不同周期壁面局部微振动诱导边界层大涡结构

以平板边界层流动的Blasius解作为基本流场,利用直接数值模拟方法求解三维不可压缩N-S方程,研究了边界层中单个周期壁面局部微振动诱导大涡结构的过程.计算结果表明:壁面扰动完成时,周期为7.5,10和12.5诱导大涡结构的初始扰动速度与空间分布稍有差异.若周期为12.5,随着时间的增加,诱导形成的大涡结构扰动速度幅值不断增加,高低速条纹结构面积不断扩大;边界层近壁流向速度剖面存在较大拐点,雷诺应力明显大于周期为7.5和10的大涡结构.周期为7.5和10的诱导大涡结构较弱.壁面局部微振动可诱导边界层形成大涡结构,演化特性与局部微振动周期密切相关,周期越长,大涡结构强度也越大.     

Visualization of coherent structures in a supersonic flat-plate boundary layer

Flow in a flat-plate zero-pressure-gradient boundary layer at Mach 3 was visualized via nanoparticle-based planar laser scattering (NPLS). Coherent structures such as an individual hairpin vortex and hairpin packet were identified in the streamwise-wall-normal plane on the basis of the now accepted hairpin model. Λ-shaped vortices were found in a staggered pattern in the stream-wise-spanwise plane, which indicated H-type transition in the present experiments. This is the direct evidence (in the form of flow...     

大涡结构在有压梯度边界层流中的演化机理

采用直接数值模拟方法,研究大涡结构在不同压力梯度作用下的非线性演化特征.计算结果表明:在逆压梯度条件下,大涡结构幅值快速增长,形成很强的流向涡结构,雷诺应力迅速增加,这可能导致猝发现象的产生;与此相反,在顺压梯度边界层流中,大涡结构很难被激发起来,易于流体流动趋于稳定状态.这些结论与某些理论和试验结果一致.     

湍流边界层中单颗粒的运动方程

由任意流场中颗粒的运动规律出发,详细分析了颗粒在边界层内的受力,并结合边界层内特有的流动规律,推导出了湍流边界层中单颗粒的运动模型.其数值计算的结果与实测值进行比较,结果吻合的很好.     

Stochastic method to determine the scale and anomalous diffusion of gusts in a windy atmospheric boundary layer

In the atmospheric boundary layer, especially during strong wind period, the coherent structures are obvious and related to the direct interaction of the air masses with the ground. In this paper, we used the observation data during dust weather in Northwest Gansu to study the coherent structure and their ＂anomalous diffusion＂. The structures in the atmospheric boundary layer included turbulent fluctuations and gusty wind disturbances, and could be denoted as ＂critical events＂. Their fractal dimensions were expressed by the complex index μ of waiting times. Although the complex index can indicate the ability of the system to generate coherent structures, it has a strong dependence on the threshold marking the ＂critical events＂. Hence, the continuous time random walk method was used to analyze the coherent structures. The scaling law of anomalous diffusion of coherent structures was obtained, and the diffusion scaling exponent H that indicated the ability of diffusion of different structures was analyzed. The exponents changed with structure scales which were affected by velocities and heights. At small scales, it was almost isotropic, and at large scales, the coherent structures were obvious and the diffusion was anomalous.     

? Large eddies induced by local impulse at wall of boundary layer with pressure gradients

Large eddies induced by local impulse at the wall with pressure gradients in the boundary layer was studied by direct numerical simulations. The results show that the amplitude evolution, the high and low speed stripes, the formation of streamwise vortices, the ejection and sweeping, inflexions and distortion at the mean velocity profiles, as well as other characteristics, are consistent with the experimental and other numerical results. It is also found that large eddies are easy to be excited with adverse pressure gradient in the boundary layer, and the growth of amplitudes, formation of streamwise vortices and the influencing area etc., are much larger than those with favorable pressure gradient in the boundary layer. In contrast, large eddies are hardly to be induced through local impulse disturbance at the wall with favorable pressure gradients in the boundary layer.     

基于积分方法的外掠平板湍流温度场的解析解

外掠平板湍流流动特性是研究湍流传热特性的基本问题之一,具有重要的理论意义和工程应用价值.本文将外掠平板湍流温度边界层划分为层流底层和湍流核心区,分别采用三次多项式和1/5次幂函数描述温度场的分布规律,用积分方法建立能量方程,利用四阶龙格-库塔算法得到湍流温度场理论解.与Blackwell、Moffat和Kays等人的试验结果对比表明本文解析解的正确性,获得的理论解与经典普朗特-泰勒二层理论模型也具有较好的一致性.     

