Spatial variability on vegetation parameters in Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region

Study on pattern and change on land cover stands an important aspect to global change. The spatial characteristics of ecological system show some familiar or disfamiliar principle with up-scaling or down-scaling process, which can be defined as spatial autocorrelation. In this paper, four typical parameters of ecological features, say Gross Primary Product （GPP）, Net Primary Product （NPP）, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index （NDVI）, and Enhanced Vegetation Index （EVI）, are selected to investigate the spatial variability on vegetative features in Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region （LRGR）, Southwest China. Moran coefficient （MC） is calculated for spatial autocorrelation degree, and semivariance function is used for spatial variability and spatial heterogeneity analysis. The results show that： （1） the ecological features show negative autocorrelation in the whole region. The higher anisotropy is on northsouth direction, and then on southeast-northwest direction. （2） The spatial variability scale is great on vegetative features in the whole region. （3） The autocorrelation distance on north-south direction is the greatest, then on southwest-northeast direction. Through the above analysis it can be found that the vegetative features are consistent with direction of landform in LRGR, which is shown on higher autocorrelation on south-north direction, and lower on west-east direction.     

Effects of road networks on ecosystem service value in the Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region

Based on the land use (LU) (in 1985 and 2000) and road networks (RN) data in the Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region (LRGR), ecosystem services value (ESV) loss under the disturbance of road networks was estimated by using landscape degradation index (LDI) to clarify the effects of human activities on ecosystem service function (ESF). Results show that the ESV decreased more than 65×10⁸ Yuan (RMB) due to the transformation of ecosystems in the study area during the past 16 years. The ecosystems influenced by road networks of different grades account for 5.4% of the total land in the study area. The ecosystems lost their ESV of 1900×10⁸ Yuan (RMB) by the disturbance of RN. The effect of RN on the ESV decreased exponentially. The forecast shows that ESV will be decreased 1.2%/a on average in 2010 and 2020 due to RN projects. The effect of ecosystem structure change on ESV was complex and nonlinear. The disturbance of RN, one of the human activities influencing ESF is considered, further study and new method should be developed to accurately estimate the loss of ESV and the ecosystem function.

     

纵向岭谷区地势曲线图谱及地貌特征分析

 地貌是区域自然环境的重要组成部分,地理信息系统和遥感技术的发展为地貌特征研究提供了全新的技术支持,图谱作为地理时空分析方法在地学相关领域具有广泛应用.针对纵向岭谷区典型南北走向山系河谷特点,收集该地区栅格数字高程模型地理信息与遥感数据,通过综合运用空间信息处理技术获得系列地貌信息图谱,基此对纵向岭谷区地貌形态特征进行分析.初步结果表明:纵向岭谷区不同纬度断面的地貌剖面均表现出地表形态起伏变化大、地表切割强烈、坡度陡、地貌形态结构复杂的总体特点,但由于所处纬向地带不同,各断面也存在明显地貌特征差异;另外,由北向南,纵向岭谷区总体地势具有显著急剧下降特点,地表形态复杂度出现两级阶梯分布状态.     

一种改进的判别方法及其在纵向岭谷夏季降水预测中应用

 在遵循Fisher判别准则的基础上,提出了一种判别系数和判别临界值随时间变化的新方法,并应用于能反映纵向岭谷区域降水主要变化规律的镇沅测站7月份降雨量的预报中.在前人工作指出印度洋海温变化对该区降水变化有显著影响的基础上,以前期秋季、冬季和春季印度洋海温距平的纬向梯度为预报因子,建立判别预报方程.实际应用结果表明,此方法具有较好的历史回报率和外推预报率;同时具有良好的预报稳定性.     

