试析SSM如何使高校国际化建设真正具有可行性

高等院校的国际化建设正在受到越来越多的重视,相关研究和理论也有所积淀,但是总体而言实践效果并不让人满意。相关人士越来越感觉到国际化建设是一个复杂系统,其中利益相关者特别是拥有否决权的相关人员的观点和态度等主观因素是重要的影响因素,因此特别适合于解决复杂问题情境的软系统方法论(SSM)被借用来分析此情境,旨在寻求一个具有切实可行性的问题情境改进方案。     

复杂系统变迁分析力学的交叉集成变量及微分方程

对于包括质量、能量、信息以及知识和智能等资源的复杂系统，给出三个可分别称为“资源集成结点”“集成配置结点”和“智能组织结点”的新型基本模型，并将它们归结为一个可称为“交叉集成结点”的基本模型，以便对各种不同类型的资源和组份进行统一度量。在此基础上，在用于分析配置结点（或组织结点）确定性运动的分析力学相空间和用于分析资源结点（或配置结点）随机性分布运动的统计力学相空间之间，引入用于对复杂系统的整体运动、自身发展和总体变迁进行交叉研究的集成相空间，最后探讨建立复杂系统的变迁过程交叉案成动力学基本函数和方程。     

论现代企业文化结构之功能

社会经济系统在结构变革过程中，催生了“现代企业文化”，这一崭新的序参量，在企业的经济活动中，充分展现了参量系统三大要素的特殊功能，即科学文化的动力功能；道德文化的尽善功能；艺术文化的尽美功能。“真、善、美”的统一，是企业从“经济人”向“伦理人”提升的必经途径。     

基于ns-2的SSM组播模型仿真

组播技术能以高效、可扩展的方式发送点到多点、多点到多点数据。传统的组播模型与协议存在可扩展性差等问题，至今未能在Internet得到广泛应用。新型的SSM组播服务模型，能克服传统组播模型的缺点，有望在Internet上得到广泛应用。本文实现了SSM组播服务模型，并对SSM实现机制进行了分析，利用所实现的SSM组播模型进行了仿真实验，论证了SSM组播模型的简单与高效性。     

突发性事故系统的脆性风险分析及其在煤矿中的应用

煤矿事故的发生存在一定的偶然，但其内在也是存在着必然的，此必然就体现到了煤矿系统内部所存在风险因素。文章利用熵理论从事件发生的概率，事件发生对于系统造成损失的严重程度，事件的不可控制程度三个方面来量化风险熵函数。并研究风险熵函数的性质。针对煤矿系统中的瓦斯爆炸问题，从系统级、事件级、因素级三个级别上考虑其脆性过程，分析各级别内部以及各级别之间元素的脆性联系，从中找出使整个系统崩溃（事故发生）的因素集合，并根据风险熵函数的定义得出现今煤矿瓦斯爆炸事故系统的风险熵。     

基于协同学的组织核心竞争力序参量转化模型研究

组织核心竞争力演化过程是一个复杂适应性系统（CAS），该系统有三个序参量：创新能力、免疫能力和盈利能力，同时也有两类一般参量：结构类参量和文化类参量。在混沌状态下这三个序参量通过相互“竞争”，交替由隐性序参量转化显性序参量。     

群体智慧在综合集成研讨厅体系中的涌现

1992年我国科学家钱学森提出处理“开放的复杂巨系统”有关复杂问题的理论框架，称为综合集成研讨厅体系（HWME）。本文主要的构思是利用万维网（WWW）等技术来实现研讨厅体系，所完成的工作可概括为如下三点：（1）提出广义专家群体的概念，围绕着将要研讨的问题，通过万维网，获得针对问题的“权威”网页和“中心”网页，这些网页的集合及作为人的群体，构成广义专家群体，研讨厅是广义专家群体充分利用信息技术进行交互作用的场所；（2）以学习型组织理论为基础，并集成其它有关“研讨”的优点，提供专家在研讨过程中的有效互动规范，。由于思维上具有社会性，专家群体中存在微妙的动态复杂性，存在着习惯性防卫等交流障碍，有效的互动规范是必要的。（3）借鉴万维网中从整体考虑链接的方法，考虑专家的发言，类似于WWW的一个网页，而专家是网页的创建者，这样一来广义专家的研讨过程，或者进一步说，广义专家互动形成的网络链接结构的可用有向属性图表示，由于HWME的结构和WWW具有结构相似性，所以采用网络中“超链接导致主题搜索”（HITS）的思想与方法，建立综合集成研讨厅体系的链接结构分析方法。本文的工作表明，基于学习型组织互动规范下的专家群体研讨过程是产生知识的过程，群体智慧通过广义专家群体互动而涌现出来。     

