湍流边界层雷诺应力和壁脉动压强相位滞后分析

在风洞平板湍流边界层外层引入圆柱尾涡的周期性扰动,在尾流干扰下的湍流边界层内进行测量,对相位滞后关系进行了实验研究,给出了湍流边界层内的雷诺应力和壁面脉动压强相对于边界层内的大尺度结构变形率的相位滞后沿壁面法向的变化趋势,分析结果表明剪切湍流涡粘模式中的涡粘系数应该是随时均流梯度变化的复数形式.     

吹吸扰动对湍流边界层多尺度相干结构的影响

用IFA-300热线风速仪以高于对应最小湍流时间尺度的分辨率，精细测量了风洞中施加局部周期性吹吸扰动平板湍流边界层近壁区域不同法向和流向位置的瞬时速度的时间序列信号．对平板湍流的扰动是通过平板上沿展向分布的一条窄缝引入的正弦振荡产生的．用子波分析对壁湍流脉动速度信号进行多尺度分解，用子波系数的瞬时强度因子和平坦因子检测壁湍流多尺度相干结构，并提取不同尺度相干结构的条件相位平均波形，研究不同频率的吹吸扰动对平板湍流边界层多尺度相干结构的影响，结果表明，扰动对边界层近壁区域平均速度分布、能量随尺度分布以及多尺度相干结构及其条件相位平均波形，都有显著影响，其中32Hz扰动影响最大．     

湍流相干结构与壁压强脉动关联的小波分析

在风洞中同时测量平板湍流边界层的速度和壁面脉动压强,用小波分析法结合能量最大判别准则确定湍流边界层相干结构的时间尺度和壁压强脉动的时间尺度之间的关系．结果表明：压强脉动信号的小波能谱最大值对应的时间尺度与湍流边界层相干结构的特征尺度接近,可以利用壁面压强脉动信号的分析结果间接反映经过边界层的相干结构的时间特征．本研究选择复数Morlet小波作为小波母函数,有较好的分辨率．     

? Large eddies induced by local impulse at wall of boundary layer with pressure gradients

Large eddies induced by local impulse at the wall with pressure gradients in the boundary layer was studied by direct numerical simulations. The results show that the amplitude evolution, the high and low speed stripes, the formation of streamwise vortices, the ejection and sweeping, inflexions and distortion at the mean velocity profiles, as well as other characteristics, are consistent with the experimental and other numerical results. It is also found that large eddies are easy to be excited with adverse pressure gradient in the boundary layer, and the growth of amplitudes, formation of streamwise vortices and the influencing area etc., are much larger than those with favorable pressure gradient in the boundary layer. In contrast, large eddies are hardly to be induced through local impulse disturbance at the wall with favorable pressure gradients in the boundary layer.     

不同周期壁面局部微振动诱导边界层大涡结构

以平板边界层流动的Blasius解作为基本流场,利用直接数值模拟方法求解三维不可压缩N-S方程,研究了边界层中单个周期壁面局部微振动诱导大涡结构的过程.计算结果表明:壁面扰动完成时,周期为7.5,10和12.5诱导大涡结构的初始扰动速度与空间分布稍有差异.若周期为12.5,随着时间的增加,诱导形成的大涡结构扰动速度幅值不断增加,高低速条纹结构面积不断扩大;边界层近壁流向速度剖面存在较大拐点,雷诺应力明显大于周期为7.5和10的大涡结构.周期为7.5和10的诱导大涡结构较弱.壁面局部微振动可诱导边界层形成大涡结构,演化特性与局部微振动周期密切相关,周期越长,大涡结构强度也越大.     

