Implications for hydrologic processes on Mars from extensive bedrock outcrops throughout Terra Meridiani

Grey haematite was recently detected in the Terra Meridiani region of Mars by the Thermal Emission Spectrometer onboard the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft. The formation of haematite on Earth often requires liquid water to be present for long periods of time, making this an important target for deciphering the history of water on Mars. The Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity landed in Meridiani early in 2004 and has since discovered light-toned bedrock outcrops rich in chemical and textural signatures of long-term water interaction locally at the landing site. Here I use remote sensing data to show that the light-toned outcrops at the landing site are not a local phenomenon. Instead, they are observable throughout the haematite-bearing plains in both visible and thermal infrared remote sensing data. Moreover, the light-toned material outcrops around much of the margin and is mappable for hundreds of kilometres to the north, east and west of the plains. I infer that 3 x 10(5) km(2) of this material is exposed over 20 degrees of longitude, indicating the extended presence of surface or near-surface water over a large region of Mars.     

Jarosite as an indicator of water-limited chemical weathering on Mars

The Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity identified the ferric sulphate mineral jarosite and possible relicts of gypsum at the Meridiani Planum landing site. On Earth, jarosite has been found to form in acid mine drainage environments, during the oxidation of sulphide minerals, and during alteration of volcanic rocks by acidic, sulphur-rich fluids near volcanic vents. Jarosite formation is thus thought to require a wet, oxidizing and acidic environment. But jarosite on Earth only persists over geologically relevant time periods in arid environments because it rapidly decomposes to produce ferric oxyhydroxides in more humid climates. Here we present equilibrium thermodynamic reaction-path simulations that constrain the range of possible conditions under which such aqueous alteration phases are likely to have formed on Mars. These calculations simulate the chemical weathering of basalt at relevant martian conditions. We conclude that the presence of jarosite combined with residual basalt at Meridiani Planum indicates that the alteration process did not proceed to completion, and that following jarosite formation, arid conditions must have prevailed.     

A volcanic environment for bedrock diagenesis at Meridiani Planum on Mars

Exposed bedrocks at Meridiani Planum on Mars display chemical and mineralogical evidence suggesting interaction with liquid water. On the basis of morphological observations as well as high abundances of haematite and sulphate minerals, the rocks have been interpreted as sediments that were deposited in a shallow body of briny water with subsequent evaporation leaving behind the sulphate minerals. The iron-sulphur mineralization at Meridiani has also been inferred to be analogous to that produced during oxidative weathering of metal sulphide minerals, such as occurs at acid mine drainage sites. Neither of these interpretations, however, is consistent with the chemical composition of the rocks. Here we propose an alternative model for diagenesis of Meridiani bedrock that involves deposition of volcanic ash followed by reaction with condensed sulphur dioxide- and water-bearing vapours emitted from fumaroles. This scenario does not require prolonged interaction with a standing body of surface water and may have occurred at high temperatures. Consequently, the model invokes an environment considerably less favourable for biological activity on Mars than previously proposed interpretations.     

Water alteration of rocks and soils on Mars at the Spirit rover site in Gusev crater

Gusev crater was selected as the landing site for the Spirit rover because of the possibility that it once held a lake. Thus one of the rover's tasks was to search for evidence of lake sediments. However, the plains at the landing site were found to be covered by a regolith composed of olivine-rich basaltic rock and windblown 'global' dust. The analyses of three rock interiors exposed by the rock abrasion tool showed that they are similar to one another, consistent with having originated from a common lava flow. Here we report the investigation of soils, rock coatings and rock interiors by the Spirit rover from sol (martian day) 1 to sol 156, from its landing site to the base of the Columbia hills. The physical and chemical characteristics of the materials analysed provide evidence for limited but unequivocal interaction between water and the volcanic rocks of the Gusev plains. This evidence includes the softness of rock interiors that contain anomalously high concentrations of sulphur, chlorine and bromine relative to terrestrial basalts and martian meteorites; sulphur, chlorine and ferric iron enrichments in multilayer coatings on the light-toned rock Mazatzal; high bromine concentration in filled vugs and veins within the plains basalts; positive correlations between magnesium, sulphur and other salt components in trench soils; and decoupling of sulphur, chlorine and bromine concentrations in trench soils compared to Gusev surface soils, indicating chemical mobility and separation.     