减阻沟槽表面近壁湍流相干运动的实验研究

以光滑平板及间隔V型减阻沟槽面为研究对象,利用二维激光多普勒测速系统(laser doppler velocimetry, LDV),获得零压力梯度时光滑平板及沟槽板上部区域湍流边界层流场的流向和壁法向的湍流脉动分量.考察了沟槽对速度脉动的二阶及三阶相关统计参数的影响,并将这些相关量的变化情况与边界层中的相干运动相结合,由此来探讨沟槽面与湍流边界层之间的相互作用规律.     

Mach8的平板可压缩湍流边界层直接数值模拟及分析

对来流马赫数等于8,壁温等于10.03倍来流参考温度的平板可压缩湍流边界层做了直接数值模拟,计算涵盖了从层流到转捩以及最终充分发展湍流的全空间演化过程.对湍流的统计特征做了详细的分析,结果表明,在当前的计算工况下,湍流边界层核心区平均速度剖面仍然满足对数率,且卡门常数基本不变;可压缩效应明显增强,由于采用近似恢复温度的等温壁条件,使得近壁区温度较高,导致当地声速增大,使得湍流马赫数绝对值较低,造成内在压缩性效应不强,与经典强雷诺比拟相比,除在数量上产生一些偏差外,强雷诺比拟关系近似成立,且Morkovin假设依然有效;对扩展自相似性和标度率分析表明,对于平板可压缩湍流边界层而言,高马赫数流动使得其适用范围减小;压缩性效应对近壁湍动能,条带结构,涡等值面分布的影响得到分析.     

壁湍流标度律与流动结构实验分析

标度律是研究湍流统计和湍流级串的重要工具,文中应用PIV系统的分辨率较高和帧率较高的特点,对在动量损失厚度雷诺数Re=2694时实验区域的脉动速度数值进行测量,利用统计学和小波分析的方法对SL标度律的间歇参数和最奇异标度指数进行拟合分析.从结果中可看出,SL标度律的间歇参数并不是一个固定的数值,而是和尺度的大小及壁面位置有关;SL标度律的另一个参数最奇异标度指数是随着壁面距离和尺度的增大趋于稳定,在大尺度上与壁面的距离无关.小波分析重构前后的流动图案显示也验证了湍流的级串过程及标度律运算的正确性.     

传输带上流体边界层中奇异边值问题

对源于传输带上流体边界层中的一类奇异边值问题进行了研究.利用单调逼近方法得到了满足物理意义上负解的存在性、惟一性的充分条件及壁摩擦应力估计式.利用打靶法技巧得到了问题的数值解.     

非等温边界层中相间相互作用实验研究

应用三维粒子动态分析仪(PDA),测量了水平流动非等温边界层中气固两相间相互作用的特性.结果表明,颗粒使气流温度边界层变薄,强化了壁面与气流间的传热;颗粒质量流率对相间作用有较大影响,随颗粒流率的增加,颗粒对气流平均速度和湍流的影响增大.颗粒和气流相互作用在不同方向上呈各向异性;颗粒对气流垂直方向的脉动影响较大;颗粒改变了气流雷诺应力在壁面附近的分布,对湍流的拟序结构产生了较大的影响.     

磁场中弱电离气体二维平板超音速边界层扰动演化研究

数值模拟了6种不同外加磁场下M∞=4．5、弱电离的二维平板边界层的基本流场及边界层中第二模态不稳定波的非线性演化。发现：外加磁场使边界层附近同—γ处的流向速度减小从而使边界层的厚度增加；很大程度地改变法向速度；壁面摩擦系数减小；很大程度地抑制第二模态不稳定波的增长。这些影响主要决定于外加磁场的强度，而对外加磁场的产生方式不很敏感。外加磁场的存在还使得压力产生波动，在边界层内，压力波峰的位置与流向磁场力绝对值极大的位置基本一致；在边界层外，压力波峰的位置滞后于流向磁场力绝对值极大的位置，并且离边界层越远，这种滞后就越明显。     

边界层内低阶结构函数标度律的实验研究

利用PIV系统对平板湍流边界层在Reθ=2?167下流向(u′)和法向脉动速度(v′)进行了测量,研究结果显示,当脉动增量的结构函数的阶数为 正分数时,实验所得的标度指数和K41及SL标度指数较为接近;当结构函数的阶数为分数且由0趋向于-1时,实验的标度指数明显偏离K41和SL标度指数,出现奇异标度律。这也说明了用低阶结构函数的标度指 数也能说明标度律的奇异性及边界层内存在间歇性。     

