改性松香基非离子表面活性剂的合成及性能

以松香和聚甘油为原料,合成了一种松香基非离子表面活性剂,得到不同甘油聚合度的产物.得到的松香基非离子表面活性剂的表面物化性能为表面张力44.2～49.6 mN/m;临界胶束浓度8.0×10-4～25.6×10-4mol/L;钙皂分散指数13.5%～21.5%;界面张力11.7～18.9 mN/m;乳化力44～85 s;泡沫性能6～46 mm;润湿力87～121 s.并对甘油聚合度和产物表面性能的关系进行了考察.     

纳米固体酸催化聚合松香酯化反应的研究

研究了纳米氧化锌、纳米氧化铈、纳米二氧化钛、纳米氧化镧、氧化钆、氧化钐、氧化钕、SO42-/ZrO2、活性氧化锌、纳米氧化镁催化剂,催化聚合松香与甘油酯化反应的催化性能.结果表明:催化剂的活性顺序为氧化钕>纳米氧化锌>氧化钐>氧化钆>纳米氧化镧>纳米二氧化钛>纳米氧化镁纳米氧化铈活性氧化锌SO42-/ZrO2.采用纳米氧化锌催化聚合松香与甘油反应的适宜条件为:纳米氧化锌用量为聚合松香质量的2%,甘油的用量为聚合松香质量的28%,酯化温度265℃,反应时间5 h.聚合松香的酯化率≥95.4%,产物的酸值≤7 mg/g(KOH),软化点≥99℃,加纳色阶为6~7.     

醇醚型磺基琥珀酸酯盐系列的合成、结构与性能

该文对脂肪醇聚氧乙烯 (n )醚磺基琥珀酸单酯二钠盐 (n =3,5 ,7,9)的合成工艺和表面化学性能及应用性能进行了系统研究 ,并对反应物结构与其反应活性和产物结构与其表面活性的关系进行了讨论。结果表明 ,脂肪醇聚氧乙烯 (n )醚中乙氧基聚合数n由 3增加到 9,其酯化反应所需最佳温度由 110℃逐渐升高至 140℃ ;产物临界胶束浓度cmc 由 5 .0 1× 10 -4 mol/L减小至 1.41× 10 -4 mol/L ;临界表面张力γc 由 32 .5mN/m增大至 39.3mN/m ;钙皂分散力LSDP和乳化力逐渐增强 ,其中 ,乙氧基聚合数n为 9时 ,其钙皂分散力、乳化力最强 ;而当乙氧基聚合数n为 5时其去污能力最强。     

松香-蔗糖基双子表面活性剂的合成研究

以特级松香为原料,经松香缩水甘油酯、松香缩水甘油二乙醇胺和松香缩水甘油二乙醇胺丙烯酸甲酯等中间体,与蔗糖酯交换合成了松香缩水甘油二乙醇胺丙烯酸蔗糖酯,并对中间体的合成条件进行了探索,用红外光谱对中间体及目标产物进行了分析,测定了目标产物的表面张力和临界胶束浓度等表面性质．     

Ai(i-Bu)3-La(AA)3-H2O催化的环氧乙烷聚合作用

详细研究了在Al(i-Bu)3-La(AA)3-H2O的催化下环氧乙烷的均聚反应和与环氧丙烷的共聚反应情况.实验发现在该催化剂的作用下,以甲苯为反应介质,在n[Al(i-Bu)3]∶n[La(AA)3]为16～10,n[Al(i-Bu)3]∶n[H2O]为1∶(1～3),n(单体)∶n[La(AA)3]为1000∶(1～3),n(单体)∶n[Al(i-Bu)3]为100∶(1～3),45℃预聚2h,85～90℃聚合10h的条件下,催化剂的活性高,聚合速率大,所得产物的平均相对分子质量高.以水为溶剂,在30℃测得环氧乙烷均聚物的v=310×104;在m(环氧乙烷)∶m(环氧丙烷)为195∶15时,其共聚物的v=380×104,且产物有较好的水溶性.     