Planetary science: bedrock formation at Meridiani Planum

The Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity discovered sulphate-rich sedimentary rocks at Meridiani Planum on Mars, which are interpreted by McCollom and Hynek as altered volcanic rocks. However, their conclusions are derived from an incorrect representation of our depositional model, which is upheld by more recent Rover data. We contend that all the available data still support an aeolian and aqueous sedimentary origin for Meridiani bedrock.     

A possible terrestrial analogue for haematite concretions on Mars

Recent exploration has revealed extensive geological evidence for a water-rich past in the shallow subsurface of Mars. Images of in situ and loose accumulations of abundant, haematite-rich spherical balls from the Mars Exploration Rover 'Opportunity' landing site at Meridiani Planum bear a striking resemblance to diagenetic (post-depositional), haematite-cemented concretions found in the Jurassic Navajo Sandstone of southern Utah. Here we compare the spherical concretions imaged on Mars to these terrestrial concretions, and investigate the implications for analogous groundwater-related formation mechanisms. The morphology, character and distribution of Navajo haematite concretions allow us to infer host-rock properties and fluid processes necessary for similar features to develop on Mars. We conclude that the formation of such spherical haematite concretions requires the presence of a permeable host rock, groundwater flow and a chemical reaction front.     

基于Landsat-8 OLI与Sentinel-2 MSI传感器的香港近海海域叶绿素a浓度遥感反演

为验证Landsat-8 OLI遥感数据与Sentinel-2 MSI遥感数据监测近海海域叶绿素a浓度可行性,以其为数据源,香港近海海域为研究区域,以半分析模型为方法,挑选与监测点实测叶绿素a浓度采集时间一致且遥感影像云覆盖率小于10% 影像清晰的两类遥感影像。对两类遥感影像分别选取2/3的遥感影像数据经预处理后提取其对应实测日期监测点位置遥感反射率进行相关性分析,得到相关性最高的反演因子进行建模,并且利用剩下的1/3数据对其反演回复回归模型进行精度检验,其结果与OCx模型反演结果进行对比效果显著。基于Landsat-8遥感数据建立的最佳反演回归模型为Y=6.8x2-20.77x+17.02,R2=0.906略高于基于Sentinel-2遥感数据建立的最佳反演回归模型Y=-3.345e+05x2+3826x-3.44,R2=0.801,证明了就香港近海海域叶绿素a浓度反演两类遥感数据的可行性,且两类数据的反演结果均呈现出香港近海海域内部海域叶绿素a浓度高于外部叶绿素a浓度的现象。     

Meridiani Planum and the global hydrology of Mars

The Opportunity Mars Exploration Rover found evidence for groundwater activity in the Meridiani Planum region of Mars in the form of aeolian and fluvial sediments composed of sulphate-rich grains. These sediments appear to have experienced diagenetic modification in the presence of a fluctuating water table. In addition to the extensive secondary aqueous alteration, the primary grains themselves probably derive from earlier playa evaporites. Little is known, however, about the hydrologic processes responsible for this environmental history-particularly how such extensive evaporite deposits formed in the absence of a topographic basin. Here we investigate the origin of these deposits, in the context of the global hydrology of early Mars, using numerical simulations, and demonstrate that Meridiani is one of the few regions of currently exposed ancient crust predicted to have experienced significant groundwater upwelling and evaporation. The global groundwater flow would have been driven primarily by precipitation-induced recharge and evaporative loss, with the formation of the Tharsis volcanic rise possibly playing a role through the burial of aquifers and induced global deformation. These results suggest that the deposits formed as a result of sustained groundwater upwelling and evaporation, rather than ponding within an enclosed basin. The evaporite formation coincided with a transition to more arid conditions that increased the relative impact of a deep-seated, global-scale hydrology on the surface evolution.     

