Spatial variability on vegetation parameters in Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region

Study on pattern and change on land cover stands an important aspect to global change. The spatial characteristics of ecological system show some familiar or disfamiliar principle with up-scaling or down-scaling process, which can be defined as spatial autocorrelation. In this paper, four typical parameters of ecological features, say Gross Primary Product （GPP）, Net Primary Product （NPP）, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index （NDVI）, and Enhanced Vegetation Index （EVI）, are selected to investigate the spatial variability on vegetative features in Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region （LRGR）, Southwest China. Moran coefficient （MC） is calculated for spatial autocorrelation degree, and semivariance function is used for spatial variability and spatial heterogeneity analysis. The results show that： （1） the ecological features show negative autocorrelation in the whole region. The higher anisotropy is on northsouth direction, and then on southeast-northwest direction. （2） The spatial variability scale is great on vegetative features in the whole region. （3） The autocorrelation distance on north-south direction is the greatest, then on southwest-northeast direction. Through the above analysis it can be found that the vegetative features are consistent with direction of landform in LRGR, which is shown on higher autocorrelation on south-north direction, and lower on west-east direction.     

Assessment of soil erosion risk on area alongside a typical section of road in Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region

Assessment of soil erosion risk on the area alongside a road not only provides important guidance to prevent and alleviate soil erosion, but also reflects a road built on soil erosion. The area alongside the road from Simao to Jinghong is chosen as the typical case; spatial analysis of GIS and BP neural network of artificial neural network are used as the methods; 5 factors of 3 aspects, such as topography, climate and land cover, are chosen to assess soil erosion risk on the area alongside a section of typical road. The results are that the area proportion of easier erosion land （the value of erosion risk is from 2.5 to 3.5） is relatively bigger; and the erosion risk of an area alongside the road in a certain distance is higher than an area far away from the road. It shows that the road has an effect on soil erosion of the area alongside it; the effect can be directly or indirectly caused by road construction; and the effect is reflected by the land cover change （including land use and vegetation status） caused by road construction.     

Study on the effect of highway construction on photosynthetic rate of roadsides plant in Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region

A case study was conducted on Dabao （from Dali city to Baoshan city） and Sixiao （from Simao city to Xiaomengyang town） highways in Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region to investigate the effect of highway construction on photosynthetic rate of roadsides plants. The dominant species in the plant communities were selected to measure the variation of their photosynthetic rate with the distance to the highway, so as to analyze the effect of highway construction on photosynthesis and growth of roadside plants by using mathematic methods including contrast analysis, regress analysis and so on. Results indicate： （1） Highway construction reduced the plant photosynthetic rate of the arbor and crop, and improved the plant photosynthetic rate of the shrub and herbage; （2） highway construction directly affected the plant photosynthetic rate through changing the structure of plant community and living state of plant, and indirectly affected the plant photosynthetic rate through changing its environmental factors; （3） the location and topography of road are also important factors affecting plant photosynthetic rate on roadsides, the influencing incidence and intensity on plant photosynthetic rate under different topographies caused by the two selected highways were obviously different.     

纵向岭谷北部三江并流区地貌与环境演化研究的进展及其重要意义

三江并流区是西南纵向岭谷区北部最为重要，也是景观最为奇特的组成部分。对其地貌与环境演化研究最早可追溯到明末大地理学家徐霞客。19世纪有少量中外学者作了一些零星工作。20世纪开始有较多的专家学者进行实地考察与研究，建国以来多学科、多专业的科学考察和研究增多，取得了较有价值的成果。但总体上缺乏较为系统深入的研究。对该区地貌与环境演化研究具有地质学、地貌学、气候学、生物学、生态学、第四纪环境学等多学科的科学研究价值，对区域性的全球变化响应研究也具有不可低估的科学意义。同时，对三江并流区的包括旅游资源、水电资源、生物资源等在内的资源利用，多条大江上游的生态建设，世界自然遗产的保护与展示，区域可持续发展等具有十分现实的意义。     

