象,利用端元模型分析粒度组分,结果显示:(1)河流搬运是流溪河水库的主要沉积物来源,从入库河流至水库大坝,沉积物颗粒由粗变细,说明水动力逐渐减弱。(2)入库口主要受河流搬运营力的影响;库湾区远离入库口,水动力较弱,以悬浮沉积为主;过渡区受水动力和建库初期原地沉积再搬运、再沉积的共同作用,经历了受多个物源的共同影响到单一河流占主导的演变过程。(3)建库以来,流溪河水库沉积速率呈现"高-低-高-低"的演变进程,与流域内降水量和土地利用的变化相关。水库沉积物组成存在明显的空间分区,且随水库环境演变而发生变化。     

黄土高原降水入渗方式与引发滑坡研究——以甘肃黄土地区为例

黄土高原是中国滑坡灾害最为发育的地区,降水是引发黄土滑坡的主要因素之一。黄土包气带厚度大,降水入渗方式与引发黄土滑坡的过程和机理问题长期受到广泛关注。以甘肃黄土地区为例,通过实地调查和综合研究认为,黄土高原地区降水入渗方式多样,受地形地貌、气候和降水类型等因素影响,降水入渗方式与引发滑坡特征之间存在地域性差异。在降水量较小的黄土丘陵区,暴雨所产生的地表径流主要通过落水洞和节理裂隙等宏观优势通道点状短期快速入渗,增大黄土含水率,软化黄土体,降低斜坡稳定性,引发黄土滑坡。在降水量较大的黄土塬、黄土台塬和黄土宽梁区,大气降水、灌溉水主要经由黄土包气带中的孔隙呈面状长期缓慢入渗补给黄土潜水,在丰水年连阴雨可引发群发性黄土滑坡。研究结果对黄土高原降水引发滑坡预警阈值的科学设定具有指导意义。     

Variations of organic carbon isotopic composition and its environmental significance during the last glacial on western Chinese Loess Plateau

The last glacial period is characterized by a cold and dry climate with low atmospheric CO2 concentration. The relatively arid climate and low CO2 concentration are favorable to the growth of C4 plants, but the low temperature limits the development of th…     

鄂尔多斯盆地东部盒8段、太原组致密砂岩储层特征及低产因素

鄂尔多斯盆地致密气资源丰富,主要赋存于上古生界致密砂岩储层中。以岩心观察、分析试验等资料为基础,对鄂尔多斯盆地东部二叠系太原组、盒8段致密砂岩储层岩石学特征、孔隙特征、物性特征和成岩特征等进行研究,探讨其低产因素,为气藏开发提供依据。结果表明:盒8、太原组致密砂岩均以岩屑砂岩和岩屑石英砂岩为主,但其储层特征及低产原因有较大差别。盒8砂岩杂基含量少,原生粒间孔发育,但均被后期成岩矿物完全充填,以高岭石晶间孔为主;太原组砂岩杂基含量高,原生粒间孔不发育,储集空间以溶孔为主,形成于早成岩晚期-晚成岩早期阶段。太原组喷发岩岩屑、长石、火山灰的溶解为储层提供了较为丰富的储集空间;但晚成岩高温阶段形成的丝状、网状伊利石矿物充填孔隙,堵塞喉道,影响储层的渗流能力,是造成储集性能较差的主要原因之一。片状喉道为主、有效上覆压力大、软组分含量高、应力敏感性强,加之较低的原始含水饱和度、气藏压力低(压力系数为0.6~0.8),致使储层在钻井、压裂、酸化等过程中容易吸水,造成的水锁效应,是研究区低产的又一主要原因。     

川南东峰场地区须二、须六段成岩演化差异对储层的影响

对四川盆地南部东峰场地区须二与须六段储集层的岩石学特征、储集空间类型、储层物性特征和孔隙结构特征进行对比研究,结果表明:须二段与须六段的储层岩石学特征、储集空间类型不同,储层物性特征、孔隙结构相似。在分析二者的沉积、成岩条件的基础上,认为它们的沉积条件和沉积环境类似,储层特征的差异是因为成岩演化不同所致。须二段储层经历了机械压实作用→环边绿泥石胶结→早期方解石胶结→石英次生加大→长石溶蚀作用→碳酸盐矿物充填次生孔隙的成岩演化过程,并形成了以环边绿泥石胶结、硅质胶结和早期方解石胶结为主的储层,储集空间类型以次生溶孔为主;须六段储层岩石则是在同生成岩期间受到大气淡水的影响,长石蚀变形成了大量高岭石并保存至今,形成了以晶间孔、微裂缝和原生粒间孔为主的储层。     

