加压时间对储层岩心渗透率的影响

目前储层应力敏感性研究仅限于有效覆压对渗透率的影响,忽略了加压时间对岩石变形的作用.在高压孔渗仪上用拟三轴岩心夹持器和天然岩心,考察了加压时间对岩石渗透率的影响,提出并计算了单位覆压下渗透率绝对变化速率和相对变化速率.结果表明,岩石变形或渗透率变化与时间有关,渗透率随加压时间的延长而降低.在加压初期渗透率变化幅度较大,随着时间的延长,渗透率变化逐渐变缓;幂函数在总体趋势上能拟合渗透率随时间的变化,其拟合误差在工程应用的合理范围内;基础渗透率大于4.6×10-3 μm2的岩心,渗透率下降主要发生在4 h内;渗透率绝对变化速率随时间的延长而降低;渗透率绝对变化速率和相对变化速率与岩石物性有关,岩心基础渗透率越高,渗透率绝对变化速率越大,相对变化速率越小.渗透率相对变化速率的建立,为储层应力敏感性评价提供了一个新的定量参数.     

葡南油田低渗透储层应力敏感性研究

通过实验模拟地层在不同上覆压力下,孔隙度、渗透率的变化,研究低渗透储层的应力敏感性。其在增压过程中孔隙度和渗透率随着压力的增加而明显降低;在压力降低或撤除后,由于造成了岩石应力敏感性损害,孔隙度和渗透率不能恢复到原始的状态。低渗透储层应力敏感性的影响因素包括上覆压力的大小、加压次数、岩石覆压时间长短和流体饱和度的影响,在开发低渗透油田时应注意保持合理的生产压差、开采速度和降压方式。该研究为低渗透油藏的开发提供了理论依据。     

异常高压气藏储层应力敏感性研究

异常高压气藏开采过程中,由于流体的产出,使储层岩石受力发生改变并使储层岩石发生弹塑性变形;而弹塑性变形反过来又影响到储层的孔隙度和渗透率,因此,研究储层孔隙度和渗透率应力敏感性具有极其重要的意义.本文基于岩石力学的基本理论,推导出异常高压气藏岩石变形规律及变形方程,以此理论推导指导试验,将理论研究与实验规律相结合,在模拟地层条件下,对实际岩心样品进行了储层应力敏感性实验研究.实验研究表明,该方法能精确的描述储层孔隙度和渗透率应力敏感性,实验结果与理论推导结果完全吻合,进一步证明了理论推导的正确.进而探讨了异常高压气藏储层应力敏感性对气藏开发的影响.     

微裂缝超低渗储层的应力敏感实验研究

为了评价应力敏感对微裂缝超低渗透储层渗流的影响,采用微波炉加热方法,制备热应力微裂缝超低渗岩心(钻井取心很难取到微裂缝岩心),近似模拟实际成岩、沉积过程中形成的微裂缝;通过微裂缝岩心的应力敏感性室内实验,进行应力敏感性评价。结果表明:制造的微裂缝能够近似地模拟地层在成岩、沉积过程中形成的微裂缝;微裂缝岩心的渗透率应力敏感滞后程度不明显,应力卸载后渗透率恢复程度高,不存在强应力敏感;对岩石进行应力敏感性评价时,应以地层压力条件下的渗透率为初值,否则会夸大岩石的应力敏感性;在微裂缝低渗透岩心中,随着微裂缝所占导流能力的增加,微裂缝岩心的渗透率滞后恢复程度越高;应力敏感性对微裂缝超低渗储层的产能影响很小。     

特低渗储层应力敏感性及对油井产量的影响

对长6某特低渗储层进行了系统的应力敏感性实验研究.研究表明:该特低渗储层岩石的应力敏感程度在26%~80%的范围,岩石的渗透率越低,应力敏感性越强;原始条件下地下渗透率明显小于地面渗透率,它们之间有较好的线性关系;储层岩石应力敏感伤害后,储层岩石的渗透率不能立即恢复,最终渗透率恢复率在68.6%~100.0%,岩石渗透率越高,渗透率恢复值越大;当岩石的渗透率小于0.5×10-3μm2时,储层岩石的应力敏感性明显增强.模型预测表明,当地层压力降低5MPa时,该储层岩石的应力敏感性对油井产量的影响在8.6%~35.7%,渗透率越低下降幅度越大.     