气候变化及其对西南纵向岭谷区水资源的影响——以龙川江、黑惠江、盘龙河流域为例

气候变化作为全球最为严峻的环境问题引起了国际社会的普遍关注.文章以实测数据为研究基础,以气候变化影响的脆弱区-西南纵向岭谷区内的长江上游龙川江、澜沧江上游黑惠江和红河上游盘龙河三个流域为例,探讨了中国西南纵向岭谷区的气候变化及其水资源效应,研究结果表明:(1)在全球气候变化的背景下,研究区的气温和降水都发生了变化;(2)气温的变化较降水变化更为明显,最低气温的升高趋势比最高气温的升高趋势更为显著;(3)对于降雨而言,研究区主要呈现出增加的趋势,枯水期的升高趋势总体较汛期更为明显一些;(4)在气温和降雨均发生了变化的条件下,地表水资源状况也发生了相应的变化,这种变化必将影响区内的自然生态系统和人类经济社会系统.     

Climatic difference in dry and wet season under effect of the Longitudinal Range-Gorge and its influence on transboundary river runoff

Based on observed data of transboundary river runoffs in the Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region （LRGR） and those of precipitation and air temperature fields in Yunnan, climatic variability in dry and wet seasons under the impact of LRGR and its influence on transboundary river runoff are studied by means of statistical analysis and wavelet transforms. Results show that latitude variations of high correlation center for precipitation field and corresponding transboundary river runoff are not so notable due to the underlying topography of LRGR, while longitude variations are highly marked. In dry season, greater precipitation and slighter relative deviation are observed in the eastern part as compared to those in the western part of LRGR; while lower average temperature and greater standard deviation are found in the eastern part. In wet season, greater precipitation and slighter relative deviation are ob- served in the western part, while lower average temperature and similar standard deviation are found in the eastern part. Either in dry or wet season, relative deviation of eastern runoff is always greater than that of the western one. LRGR＇s barrier action is stronger for southwest monsoon but weaker for northeast one. Under the effect of LRGR, precipitation variations in the eastern and western parts are primarily found in smaller timescales, and the variations tend to be insignificant as timescales increase; whereas slighter temperature variations are observed In recent years, precipitation in wet season tended to increase, which in turn resulted in the greater runoff of transboundary rivers. While in the past decade, air temperature showed a climbing trend in both dry and wet season in the LRGR.     

河北省2001-2010年植被NPP时空变化及与气候因子相关性分析

利用中分辨率成像光谱仪MODIS (moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer)的MOD17A3数据集及气象数据,采用一元线性回归法及相关系数法对河北省2001-2010年植被净初级生产力(NPP)时空动态变化及与气候因子的相关性进行了分析.结果表明:河北省植被NPP多集中在200～400 g/(m2·a).从时间上看,10年间NPP年均值和最大值呈现一定的波动性变化,并呈下降趋势.2004年NPP均值最大,为356.42g/(m2·a),其次是2008年,为314.87 g/(m2·a),2001年最小,为225.13 g/(m2·a).从空间上看,河北省北部年均NPP值呈现从东向西递减、西部从南向北递减的趋势,中部太行山东部分布有1个NPP高值带.2001-2010年10年间河北省植被NPP在0.01检验水平下呈减少趋势的区域占全区植被面积的48.79％,增加的区域占45.54％,大部分地区呈减少趋势.NPP与气温和地温主要为负相关,与降水主要为正相关.总体上看,NPP与地温的相关性最高,与气温的相关性最低,但在局部地区并非如此.     

积冰对飞机本体纵向非线性动力学稳定域的影响

积冰威胁飞行安全,研究积冰对飞机稳定性的影响对确保飞行安全具有重要意义。积冰导致飞机失速迎角降低,仅研究飞机在小迎角线性段的稳定性是不充分的,还需对其非线性动力学稳定域进行研究。首先,基于积冰条件下的飞机气动系数曲线,建立积冰飞机纵向运动的非线性模型;然后,根据非线性动力学理论构造出飞机纵向运动的稳定域边界,并利用时域仿真对稳定域边界进行验证;最后,通过对比无冰与积冰条件下稳定域的变化,分析积冰对飞机稳定域的影响,并将积冰对飞机稳定域的影响和其对气动系数的影响进行对比。积冰条件下飞机稳定域在俯仰角速度方向上收缩约20%,稳定域边界处的最大迎角减小约1°。研究结果表明,积冰条件下飞机稳定域的变化与气动系数的变化一致,积冰导致飞机的稳定域缩小,容易引起飞行事故。     