水轮机通流部件表面磨损波纹与湍流边界层中的不稳定波

应用小扰动理论对近壁湍流粘性子层中的流动进行了稳定性分析，通过讨论其与湍流核心区相于结构的关系，提出一个简化的湍流相干结构模式即小扰动作用下近似连续分布的Ｋｅｌｖｉｎ－Ｈｅｌｍｈｏｌｔｚ涡层的不稳定波状运动结构；运用此模式简要分析了稀疏颗粒在湍流边界层中的运动。结果表明，相干结构对颗粒的运动及磨损波纹的形成起了支配性的作用。     

湍流边界层多尺度相干结构的子波自相关辨识

采用热线风速仪测量平板湍流边界层的流向速度信号,运用连续子波变换的自相关分析,研究边界层相 干结构的变化规律,提出了子波尺度与涡时间尺度关系的计算式．结果显示,相干结构在时空中呈多尺度分布,在 对数区集中在较大尺度,在缓冲区扩展到较小尺度,越靠近黏性底层,拟序运动越明显,并向更小尺度发展;广泛存 在的相关性很弱的小尺度涡成为数量巨大、含能很少的背景湍流．子波变换的自相关分析可以定性,也可定量显示 涡的时空特性,是研究湍流多尺度相干结构的有效方法．     

An experimental study on fine structures of supersonic laminar/turbulent flow over a backward-facing step based on NPLS

Fine structures of supersonic flow over a 5 mm high backward facing step(BFS),including expansion wave fan,reattachment shock,supersonic boundary layer were measured in a Ma=3.0 low-noise indraft wind tunnel.By varying the superficial roughness of the wall upstream from the step,supersonic laminar flow and supersonic turbulent flow could be formed over a BFS.Measurements on the spatiotemporal features of the holistic flow field and the fine structures in four typical regions were carried out using NPLS(nano-based planar laser scattering).Flow structures,including expansion wave fan,reattachment shock,supersonic boundary layer and its separation,reattachment and redevelopment are revealed by measuring the holistic structure of the transient flow field.Comparing the two time-averaged flow fields with each other,it is apparent that supersonic turbulent flow over a BFS(STF-BFS) has a larger expansion angle and a shorter recirculation region,and its redeveloped boundary layer increases at a smaller obliquity while the angle of reattachment shock is the same for the supersonic laminar flow over a BFS(SLF-BFS).With regard to time-evolution features,the K-H vortices in the SLF-BFS suffers from shearing,expansion,reattachment and three-dimensional effects while in the STF-BFS large-scale structures are affected by the incline and distortion at the reattachment point due to expansion,viscosity and reverse-pressure.Studies on local regions indicate that in the SLF-BFS,the emergence of compression waves which distinctly converge into a reattachment shock is due to the local convective Mach number and the inducement of K-H vortices in the free shear layer.Nevertheless,in the STF-BFS,compression waves and K-H vortices are barely evident,and the formation of a reattachment shock is related to the wall compressive effect.     

基于小波及Hilbert-Huang变换提取壁湍流相干结构

为了研究壁湍流中的相干结构,在直流抽吸式低（变）湍流度风洞的实验段中,应用恒温热线风速仪IFA-300精确测量平板湍流边界层不同法向位置的流向速度信号.分析壁湍流脉动速度的概率密度分布,并与高斯分布比较,验证了壁湍流中相干结构引起的猝发现象的统计规律.提出了一种利用小波变换和Hilbert-Huang（HHT）变换相结合来提取相干结构的方法.对壁湍流脉动速度进行HHT变换,通过变换后各模态的能量分析,分离出主要含能模态对应的相干结构.利用小波重构法继续提取未分离的小尺度相干结构.对剩余湍流信号进行概率统计,并比较提取的全部相干结构与原始湍流信号的波形和HHT边际谱,验证了湍流信号既包含非随机的相干结构信号也包含随机的非相干信号.     

湍流多尺度相干结构间歇性的PIV实验研究

利用粒子成像测速(PIV)系统测量了湍流边界层中流向速度平面,并对湍流多尺度相干结构统计特性进行了实验研究.利用连续子波变换,计算了不同尺度、不同法向位置的子波系数概率密度函数.结果发现缓冲区有着更强的间歇性.利用子波系数量化湍流间歇性的方法,应用推广的自相似律(ESS),计算了子波系数结构函数的标度指数.研究表明:当多尺度相干结构被提取出后,利用子波系数计算的ESS标度律就符合科尔莫戈罗夫提出的线性标度律,验证了多尺度相干结构是湍流边界层产生奇异标度律的原因.此外,利用PIV系统测量的数据,给出了流向平面内的以子波系数表达的能量分布.这种方法有利于进一步对多尺度相干结构在空间平面内的辨识与特性进行研究.     