利用卫星遥感大气气溶胶进行待建环境监测站点位评估

利用MTSAT-1R卫星资料中的红外1、红外2和水汽通道亮温数据, 在目标云块识别对比的基础上计算对流初生(CI)预报的8个指标值。根据京津地区的实际情况, 给出修正后的预报指标阈值, 并对2006-2007年京津地区进行17日次对流初生预报实验。实验结果表明, 该预报方法能够对1小时内的对流初生现象进行有效预报。结合云导风矢量给出检验预报结果的方法, 对该预报方法的预报效果进行量化统计。统计结果表明, 该方法预报对流初生的TS (threat score) 评分为0.545, 检测概率(POD)为0.654, 空报率(FAR)为0.435。     

海平面上升对广西珍珠港红树林分布的影响

以广西珍珠港的遥感影像为底图,综合考虑相对海平面变化、地表沉积及海堤分布,利用平均潮位、平均大潮高潮位数据,借助SRTM数字高程模型,预测未来100 a海平面上升低、中、高3种模式下研究区红树林的分布.结果表明:(1)预测年研究区的红树林向陆边界保持稳定,向海边界向海方向移动,红树林的分布面积增加.绝对海平面上升低、中、高3种模式下,红树林向海边界分别向海推进70、56、46 m,面积分别增加280、225、187 hm2;(2)红树林的向陆边界由于海堤的阻碍保持稳定,红树林的向海边界因沉积速率大于相对海平面上升速率而向海扩展.     

基于RS的陆面温度反演研究进展

陆面温度(LST)是研究地表和大气之间物质交换和能量交换的重要参数,利用遥感方法反演陆面温度已经成为重要的获取陆面温度的途径.回顾了热红外遥感研究,阐述了地表温度反演原理,比较了2种主要的地表温度反演方法,并重点对针对Landsat TM数据的3种温度反演算法进行了对比.利用遥感研究地表温度将向着精确化的方向发展,如何利用反演出的精确地表温度将是更加重要的工作.     

基于双二体模型的载人登月着陆点选取分析与仿真

载人登月的着陆点选取研究,对于今后实施载人登月以及全月面到达的研究很有意义。而载人登月着陆点的选取又涉及到多种约束,只是选取燃料和驻留时间两个约束对相关着陆点进行建模分析和仿真。本文首先对月球相关几何关系进行研究,基于双二体模型对月面着陆点选取与停留时间关系进行研究;其次根据能量消耗和地月转移轨道倾角约束考虑了三种不同的着月和上升策略,对三种不同策略的着月点和停留时间进行数学建模;最后,通过仿真,总结得出载人登月月面着陆点选取与燃料和驻留时间的关系。     

基于遥感和GIS的山东山丘区土壤侵蚀调查研究

基于遥感和地理信息系统技术,利用"通用土壤流失方程"usLE模型A=R·K·s·L·c·P和土壤侵蚀防治预报模型y=CP-CP-C＇P＇,采集生成因子数据,并通过投影及坐标转换,生成像元点的因子图,使每个30m×30m的像元点都具有以上6个因子数据,之后,利用模型进行计算,生成分幅的土壤侵蚀强度图和土壤侵蚀强度防治预报图及统计结果.此方法的研究使快速、经济、定量、定期地实现土壤侵蚀调查成为可能,为土壤侵蚀防治提供策略和依据.     

基于自适应标注样本的高分辨率影像道路提取

针对现有道路提取算法中难以大规模人工标注样本类别标签的问题,提出了一种基于自适应标注样本提取遥感影像道路的方法。首先,通过改进的模糊C均值聚类算法提取道路区域,进行初步的样本标注;其次,利用基于二次投票的集成去噪算法定位标签噪声样本,更新样本数据集;再次,将更新后的样本集投入随机森林训练并预测影像的分类结果;最后,对道路提取结果进行多方向形态学滤波去除非道路区域,得到精确的道路提取结果。通过不同分辨率、不同场景、不同方法的实验结果表明,所提方法可以自主选择并标注样本,相比传统算法具有较高的提取精度,对于高分辨率遥感影像中直线型、曲线型道路均有较好的道路提取效果。     

高能级强夯加固粗颗粒碎石回填地基现场试验

利用能级为15 000kN.m的高能级强夯加固粗颗粒碎石回填地基,测试夯击过程中夯坑及其周边土体的沉降变形,并对强夯后的地基加固效果进行检测与评价.可发现,第1、2和3遍夯击时的平均夯坑深度分别达到4.38,3.71和1.93m,夯击过程中地表土体都发生沉降变形,并未发生隆起;利用多道瞬态面波法评价该场地强夯加固深度至少达到16.5m,并且在整个加固深度范围内,未出现软弱层,夯后地基承载力远高于设计要求值.最后,提出了利用Menard公式评价高能级强夯处理粗颗粒碎石回填地基有效加固深度时n值的范围,为同类场地条件下高能级强夯工程的设计、施工与检测提供了参考.     