利用太阳辐射计反演合肥地区的水汽含量

介绍了利用太阳辐射计-CE318近红外940nm水汽吸收通道反演水汽含量的两种方法-改进的Langley法和比值法.用改进的Langley法反演了2003年10月中旬合肥地区的水汽含量,并与气象预报的数值进行对比,其误差在10%以内.研究表明太阳辐射计是一种便携有效的水汽测量仪器.     

The giant electromechanical response in ferroelectric relaxors as a critical phenomenon

The direct conversion of electrical energy to mechanical work by a material is relevant to a number of applications. This is illustrated by ferroelectric 'relaxors' such as Pb(Mg(1/3)Nb(2/3))O(3)-PbTiO(3) (PMN-PT; refs 5, 6): these materials exhibit a giant electromechanical (piezoelectric) response that is finding use in ultrasonic and medical applications, as well as in telecommunications. The origins of this effect are, however, still unclear. Here we show that the giant electromechanical response in PMN-PT (and potentially other ferroelectric relaxors) is the manifestation of critical points that define a line in the phase diagram of this system. Specifically, in the electric-field-temperature-composition phase diagram of PMN-PT (the composition being varied by changing the PT concentration), a first-order paraelectric-ferroelectric phase transition terminates in a line of critical points where the piezoelectric coefficient is maximum. Above this line, supercritical evolution is observed. On approaching the critical point, both the energy cost and the electric field necessary to induce ferroelectric polarization rotations decrease significantly, thus explaining the giant electromechanical response of these relaxors.     

北京-郑州运输通道内旅客出行的特征

为研究运输通道内客流变化规律,结合北京郑州铁路客运专线建设,运用简单抽样方法确定样本抽样率和样本容量,对通道内不同运输方式旅客出行调查数据进行统计分析。结果表明:出行旅客中企管人员最多;月收入小于1 000元的旅客主要选择公路出行,高于2 000元的旅客主要选择民航出行,介于二者之间的旅客多选择铁路出行;旅客多以出差、经商和探亲为出行目的;在小于300 km的出行距离内,公路占绝对优势;在300~1 500 km内,铁路优势明显;服务属性中,旅客最为关心的是安全,最不满意的是运行速度。     

6kaBP中东亚气候对植被变化的响应

选取PMIP2计划中ECBilt-CLIO-VECODE模式的结果,对比中全新世(6 kaBP)气候对于现代气候的变化,探讨了植被在中全新世气候变化中的意义.中东亚干旱区受西风环流影响,而东亚地区6 kaBP季风深入,不同大气环流的影响导致两区域大尺度气候特征差异大,同时该时期植被的变化增强了气候系统对轨道参数变化的响应:一系列气候要素对植被的动态响应导致气温、降水都因植被反馈而发生较大变化,但是该模式的结果存在低估6 kaBP升温幅度的缺陷,尤其是对冬季温度的模拟;即使耦合植被后有所改善,但对6 kaBP气候变化的驱动因子及其相互关系的研究仍需深入,同时对局地气候变化的物理机制还需改进.     

东北亚国际运输通道

东北亚次区域是东亚经济区最具合作潜力的地区。但由于朝鲜半岛的政治问题,区域经济一体化合作进展缓慢。运输合作项目是推动东北亚区域经济一体化的一个很好的切入点。确定了东北亚次区域运输通道的交通区和构成,根据东北地区各国的资源禀赋以及政治体制、经济发展水平差异,分析目前运输通道存在的问题。通过相关因素分析,建立了相关的运输预测模型,对2010～2020年各国之间的集装箱运输量进行了预测,并确定了转移量,认为未来东北亚运输通道将存在巨大的运输需求。     