近壁圆柱绕流积沙线的形成机理研究

应用粒子图像测速(PIV)系统进行近壁圆柱绕流实验,探讨壁面积沙现象的机理.分别在两个动量损失厚度雷诺数1 092和796下,对两个不同直径的圆柱,取间隙比(圆柱与壁面间的距离与圆柱直径之比)0到1.5中的12个值进行实验,总结了不同情况下积沙线的形成特点.研究结果表明:积沙线形成的可能原因是由于圆柱对平板壁面边界层的影响,使得边界层流动在圆柱下游一到两倍圆柱直径的平板壁面处发生壁面分离,在分离区域流体速度减小,并且产生附着涡,流体运动挟带到此处的粒子速度减小,发生沉积而形成.     

湍流边界层逆转捩机制的实验研究

实验研究了板面向下的平板边界层中的逆转捩现象,测量了加热前后湍能生成项,耗散项和吸收项的变化规律,初步解释了逆转捩发生的物理机制。实验结果表明,通过加热,形成稳定的密度分层结构,在距离平板前缘 400—1000 mm 范围内,湍能生成项变为负值,成为实际上的湍能集中吸收区,使得边界层内层的湍流能量被迅速吸收;近壁区的小尺度涡对于湍能的耗散作用进一步增强;同时浮力引起的湍能吸收项对湍能输运也起到了很好的抑制作用。外层流动失去了能量来源,从而使得流动逐渐从湍流演变为层流。     

Stochastic method to determine the scale and anomalous diffusion of gusts in a windy atmospheric boundary layer

In the atmospheric boundary layer, especially during strong wind period, the coherent structures are obvious and related to the direct interaction of the air masses with the ground. In this paper, we used the observation data during dust weather in Northwest Gansu to study the coherent structure and their ＂anomalous diffusion＂. The structures in the atmospheric boundary layer included turbulent fluctuations and gusty wind disturbances, and could be denoted as ＂critical events＂. Their fractal dimensions were expressed by the complex index μ of waiting times. Although the complex index can indicate the ability of the system to generate coherent structures, it has a strong dependence on the threshold marking the ＂critical events＂. Hence, the continuous time random walk method was used to analyze the coherent structures. The scaling law of anomalous diffusion of coherent structures was obtained, and the diffusion scaling exponent H that indicated the ability of diffusion of different structures was analyzed. The exponents changed with structure scales which were affected by velocities and heights. At small scales, it was almost isotropic, and at large scales, the coherent structures were obvious and the diffusion was anomalous.     

平板边界层湍流的数值分析

对于不可压缩平板边界层的时间模式的直接数值模拟(DNS)而言,在转捩后继续计算,就可以得到湍流直接数值模拟结果.分析计算结果发现,当湍流充分发展后,其平均流剖面、各种量的脉动均方根值和雷诺应力等沿平板法向的分布都具有相似性.不过,从转捩完成至湍流充分发展之间有一过渡过程,其间上述相似性不成立.这一结果为简化但又较准确地计算工程技术问题中的湍流提供了一种可能性.此外,还分析了其他一些湍流特征,如形状因子和位移排移厚度随时间的演化规律.为了观察到相干结构,须将展向的计算域缩小一半,以增加分辨率,研究结果表明,湍流边界层近壁区存在相干结构,其主要表现是准流向涡或涡对.     

湍流相干结构对边界层中标量扩散的影响

在大气边界层风洞和玻璃水槽中进行湍流边界层流动中的标量扩散模拟试验和机理研究．通过流动显示、湍流测量和频谱分析，已表明湍流边界层中的间歇现象在标量扩散过程中起着重要作用．烟雾在大气中的扩散、悬浮污染物质在河流中的扩散都属于湍流边界层中的标量扩散问题．在近源区，标量扩散主要受到各向异性湍流相干结构的影响，结果往往在近源区会出现局部的较高浓度的污染物质．采用流动显示和频谱分析相结合的研究方法，得到了在某些流动条件下的湍流相干结构时间和空间尺度近似值     