Effects of highway construction on soil quality in the Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region in Yunnan Province

The impact of highway construction upon surrounding ecosystems in the Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region of Southwestern China was detected based on field survey and experimental analysis. We conducted a study on Dali (from Dali City to Lijiang City) provincial road, Dabao (from Dali City to Baoshan City) highway and Baolong (from Baoshan City to Longling County) highway in the Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region to detect the effect of highway construction on surrounding soil quality using the method of space-for-time substitution, and predicted remediation of surrounding soil quality. The results showed that: (1) The effect of highway construction on both natural and cultivated soil quality is significant, and the effect is more significant in the period of highway construction than the period of highway in use. (2) The effects of highway construction is more apparent on downslope than upslope, and effect range was 200 m on downslope, while 150 m on upslope. (3) Soil remediation is mainly related to effect extent of highway construction, highway service time, vegetation restoration, soil organic matter and soil total nitrogen, among which, highway construction is the most important factor. (4) When vegetation coverage can be restored to 30% of the original condition, soil quality can be remedied to 44% of the original condition after 10 years, indicating that soil fertility remediation is rather difficult once it is destroyed.

     

Study on the effect of highway construction on photosynthetic rate of roadsides plant in Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region

A case study was conducted on Dabao （from Dali city to Baoshan city） and Sixiao （from Simao city to Xiaomengyang town） highways in Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region to investigate the effect of highway construction on photosynthetic rate of roadsides plants. The dominant species in the plant communities were selected to measure the variation of their photosynthetic rate with the distance to the highway, so as to analyze the effect of highway construction on photosynthesis and growth of roadside plants by using mathematic methods including contrast analysis, regress analysis and so on. Results indicate： （1） Highway construction reduced the plant photosynthetic rate of the arbor and crop, and improved the plant photosynthetic rate of the shrub and herbage; （2） highway construction directly affected the plant photosynthetic rate through changing the structure of plant community and living state of plant, and indirectly affected the plant photosynthetic rate through changing its environmental factors; （3） the location and topography of road are also important factors affecting plant photosynthetic rate on roadsides, the influencing incidence and intensity on plant photosynthetic rate under different topographies caused by the two selected highways were obviously different.     

Spatial variability of irrigation factors and their relationships with “corridor-barrier” functions in the Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region

Based on the monthly meteorological data at 58 meteorological stations from 1971 to 2000 in the Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region (LRGR) and the surrounding areas, six factors including yearly ET ₀, maximum monthly ET ₀ (May), minimum monthly ET ₀ (December), paddy irrigation quota and total agricultural irrigation quota (yearly and main irrigation period from April to June) were selected to examine their spatial variability using a geostatistical approach. The results indicated that the coefficients of Moran’s I, describing the intensity of spatial autocorrelation, were greater in longitudinal direction than in other directions; the spatial variabilities of the six parameters were mainly caused by structural factor accounting for 60.2%–87.9%; the largest variabilities of ET ₀ (yearly, in May and December) appeared in the northwest-southeast and northeast-southwest directions. Due to the summer monsoon atmospheric circumfluence from the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, and continental warm-dry current in winter, the minimum fractal dimension and the maximum spatial variability of ET ₀ (yearly, in May and December) occurred in southwest-northeast and southeast-northwest directions. The highest variabilities of paddy and total agricultural irrigation requirements occurred in the south-north direction due to the vapor and energy diffusion caused by corridor function of the longitudinal rivers. The minimum spatial autocorrelation was in east-west direction, which proves that the six parameters of agricultural irrigation requirement were influenced by the “corridor-barrier” function in the LRGR and its surrounding areas.

     

Assessment of soil erosion risk on area alongside a typical section of road in Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region

Assessment of soil erosion risk on the area alongside a road not only provides important guidance to prevent and alleviate soil erosion, but also reflects a road built on soil erosion. The area alongside the road from Simao to Jinghong is chosen as the typical case; spatial analysis of GIS and BP neural network of artificial neural network are used as the methods; 5 factors of 3 aspects, such as topography, climate and land cover, are chosen to assess soil erosion risk on the area alongside a section of typical road. The results are that the area proportion of easier erosion land （the value of erosion risk is from 2.5 to 3.5） is relatively bigger; and the erosion risk of an area alongside the road in a certain distance is higher than an area far away from the road. It shows that the road has an effect on soil erosion of the area alongside it; the effect can be directly or indirectly caused by road construction; and the effect is reflected by the land cover change （including land use and vegetation status） caused by road construction.     