连环恐怖袭击下危险品运输网络级联失效建模

研究危险品运输网络在遭受恐怖袭击后的级联失效过程和性质有助于指导系统建设和提高其抗毁性能. 在分析危险品运输网络及恐怖袭击特性基础上，建立了双层危险品运输网络模型，通过定义网络的三种节点状态，分析了单次和连环袭击下的危险品运输网络级联失效过程，基于此，建立连环袭击下的危险品运输网络级联失效模型. 从“结果性”和“过程性”两个视角出发，提出网络抗毁性的评价测度“节点存活率”和“相对二次级联失效数”. 通过建立实例仿真场景和仿真流程，就不同袭击次数、不同节点的度及容量系数和不同规划方式对危险品运输网络级联失效特性的影响进行仿真，验证了模型的可行性，仿真结果为危险品运输网络的规划提供决策依据.     

复杂适应系统的共性描述

CAS（复杂适应系统）之所以复杂，一是参量多，二是结构复杂，三是支则无法把握，一般认为很难给出定量形式化描述。但欲有效构造人工CAS，就必须给出有效定量形式化描述。为此，我们首创了“准全息元数学模型”，据此可以奠定复杂适应系统的理论框架。     

复杂性科学,整体规律与定性研究

研究复杂系统要探索整体规律。本文指出：为此，需要对定性研究予以适当重视。文中给出一个表达式（E）：S（∑i=1^n 1i）=E（n）。即自聚集、自组织，演化发展到新层次。此式用以描述复杂系统的结构形成及动态行为。还对其中“自聚集”的概念给以着重阐述。又分析了聚集的量对系统功能的影响，并给出表达式（C）：11＋12＋…＋1n〉en^2。然后，从生物、自然界、社会、工程等不同领域，解释可用（E）式概括的一些规律性现象；还从复杂系统的观点并借助（E）式讨论了对“从量变到质变”的进一步认识。最后，将复杂系统的自相似结构与分形自相似结构对比，指出一类复杂系统其结构的形成实质是由简单规则多次重复而来，即复杂寓于简单，且聚集、组织，再聚集、再组织……即（E）式多次重复，是形成一类复杂系统结构的基本规则。     

Application of SSM in tackling problematical situations from academicians’ viewpoints

In recent years, a wide variety of studies have applied soft systems methodology (SSM) to address the complexities of the messy situations. This paper seeks to identify 1) application areas and 2) application levels of the use of SSM in dealing with problematical situations. To do so, 149 articles published between 2000 and 2015 were studied. The findings revealed the application of SSM in new application areas such as sustainable development, knowledge management and project management. The results of this study also indicated that researchers applied SSM at three levels: SSM as a process of inquiry, SSM as an action-oriented methodology, and the hybrid use of SSM. Based on the findings, SSM at the level of a single methodology for bringing out changes has been less welcomed by researchers, but the application levels of inquiry processes and hybrid approaches have been more utilized. This suggests that in the correspondence of SSM with the nature or situation of problems, a sort of incommensurability is witnessed. Factors arising from the nature of the problem, inadequate mastery of the researcher over SSM or the limitations of SSM can exert an influence on this incommensurability.     

Suggestions for New Application Areas for Soft Systems Methodology in the Information Age

Soft systems methodology (SSM) is now 40?years old. Another decade has passed since Checkland??s thirty year retrospective on the methodology, published in 2000. It can now be described as an old methodology. But it has adapted and changed over the years and is still very much alive, although the days are long gone when it was mainly developed and practised by its founders at the University of Lancaster. Interestingly, considering that many applications of SSM over the years have been to information systems, it was developed before the age of personal computers and the Internet. The way SSM is viewed has changed over the years as it has been applied to various types of problem situation. Every use of SSM will potentially hold methodological lessons in addition to those about the situation of concern; these may include SSMs framework of ideas, processes and way of use. How is SSM going to change in the future? This will depend in part on the types of problem situation to which it is applied. This paper examines some problem situations associated with emerging technologies in the information age to which SSM has not yet been much applied. These include computer simulation and virtual reality, ubiquitous computing and the design of cities, Information Technology Service Management and the design of enterprise information architectures. Some of the different worldviews associated with these problem situations which could be explored using SSM are noted.     

Storying Systems: Managing Everyday Flux Using Mode 2 Soft Systems Methodology

This paper examines work with managers who used a narrative approach to systemic thinking. Storytelling is incorporated within Mode 2 SSM involving a flexible approach to the analysis of complex or "messy" situations at work. Mode 2 SSM is presented as a thinking mode by those within the problem situation, involving the use of various devices of rich pictures, relevant systems, and root definitions, whereby managers and others may make sense of their experiences from within the flux of everyday life. The focus of the approach is learning through reflection on events and activities to consider potential actions and improvements in difficult situations. The findings show the initial difficulty and disappointment of learning to deal with complexity and the unexpected but how quickly the "gain outweighs the pain," as managers learned to attune themselves to the flux of situations, to identify how to work with flows and energies more creatively, and to become conscious of what was happening on the edge of awareness.     