溢流反弧段紊流边界层变化规律的数值模拟

在溢流反弧段流线同心圆假定的基础上,通过理论推导,建立了表征反弧段动水压强、壁面势流流速、壁面切应力的相应表达式;将描述边界层发展变化规律的连续方程、动量积分方程、动能积分方程联立,并运用列主元高斯消去法将其转化为一阶微分方程组,采用双边法求其数值解,从而模拟出反弧段水深、边界层厚度以及流速分布指数的沿程变化规律。     

Large Eddy Simulation of New Vortex Generator Enhancing Heat Exchange of Solar Energy

This paper put forward a new-type vortex generator enhancing heat exchange of solar air-drier and air-heater on the gas side,and investigated the mechanism of heat transfer enhancement and drag reduction by the influence of vortex generators on the coherent structure of turbulent boundary layer.The flow and heat transfer characteristics of rectangle channel with bevel-cut half-elliptical column vortex generators were obtained using large eddy simulation (LES) and the hydromechanics software FLUENT6.3.The instantaneous proper-ties of velocity,temperature and pressure in channel were gained.The coherent structure of turbulent boundary layer flow was showed, and the characteristic of vortex induced by inclined-cut semi-ellipse vortex generator and its influence on turbulent coherent structure were analyzed.And the effect mechanism of turbulent coherent structure on flow field,pressure field and temperature field was discussed.Based on the results,the heat trans-fer coefficient and drag reduction of the new vortex generator with different pitch angles were compared.Some-times.the coherent effects of the increased wall heat transfer and the decreased skin friction do not satisfy theReynolds analogy.The turbulent coherent structure can be controlled through the geometry of the vortex gener-ator.so the heat transfer and drag reduction can also be controlled.Then we can seek suitable form of vortex generator and structure parameters.in order to achieve the enhanced heat transfer and flow of drag reduction in the solar air-heater and solar air-drier.     

Simulation of wind gust structure in the atmospheric boundary layer with Lattice Boltzmann Method

Cold fronts occur in northern East Asia during winter and spring.After cold frontal passage,airflow is downward and accompa-nying strong winds fluctuate significantly;this is termed wind gusts.Analysis of observation data shows that wind gust structure has coherent characteristics.This is important for entrainment of spring dust storms into the upper boundary layer,where they are transported great distances.The Lattice Boltzmann Method(LBM) is a computational fluid technique based on the Boltzmann transport equation.The LBM has been used to study complex motion such as turbulence,because it describes motion at the micro level.In this paper,Large eddy simulation is introduced in the LBM,enabling simulation of turbulent flow in the atmospheric boundary layer.The formation and development of wind gusts are simulated,and a coherent structure with a combination of wave and vortex is obtained.This explains the mechanism of soil erosion and sand entrainment by the coherent structure of wind gusts.     

有吹吸速度的外掠多孔平板湍流边界层的积分方法

具有吹吸速度的外掠多孔平板湍流流动特性是研究发散冷却和气膜冷却的基础,具有重要的理论研究意义.将湍流速度边界层划分为层流底层和湍流核心区,采用三次多项式和1/5次幂函数分别代表流体沿两个区域厚度方向的速度分布,通过积分方法建立了动量方程,利用四阶龙格-库塔法求解得到可渗透壁面湍流边界层速度场的理论解析解,同时获得了壁面摩擦系数.对比表明,解析解与Whitten、Blackwell试验结果以及Kays的经验公式符合得较为满意,证明了所提出的湍流理论模型的正确性.     

应用激光流体应变率仪测量壁面阻力

激光流体应变率仪是能将流体边界层的近壁区线性速度分布与菲涅尔双棱镜分光形成的干涉条纹的间距线性特性结合起来的测量仪器,能够直接测量固体表面边界层的速度梯度,而且不干扰流场,并由速度梯度可推出壁面剪切应力。用这种仪器在二维流动管道中进行了测量层流和湍流的初步试验。试验表明,对层流的测量结果与理论分析基本一致。因此,该仪器可作为流体边界层的壁面阻力测量及监视工具。