纵向岭谷北部三江并流区地貌与环境演化研究的进展及其重要意义

三江并流区是西南纵向岭谷区北部最为重要，也是景观最为奇特的组成部分。对其地貌与环境演化研究最早可追溯到明末大地理学家徐霞客。19世纪有少量中外学者作了一些零星工作。20世纪开始有较多的专家学者进行实地考察与研究，建国以来多学科、多专业的科学考察和研究增多，取得了较有价值的成果。但总体上缺乏较为系统深入的研究。对该区地貌与环境演化研究具有地质学、地貌学、气候学、生物学、生态学、第四纪环境学等多学科的科学研究价值，对区域性的全球变化响应研究也具有不可低估的科学意义。同时，对三江并流区的包括旅游资源、水电资源、生物资源等在内的资源利用，多条大江上游的生态建设，世界自然遗产的保护与展示，区域可持续发展等具有十分现实的意义。     

气候变化及其对西南纵向岭谷区水资源的影响——以龙川江、黑惠江、盘龙河流域为例

气候变化作为全球最为严峻的环境问题引起了国际社会的普遍关注.文章以实测数据为研究基础,以气候变化影响的脆弱区-西南纵向岭谷区内的长江上游龙川江、澜沧江上游黑惠江和红河上游盘龙河三个流域为例,探讨了中国西南纵向岭谷区的气候变化及其水资源效应,研究结果表明:(1)在全球气候变化的背景下,研究区的气温和降水都发生了变化;(2)气温的变化较降水变化更为明显,最低气温的升高趋势比最高气温的升高趋势更为显著;(3)对于降雨而言,研究区主要呈现出增加的趋势,枯水期的升高趋势总体较汛期更为明显一些;(4)在气温和降雨均发生了变化的条件下,地表水资源状况也发生了相应的变化,这种变化必将影响区内的自然生态系统和人类经济社会系统.     

Climatic difference in dry and wet season under effect of the Longitudinal Range-Gorge and its influence on transboundary river runoff

Based on observed data of transboundary river runoffs in the Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region （LRGR） and those of precipitation and air temperature fields in Yunnan, climatic variability in dry and wet seasons under the impact of LRGR and its influence on transboundary river runoff are studied by means of statistical analysis and wavelet transforms. Results show that latitude variations of high correlation center for precipitation field and corresponding transboundary river runoff are not so notable due to the underlying topography of LRGR, while longitude variations are highly marked. In dry season, greater precipitation and slighter relative deviation are observed in the eastern part as compared to those in the western part of LRGR; while lower average temperature and greater standard deviation are found in the eastern part. In wet season, greater precipitation and slighter relative deviation are ob- served in the western part, while lower average temperature and similar standard deviation are found in the eastern part. Either in dry or wet season, relative deviation of eastern runoff is always greater than that of the western one. LRGR＇s barrier action is stronger for southwest monsoon but weaker for northeast one. Under the effect of LRGR, precipitation variations in the eastern and western parts are primarily found in smaller timescales, and the variations tend to be insignificant as timescales increase; whereas slighter temperature variations are observed In recent years, precipitation in wet season tended to increase, which in turn resulted in the greater runoff of transboundary rivers. While in the past decade, air temperature showed a climbing trend in both dry and wet season in the LRGR.     

三江源区多尺度水文干旱特征及植被的响应

采用标准化降水指数SPI和遥感植被指数(NDVI、EVI)量化1961—2018年三江源区的生长季植被和水文干旱的演化特性,基于Mann-Kendall趋势检验法分析了三江源区1961—2018年干旱与植被的时空演变趋势,并基于斯皮尔曼等级相关系数进行了不同干旱变量与植被指数的相关性分析。结果表明： 三江源区季度干旱事件发生于1963年、1966年、1984年、1992年、2000年和2017年;春季有显著湿润化现象（平均趋势特征值Z=228）,秋季澜沧江源和长江源中部有不显著干旱威胁;5月黄河源以北地区有显著植被增加趋势,9月长江源中部与澜沧江源有不显著植被退化趋势,2000—2018年植被变化趋势是北部强于南部、西部强于东部;21世纪以来,干旱事件与植被有一定的响应关系,SPI3与植被指数显著正相关。     