Managerial Effectiveness from a System Theoretical Point of View

This paper defines managerial effectiveness as the ability to answer three questions: (1) Given sparse knowledge of a problematic situation, how is it possible to extract information from it?; (2) If such information can indeed be extracted, how can it be structured in a way which enables rigorous problem definition?; and (3) If a problem can indeed be defined rigorously, how can this definition be used to inform a systemic approach toward resolution? Managerial effectiveness, in other words, is understood as the ability to make systemic decisions in the absence of clear facts. A configuration of Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) is presented, and it is argued that this configuration addresses the three questions and facilitates useful and practical systemic results in the face of partial information. Overall, the paper provides a theoretical basis for discussing managerial effectiveness, a decision making model which renders the theory operational, a teaching and training tool for disseminating SSM, and a blueprint from which to begin considering software support for the methodology.     

Qualifying Function in SSM Modeling—A Case Study

In a previous paper the author introduced a concept called qualifying function as a conceptual tool for modeling and design. The concept was incorporated into the modeling phase of soft systems methodology (SSM), with the purpose of addressing some of the criticism directed toward the methodology, such as its tendency to result in regulatory, rather than radical, agendas for change. It was argued that the concept had the potential to help people in a particular problem situation to view the situation from new and different perspectives and that it could enrich the conceptual models by giving the transformation process a direction. The aim of this paper is to apply the concept, embedded in SSM, to a case study involving two projects, focused on creating new work opportunities, to explore the practical applicability and usefulness of the concept, both in general and as a part of the modeling phase of SSM.     

Insights into Operationalizing Communities of Practice from SSM-Based Inquiry Processes

Two systemic inquiries, based on soft systems methodology (SSM), into the potential for using community of practice (CoP) theory by an Australian-government created research and development corporation to change its knowledge management (KM) strategy, are reported. Key staff were engaged in the inquiry into how to build a third-order KM strategy based on CoPs; an exploration of key published work on CoPs yielded four SSM activity models—‘being a community practice system’; ‘doing the work of imagination sub-system’; ‘doing the work of alignment sub-system’ and ‘doing the work of engagement sub-system’. These models can be used as heuristics to aid the purposeful design of CoPs in other settings. SSM, enacted as a systemic inquiry, can be understood as a form of systemic action research, which was well equipped to deal with CoP theory and, when enacted participatively, can generate important systemic insights. The inquiry began the process of fostering an appreciation of third order KM but, on the evidence available, did not lead to on-going commitment to a CoPs-based KM strategy. Future research should acknowledge how the framing of research situations influences the research process, the importance of the design of practice change settings and the limited evidence for purposeful interventions leading to successful CoPs.     

The Emergent Properties of SSM in Use: A Symposium by Reflective Practitioners

Two careers, in industry and in university teaching at postgraduate level, have led to the development of Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) in a 30-year program of action research. The most cogent comments on SSM come from reflective practitioners, and in this symposium I have asked eight such users of SSM to reflect on their experience and to address the question of what it is that happens when the approach is used in real-world problem situations. Their responses reflect their different backgrounds, experience, and ways of working, but a broad general picture emerges. This suggests that SSM (whose process does not necessarily have to be made explicit to participants in a study) can engender a process of on-going (cyclic) coherent structured learning which feels natural, and which can surface previously unexamined assumptions, thus creating an arena in which accommodations can emerge which enable and motivate "action to improve" to be taken.     

一般系统方法论研究

在分析Ｃｈｅｃｋｌａｎｄ软系统方法论的局限性的基础上，本文提出了一般系统方法论（ＧＳＭ）．ＧＳＭ包括了软系统方法论与Ｈａｌｌ硬系统方法论的全部内容，井扩展到问题的发现与形成阶段，揭示出这三部分之间的逻辑联系，从而完善了系统问题从感知到解决的全部可能的逻辑思维过程．     

Evaluating Climate Change Discourse in New Zealand

Issues of social responsibility, ethics and interdependence, as well as the pragmatic imperative to better understand complexity, require that diverse viewpoints be invited and given credence by policy makers seeking imaginative ‘solutions’ to climate change. This paper explores the statutory introduction of biofuels into New Zealand by way of the discourses that preceded this decision. This inquiry used Critically Systemic Thinking and ‘Mode 2’ Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) to engage with multiple stakeholders to the Biofuels policy to discover how the discourse was conducted. It concludes that the process of policymaking was framed in technical rationalist terms thereby favouring certain ‘worldviews’ over others. Accordingly, a model of ‘ideal’ discourse and decision making for governing the conduct of future public discourse is presented. This inquiry assists in re-establishing SSM as a rigorous and reflexive approach to analysing a complex issue and for enhancing collective learning into its content and process.