典型电厂区多源遥感定量反演的适宜性评价

【目的】探讨典型电厂厂址区各种地质要素在多源遥感监测的影像及方法选取方面的适宜性。【方法】以寿光火电厂和西北典型洪灾区(有4个电站)为例,从海岸线变化监测和洪水痕迹范围识别方面,开展适宜性评价研究。【结果】对电厂厂址尺度范围内的海岸线变化监测,在传感器类型和反演方法选取时,不同潮滩坡降分别受到影像空间分辨率、水边线高程误差和改正时的内插误差、坡度改正误差的影响,而需要选择相应合适的影像数据。在进行洪水淹没范围的提取时,遥感反演、现场调访和模拟结果对比显示,基于Landsat数据的土壤含水量法提取的洪痕及洪水淹没范围更加准确。【结论】本研究结果可为电厂选址及后期监测选取适宜的遥感数据源和相应技术方法提供参考,为工程厂址环境监测提供可靠的遥感反演理论依据。     

基于遥感图像梯度特征的运动模糊检测方法

为了精确描述由于高分辨率卫星在轨动力学环境不确定干扰造成的光学传感器拍摄遥感图像退化的过程,在自然图像的运动模糊点扩散函数检测方法的基础上,提出一种基于遥感图像梯度特征的运动模糊检测方法. 该方法利用图像分割和梯度特征选择处理区域,对遥感图像进行预处理,使图像的梯度特征更加符合检测方法的先验知识,采用基于概率分布的点扩散函数估计方法获得图像的退化模型. 结果表明该方法提高了图像模糊的检测精度,获得了更准确的遥感图像运动模糊点扩散函数的检测结果.      

基于陆面过程模式的热红外卫星遥感影像模拟

遥感服务于气象、气候领域的一个关键环节就是建立地表过程模式与遥感数据之间的联系,利用过程模式的可靠输出参数来模拟卫星影像,并与真实的观测数据进行对比.本文建立了一个以通用陆面过程模式(CLM)相关参数为地表输入信息,以再分析大气廓线为大气输入信息的卫星影像模拟系统,以期通过模拟数据与真实卫星数据的比较,为模式背景场、强迫场的修订及预报精度的提高服务.模拟结果表明,对于由植被和土壤等组成的自然地表,模拟的热红外卫星信号主要取决于过程模式输出的地表温度,模拟的地表方向性辐射温度与模拟的大气层顶部表观辐射温度相关性高达0.99.模拟到的表观辐射温度与AVHRR影像对应的辐射温度差异比较大,最大值超过30 K,大多数像元温差分布在-20～20 K之间.温差在高海拔地区普遍比较大,这可能是由于CLM对高海拔地区的温度估计偏低导致的.     

海表面流场微波遥感研究进展及其关键技术问题分析

海表面流场是海洋学中十分重要的研究对象,本文综述了海表面流场微波遥感所涉及的海表面建模、计算电磁学、合成孔径雷达(synthetic aperture radar,SAR)海面成像及SAR信号等基础研究领域,梳理了海表面流场微波反演的研究进展,分析了目前已有反演方法的利弊并找出待研究的科学问题,逐一剖析这些问题并提出解决方法。针对海表面流场微波遥感中有待解决的在动态海表面建模中如何引入海表面流场因素、运动海面电磁散射特征的表征中如何选取参数和反演过程中需要注意的图像分辨率等问题,提出了研究策略,指明了海表面流场微波遥感的技术路线和研究方向,最后对海表面流反演工作进行了展望,探讨了高分辨率海流反演的下一步工作。     

基于Matlab WebServer测量数据处理网站设计

采用ASP技术,利用Matlab WebServer编写了一个测量数据处理网站。通过HTML表单输入数据,在基于B/S（Browser／Server结构）结构的情况下,赋予网站进行等高线绘制与遥感图像融合的能力。利用Maflab WebServer与Matlab自带插值函数绘制等高线,解决了Web系统开发程序中数值计算能力差,特别是结果可视化效果差问题,数据结果不仅可以看到二维的等高线图形,还可以及时方便地看到三维曲面图。