草地植被结构对奶牛放牧强度的反应特征

通过对黑麦草-三叶草人工草地进行受控放牧实验,定量研究了草地植被结构对不同放牧强度（放牧率）条件下的反应特征变化。结果表明：（1）黑麦草-三叶草人工草地的禾草生物量季节动态,在不同放牧强度下基本上均呈明显的“双峰型”变化,而且随放牧强度的增大,峰值逐渐降低;（2）草群中禾草的留茬高度（相同放牧时间）,随放牧强度减小而升高,诚意脏乱牧强度的降低有利于草地植被的后期再生;（3）草地禾草的叶面积指数（LAI）在放牧条件下呈“三峰型”变化,低放牧强度下,禾草的叶面积指数较大;（4）放牧有利于草地禾草的分蘖,使草群植物密度提高,7至8月份各小区的植物密度达到最高,从草地植被结构的综合性参数-相对生长速率（γRGR)与叶面积增量（LAIincrement)对放牧强度的响应分析还表明,梯度放牧实验中存在一个最适放牧强度（或放牧率）范围,可由此提供确定草地最适放牧率的植被结构基础。     

东北亚跨境物流通道发展现状与展望

东北亚地区经济发展较快,发展潜力巨大,“一带一路”倡议提出以来,东北亚各国跨境贸易发展迅速.跨境物流通道是促进区域经济合作、实现互利共赢的重要支撑.审视了跨越中国东北、华北地区的东北亚跨境物流通道发展现状与存在问题,展望了“一带一路”背景下东北亚跨境物流通道的发展方向,并从综合运输视角提出了完善通道基础设施、强化枢纽体系建设、完善运输组织、提高口岸通关便利化水平等对策建议.     

秦岭大熊猫栖息地生物走廊带有效管理方法探讨

结合观音山自然保护区与世界自然基金会(WWF)合作的108国道秦岭隧道大熊猫栖息地有效管理项目,探讨了采取多种措施加强管理,更好地发挥这些地段的纽带作用,逐渐减轻大熊猫栖息地的破碎化程度,从而促进秦岭大熊猫不同局域种群的交流融合.     

东北亚跨境物流通道发展现状与展望

东北亚地区经济发展较快,发展潜力巨大,“一带一路”倡议提出以来,东北亚各国跨境贸易发展迅速.跨境物流通道是促进区域经济合作、实现互利共赢的重要支撑.审视了跨越中国东北、华北地区的东北亚跨境物流通道发展现状与存在问题,展望了“一带一路”背景下东北亚跨境物流通道的发展方向,并从综合运输视角提出了完善通道基础设施、强化枢纽体系建设、完善运输组织、提高口岸通关便利化水平等对策建议.     

东北亚跨境物流通道发展现状与展望

东北亚地区经济发展较快,发展潜力巨大,“一带一路”倡议提出以来,东北亚各国跨境贸易发展迅速.跨境物流通道是促进区域经济合作、实现互利共赢的重要支撑.审视了跨越中国东北、华北地区的东北亚跨境物流通道发展现状与存在问题,展望了“一带一路”背景下东北亚跨境物流通道的发展方向,并从综合运输视角提出了完善通道基础设施、强化枢纽体系建设、完善运输组织、提高口岸通关便利化水平等对策建议.     

双核都市圈运输通道旅客分担率模型及应用

为预测双核都市圈运输通道内旅客运输分担率,结合双核都市圈运输通道的旅客运输特性,通过将不同特性的变量引入效用函数,对Logit模型的应用加以改进,以成都—重庆运输通道为例,进行了旅客运输方式分担与线路分配的联合应用。结果表明:改进后的模型能有效地进行双核都市圈运输通道旅客运输方式分担与线路分配的预测;成渝(成都—重庆)运输通道中,成渝(成都—重庆)高速公路、成遂渝(成都—遂宁—重庆)高速公路、成遂渝(成都—遂宁—重庆)准高速铁路的分担率约为29%、33%、38%。     

注汽井吸汽剖面压力等四参数测试仪及其传感器

用环形孔板节流模型对注汽井吸汽剖面的压力、流量、干度、温度进行了分析，以汽液两相流分相理论导出了仪器的测量原理公式．在此基础上，着重就与该仪器配套的压力、差压组合式传感器及系统的设计、研制进行了较详细描述，展示了该仪器现场测试的一些典型结果