汶川地震驱动的隆升、剥蚀作用与龙门山地貌生长——以映秀红椿沟为例

汶川(Ms 8.0)地震驱动的构造抬升作用和滑坡、泥石流剥蚀作用如何影响龙门山的地貌生长是目前争论的焦点。作者以位于汶川地震震中位置的映秀红椿沟泥石流为例,利用野外实测资料、航片和数字高程资料,开展了红椿沟流域汶川地震驱动的构造抬升与滑坡、泥石流的表面侵蚀过程及其对龙门山地貌生长约束方面的定量研究,获得以下初步认识:(1)红椿沟位于汶川地震震中区的高山峡谷,发震断裂——北川断裂从该沟切过。(2)汶川地震触发的同震滑坡体积达3.800 1×106 m3,是震前滑坡量的3倍。(3)2010-08-13和2010-08-18强降雨形成的震后泥石流体积为0.705×106 m3,表明震后强降雨使同震滑坡量的20%转化为泥石流。(4)红椿沟泥石流将0.485×106 m3固体物质输入岷江河道(主河),导致河道变窄、河床升高、河床比降增大。(5)冲入河道量与同震滑坡量之间的转化率约为13%,冲入河道量与泥石流量之间的转化率为70%。(6)在红椿沟流域同震的滑坡体积(3.800 1×106 m3)小于同震的构造抬升体积(6.67×106 m3),仅有约57%的构造抬升量转化为滑坡量,表明以逆冲-走滑作用为特征的汶川地震所导致的构造抬升量大于滑坡量,将使龙门山地貌产生新的抬升和生长。     

小流域中-低频泥石流与山洪输沙比例的讨论:以金沙江支流海子沟为例

泥石流山洪输沙比是工程防治设计的重要参数。本文以金沙江支流海子沟为例,调访了近115a的泥石流活动历史,查明了1996年一次最大规模泥石流运动参数,采用雨洪法计算了不同的泥石流发生频率下泥石流的流量、总量。通过对1899年至今海子沟堰塞坝泥沙淤积的测定,得出海子沟流域每年泥沙淤积量为1.23×10~5 m~3,总输沙量为1.42×107 m~3,流域平均剥蚀速率为1.5mm/a。由不同泥石流频率下海子沟泥石流的固体物质总量,计算出自1963年以来海子沟泥石流输沙量为1.67×10~6 m~3,而此期间山洪泥石流的总输沙量为6.65×10~6 m~3,由此确定海子沟泥石流的输沙量占山洪泥石流输沙总量的25%。而官坝河泥石流、白龙江流域泥石流、蒋家沟泥石流输沙量分别占总输沙量的29.5%、62.9%、99%,泥石流输沙量随着泥石流频率的增加而增加。高频率泥石流工程拦挡仅考虑泥石流输沙量;类似白龙江流域松散固体物质丰富的半干旱气候区泥石流防治拦挡工程需考虑山洪输沙量;而类似官坝河、海子沟中等频率的泥石流沟,需更多考虑山洪输沙量。     

Changes in overland flow and sediment during simulated rainfall events on cropland in hilly areas of the Sichuan Basin, China

Water and soil loss are the major causes of the land degradation in the hilly area of the Sichuan Basin, China, where purple soil (FAO, Calcaric Regosols) is widely distributed. Little research has been conducted on changes in overland flow and sediment during rain events on sloping cropland in this area. In this study, 45 artificial rainfall events were applied to five runoff plots with slopes of 9%, 18%, 27%, 36%, and 47%, respectively. Results showed that erosion processes on purple soil of sloping cropland are complex, because the sediment concentration changes with time under different situations. According to correlations between runoff discharge and sediment concentration, all erosion events were classified into three types: (1) positive correlation; (2) negative correlation; and (3) no correlation. Positive correlations were dominant, accounting for 60% of all events. Rainfall intensity, slope gradient, and tillage treatment were the main factors that influenced erosion events.