Ai(i-Bu)_3-La(AA)_3-H_2O催化的环氧乙烷聚合作用

详细研究了在 Al( i - Bu) 3- La( AA) 3- H2 O的催化下环氧乙烷的均聚反应和与环氧丙烷的共聚反应情况 .实验发现在该催化剂的作用下 ,以甲苯为反应介质 ,在 n [Al( i - Bu) 3]∶ n [La( AA) 3]为 1 6～ 1 0 ,n [Al( i- Bu) 3]∶ n [H2 O]为 1∶ ( 1～ 3) ,n (单体 )∶ n [La( AA) 3]为 1 0 0 0∶ ( 1～ 3) ,n (单体 )∶ n [Al( i - Bu) 3]为 1 0 0∶ ( 1～ 3) ,45℃预聚 2 h,85～ 90℃聚合 1 0 h的条件下 ,催化剂的活性高 ,聚合速率大 ,所得产物的平均相对分子质量高 .以水为溶剂 ,在 30℃测得环氧乙烷均聚物的 Mv=31 0× 1 0 4 ;在 m (环氧乙烷 )∶ m (环氧丙烷 )为 1 95∶ 1 5时 ,其共聚物的 Mv=380×1 0 4 ,且产物有较好的水溶性     

微波辐射下α-蒎烯与甲酸的加成反应

研究了微波辐射下α 蒎烯与甲酸的加成反应。结果表明,加成反应较好的工艺条件为:α 蒎烯0.03mol,甲酸0.15mol,硫酸催化剂用量7.14×10-4mol,微波功率700W,反应时间40min。在此工艺条件下,主产物甲酸松油酯的得率为60.4%,选择性为64.5%。微波辐射技术应用于甲酸松油酯的合成,在低温条件下反应速率和选择性的提高并不明显,其作用机理还有待进一步探讨。     

水解稳定型硼酸酯表面活性剂的合成和表征

硼酸和甘油在阳离子交换树脂做催化剂的条件下反应合成硼酸甘油酯,反应转化率可达97%,。根据用KOH的乙醇溶液滴定得到的酸值,计算得出最佳产物的转化率能达到96.82%,。然后将生成的硼甘酯用环氧乙烷(EO)改性得到含有4个以上碳链的EO硼酸甘油酯,其水解稳定时间增加到48,h,说明其水解稳定性得到了改善。用红外谱图表征改性前后产物的结构进一步证明了最终产物就是含有C—O—C键的EO硼酸甘油酯。     

双氢化松香丁二酸二缩水甘油酯的合成

以氢化松香与环氧氯丙烷为原料合成了氢化松香缩水甘油酯,继而与丁二酸开环酯化制备了双氢化松香丁二酸二缩水甘油酯．在单因素的基础上利用正交试验、响应面软件对合成工艺进行了优化,最佳合成条件：反应温度150℃,反应时间2h,n（氢化松香缩水甘油酯）：n（丁二酸）=2．5：1,二甲苯10ml,收率为75％左右．红外光谱分析并结合羟值数据表明得到目标产物．对酯化反应的动力学分析,反应符合准一级反应速率方程,反应的表观活化能Ea=85．76kJ·mol^-1,指前因子A=3．83×10^11h^-1．     

环氧乙烷催化合成3-羟基丙酸甲酯的研究

提出以3-羟基吡啶为配体的Co2(CO)8催化剂,由环氧乙烷的氢酯基化生产3-羟基丙酸甲酯的工艺,表明该工艺路线可行.并考察了反应温度、反应压力以及甲醇溶剂的量对环氧乙烷羰基合成3-羟基丙酸甲酯反应的影响.结果表明:较优工艺条件为:反应温度70℃;反应压力7.0MPa;n(甲醇):n(环氧乙烷)=4.5.在此条件下,原料的转化率达到92%～100%,产率达到87.3%～91.4%.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-