长江流域森林NPP模拟及其对气候变化的响应

【目的】利用LPJ模型(Lund-Potsdam-Jena model)估算长江流域森林净初级生产力(net primary productivity, NPP),研究长江流域森林NPP时空动态变化及其与气候因素的关系,为长江流域及其他地区的植被监测与生态建设提供依据。【方法】基于LPJ模型模拟的NPP数据及气象资料,对长江流域1982—2013年森林NPP的空间分布和时空动态变化趋势进行分析,采用线性回归分析法分别以时间为自变量和NPP为因变量进行趋势检验,利用相关性分析法分析长江流域森林NPP与气象因子之间的关系。【结果】①长江流域1982—2013年森林年均NPP值为530.41 g/(m²·a),最高值出现在2002年,森林NPP值为578.55 g/(m²·a);最低值出现在1989年,森林NPP值为491.24 g/(m²·a)。②长江流域森林NPP的空间分布由东南沿海向西北逐渐减小,长江中下游森林NPP高于长江上游,森林NPP空间分布格局与水热条件分布格局相一致,长江流域东南部水热条件良好,能够满足植被生长和发展的需要,植被生产力比较高;西北部由于水热条件比较差,不利于植被生长,生产力低下。③长江流域大部分地区森林NPP与气温和降水为正相关关系,森林NPP与气温呈显著正相关,气温与森林NPP之间的相关性强于降水与森林NPP之间的相关性。【结论】长江流域森林NPP呈自东南向西北减少的趋势,且随时间呈波动上升趋势;气候对森林NPP具有显著影响,气温是影响森林NPP的主导因素。     

核电结构设计中参数不确定性对楼层谱计算影响分析

核电厂房的楼层反应谱是核电结构和设备抗震设计的依据．采用通常的确定性的方法计算只能选择可能性比较大,但又相对比较保守的荷载和结构参数进行分析,对计算结果反映实际的程度很难作出可靠的判断．在动力相互作用分析的基础上,针对核电结构设计中的参数不确定性问题,采用基于蒙特卡罗模拟的概率统计法进行楼层反应谱的分析．这种方法可以适应性能参数概率密度函数的各种不规则变化,在概率统计基础上获取不同置信率的响应结果．数值算例表明,该模型合理,计算结果可以对传统的确定性分析结果进行置信率的定量判断,进而对传统确定性方法设计的核电结构安全性有更深入的了解．     

河北省2001-2010年植被NPP时空变化及与气候因子相关性分析

利用中分辨率成像光谱仪MODIS (moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer)的MOD17A3数据集及气象数据,采用一元线性回归法及相关系数法对河北省2001-2010年植被净初级生产力(NPP)时空动态变化及与气候因子的相关性进行了分析.结果表明:河北省植被NPP多集中在200～400 g/(m2·a).从时间上看,10年间NPP年均值和最大值呈现一定的波动性变化,并呈下降趋势.2004年NPP均值最大,为356.42g/(m2·a),其次是2008年,为314.87 g/(m2·a),2001年最小,为225.13 g/(m2·a).从空间上看,河北省北部年均NPP值呈现从东向西递减、西部从南向北递减的趋势,中部太行山东部分布有1个NPP高值带.2001-2010年10年间河北省植被NPP在0.01检验水平下呈减少趋势的区域占全区植被面积的48.79％,增加的区域占45.54％,大部分地区呈减少趋势.NPP与气温和地温主要为负相关,与降水主要为正相关.总体上看,NPP与地温的相关性最高,与气温的相关性最低,但在局部地区并非如此.     