对流边界层水平温度场特征的水槽模拟研究

利用对流水槽模拟分析了均匀下垫面自由对流边界层的水平温度场结构特征.根据几何相似、运动相似和动力相似等要求设置初始条件和边界条件实施模拟.对流水槽的尺度为1.5 m×1.5 m×0.6 m,先加入具有一定温度层结的去离子水,然后底部加热形成对流,模拟对流边界层的发生和发展.利用快速响应的温度传感器测量温度廓线和不同高度上的温度起伏;利用准直光闪烁原理获得光学湍流场.根据温度廓线和光学湍流场的结果得到对流边界层厚度和稳定度等参数.根据不同高度的水平脉动温度,利用AR谱方法分析水平温度谱峰值频率所对应的尺度,该尺度对应于对流边界层的准二维对流热泡的水平尺度.统计分析结果表明,自由对流边界层大涡的水平尺度在边界层的下部随高度的增加而增加,约在0.65倍边界层厚度处达到最大,然后随高度的增加又逐渐减小.物理模拟与数值模拟和野外观测结果符合一致.根据对流热泡的这种特征,提出了一个自由对流边界层的热泡模型.     

Estimation to the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate and bottom shear stress in the tidal bottom boundary layer of the Yellow Sea

High frequency velocity fluctuations were measured by using an acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV) in the tidal bottom boundary layer (BBL) of the Yellow Sea (YS) for 25 h. The turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate and the bottom shear stress were estimated and analyzed. Results show that: (1) in the tidal BBL of the YS, the variations of the dissipation rate and the bottom shear stress during 25 h are (1.8×10^－8—3.4×10^－5) W?kg^－1 and (6.6×10^－4—7.5×10^－1) N?m^－2 respectively, indicating that there are strong dissipations in the tidal BBL of the YS; (2) in the well-mixed tidal BBL, the turbulence is mainly shear-induced locally and the production and dissipation are generally in equilibrium; (3) for the seas where the semidiurnal tidal current is dominant, both the dissipation rate and the bottom shear stress exhibit a strong quarter-diurnal variation; (4) the mean bottom drag coefficient C_d (0.45) is 0.0017 (corresponding C_d (1.00)=0.0015), but it has significant variations (0.0005—0.0082). The mean bottom roughness length is 2.8×10^－5 m     

Estimation to the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate and bottom shear stress in the tidal bottom boundary layer of the Yellow Sea

High frequency velocity fluctuations were measured by using an acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV) in the tidal bottom boundary layer (BBL) of the Yellow Sea (YS) for 25 h. The turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate and the bottom shear stress were estimated and analyzed. Results show that: (1) in the tidal BBL of the YS, the variations of the dissipation rate and the bottom shear stress during 25 hare (1.8×10-8-3.4×10 -5) W·kg-1 and (6.6×10-4-7.5×10-1) N·m - 2 respectively, indicating that there are strong dissipations in the tidal BBL of the YS; (2) in the well-mixed tidal BBL, the turbulence is mainly shear-induced locally and the production and dissipation are generally in equilibrium; (3) for the seas where the semidiurnal tidal current is dominant, both the dissipation rate and the bottom shear stress exhibit a strong quarter-diurnal variation; (4) the mean bottom drag coefficient Cd (0.45) is 0.0017 (corresponding Cd( 1.00) = 0.0015), but it has significant variations (0.0005-0.0082). The mean bottom roughness length is 2.8×10-5 m.     

平板层流边界层近似速度分布计算方法的改进

根据模仿权残法的思想,用积分方程近似求解零攻角平板边界层层流问题。在满足四个基本边界层条件的基础上,推出改进的平板边界层的近似速度分布多项式。其对应的摩擦阻力计算公式与精确解完全相同。同时,该多项式对应的曲线与精确解的速度分布曲线拟合很好。     

TC2对晨侧边界层高能电子暴投掷角的测定

通过对TC2卫星的科学数据分析,发现2005年5月15日磁暴期间,在北半球晨侧边界层,高能电子暴间歇性地出现。TC2上的载荷测得的数据表明在这些高能电子的投掷角与当地磁场成90°的夹角。     

近11年兰州空气污染特征及其边界层结构影响的分析

利用来自环保部门的空气污染资料,分析了近11年兰州市空气污染特征;结合气象地面和探空观测资料,分析了山谷地形条件下大气边界层结构对兰州空气污染的影响.结果是兰州近11年的空气污染有整体减轻趋势,但污染仍很严重,空气质量大多年份都达不到国家二级水平,污染物主要为可吸入颗粒物.严重污染时期集中在秋末、冬季和春季,秋冬季空气污染较稳定,主要受可高达1000 m的深厚稳定边界层影响,而春季空气污染指数标准偏差较大.11年空气污染指数的月平均次高峰出现在3月,相对以往研究提前了1个月.