原油沥青质吸附与沉积对储层岩石润湿性和渗透率的影响

原油沥青质吸附引起的油藏岩石润湿性改变和沥青质沉积对储层孔喉的堵塞是造成储层损害、导致油井产能下降的重要机理之一。首先，采用改进的自吸速率法和分光光度法，研究了原油沥青质吸附所引起的砂岩岩样润湿指数的变化；然后，利用岩心流动实验方法，定量评价了稠油沥青质沉积对储层岩石渗透率的影响。实验结果表明，岩心润湿指数随沥青质吸附量的增加而减小，从而导致油相的相对渗透率降低。地层水的离子组成是影响水湿性的主要因素之一。地层水所含无机阳离子的化合价价数越高，它与沥青质的协同作用所引起的润湿指数下降的程度越大。储层岩心油相渗透率下降的程度与沥青质沉积量和储层岩心的原始渗透率有关，沉积量越大或原始渗透率越低，则油相渗透率下降幅度越大。因此，对于原油中富含沥青质的油藏，特别是稠油油藏，尽可能抑制沥青质的吸附和沉积是保护储层的一项重要措施。     

基于温度与压力双重作用的致密储层渗透率定量评价模型

为了建立油气开采过程中,储层渗透率随温度、孔隙压力变化而改变的定量评价模型,假定岩石仅产生弹性变形,根据多孔介质弹性力学理论,推导出岩石孔隙体积和尺寸的应力-应变关系;再应用管流模拟渗流,根据Kozeny-Carman方程得到渗透率随温度、孔隙压力变化的定量计算模型.针对常规渗透率测试存在的问题,改进实验方法,模拟真实储层温度压力条件,开展了岩心力学和渗透率同步实验.研究结果表明,模型计算的渗透率损失与实验测试结果吻和良好.模型适用于裂缝不发育的致密岩石在弹性变形范围内的渗透率定量计算.随着油气采出,孔隙压力下降,导致渗透率减小,而地层温度降低,导致渗透率增大,这两方面对渗透率的影响具有相互抵消的作用.因此,由于温度、孔隙压力变化引起的储层岩石渗透率总体变化很小,一般不超过±2％.     

低渗透岩石压敏特征研究

低渗透岩石具有较为明显的压力敏感性。在分析传统的CMS300全自动覆压压力敏感实验研究特点的基础上,充分考虑岩石受压缩的时间效应,对胜利渤南油田不同类型的低渗透岩石进行了系统的CMS300随机覆压和控时覆压的敏感性测试,获得了多种低渗透岩石压敏特征曲线,并探讨了岩石压敏特征与岩石本身属性的关系。结果表明,随机覆压下,储层物性随围压的增加呈单调圆滑下降的趋势;控时覆压下,岩石气测渗透率随覆压的变化呈台阶式变化;粘土总量和有无方解石胶结对低渗透岩石压敏效应的影响更为显著。     

低渗透砂岩储层应力敏感性研究

低渗透砂岩储层在开采过程中,随着有效应力的升高将会发生渗透率应力敏感,导致渗透率的下降.在考虑储层原地应力的情况下,对吉林油田新326块油层岩芯进行了实验研究.结果表明:该区块的应力敏感性不强,变化规律符合指数关系式,高渗岩芯的应力敏感性高于低渗岩芯.此外,通过实验及理论分析表明;渗透率相对较小的岩芯在加载卸载过程中的渗透率损失相对较大,加载卸载过程将引起岩石的弹塑性变形,这是导致渗透率下降并不能完全恢复的主要原因.     

陇东地区X233区长7致密岩心覆压孔渗变化规律

为了明确致密岩心在地层条件下孔隙度和渗透率与上覆压力的关系,利用CMS-300覆压测试系统、铸体薄片、扫描电镜等手段,分析了X233区致密油储层与A区超低渗储层岩心覆压孔渗特征。结果表明:(1)随着上覆压力增大,致密油储层岩心孔隙度呈减小趋势,减小的幅度较小,反映出加压作用造成的孔隙度损失率较小(R_Φ=0.9);经过加压变化过程,岩心样品发生了线弹性变化;(2)随着上覆压力增大,致密油储层岩心渗透率呈减小趋势,减小的幅度较大,反映渗透率对压力有敏感性及压实作用造成的渗透率损失率较大(R_K=0.19);(3)随着上覆压力增加,致密油储层覆压孔隙度和覆压渗透率与上覆压力均呈指函数递减关系;(4)经过加压变化,致密油储层渗透率与超低渗储层渗透率都与上覆压力呈指数关系;与超低渗储层相比,致密油储层经过长期的压实、胶结与溶蚀等作用,且软塑性变形物质含量相对较少,因此,压实作用对致密油储层造成的孔隙度损失率小、渗透率损失率大。该研究成果对于分析陇东地区致密油储量和油气田开发提供了一定基础数据。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that