积冰对飞机本体纵向非线性动力学稳定域的影响

积冰威胁飞行安全,研究积冰对飞机稳定性的影响对确保飞行安全具有重要意义。积冰导致飞机失速迎角降低,仅研究飞机在小迎角线性段的稳定性是不充分的,还需对其非线性动力学稳定域进行研究。首先,基于积冰条件下的飞机气动系数曲线,建立积冰飞机纵向运动的非线性模型;然后,根据非线性动力学理论构造出飞机纵向运动的稳定域边界,并利用时域仿真对稳定域边界进行验证;最后,通过对比无冰与积冰条件下稳定域的变化,分析积冰对飞机稳定域的影响,并将积冰对飞机稳定域的影响和其对气动系数的影响进行对比。积冰条件下飞机稳定域在俯仰角速度方向上收缩约20%,稳定域边界处的最大迎角减小约1°。研究结果表明,积冰条件下飞机稳定域的变化与气动系数的变化一致,积冰导致飞机的稳定域缩小,容易引起飞行事故。     

东北地区植被NDVI变化及对气象因子的响应

根据1998-2008年东北地区SPOT-VGT NDVI数据和气象数据,分析了11年来东北地区植被年均NDVI变化及其与气象因子的相关性,并对不同植被生长季NDVI变化及其与气象因子的相关性和滞后性进行了研究.结果表明:近11年来东北地区植被总体状况较好,绝大部分地区植被未发生明显变化;植被年均NDVI受温度、降水影响较为显著,且温度影响程度高于降水,降水影响程度北部地区高于南部;东北地区不同植被生长季NDVI值不同,植被生长状况变化不同,但变化幅度较小;植被生长季NDVI受同期温度和降水影响显著,在旬的尺度上表现更为明显,其中温度对植被影响更大;东北地区植被NDVI对温度的响应存在10～20 d的滞后期,对降水的响应存在约20 d的滞后期.     

利用太阳辐射计反演合肥地区的水汽含量

介绍了利用太阳辐射计-CE318近红外940nm水汽吸收通道反演水汽含量的两种方法-改进的Langley法和比值法.用改进的Langley法反演了2003年10月中旬合肥地区的水汽含量,并与气象预报的数值进行对比,其误差在10%以内.研究表明太阳辐射计是一种便携有效的水汽测量仪器.     

The giant electromechanical response in ferroelectric relaxors as a critical phenomenon

The direct conversion of electrical energy to mechanical work by a material is relevant to a number of applications. This is illustrated by ferroelectric 'relaxors' such as Pb(Mg(1/3)Nb(2/3))O(3)-PbTiO(3) (PMN-PT; refs 5, 6): these materials exhibit a giant electromechanical (piezoelectric) response that is finding use in ultrasonic and medical applications, as well as in telecommunications. The origins of this effect are, however, still unclear. Here we show that the giant electromechanical response in PMN-PT (and potentially other ferroelectric relaxors) is the manifestation of critical points that define a line in the phase diagram of this system. Specifically, in the electric-field-temperature-composition phase diagram of PMN-PT (the composition being varied by changing the PT concentration), a first-order paraelectric-ferroelectric phase transition terminates in a line of critical points where the piezoelectric coefficient is maximum. Above this line, supercritical evolution is observed. On approaching the critical point, both the energy cost and the electric field necessary to induce ferroelectric polarization rotations decrease significantly, thus explaining the giant electromechanical response of these relaxors.     

北京-郑州运输通道内旅客出行的特征

为研究运输通道内客流变化规律,结合北京郑州铁路客运专线建设,运用简单抽样方法确定样本抽样率和样本容量,对通道内不同运输方式旅客出行调查数据进行统计分析。结果表明:出行旅客中企管人员最多;月收入小于1 000元的旅客主要选择公路出行,高于2 000元的旅客主要选择民航出行,介于二者之间的旅客多选择铁路出行;旅客多以出差、经商和探亲为出行目的;在小于300 km的出行距离内,公路占绝对优势;在300~1 500 km内,铁路优势明显;服务属性中,旅客最为关心的是安全,最不满意的是运行速度。