青藏高原东部高寒草甸十字花科植物种子的休眠

实验以青藏高原东部高寒草甸19种十字花科植物种子作为材料,研究温度、生境、海拔对种子休眠的影响.结果表明:双果荠属休眠率最高,为97.3%;芝麻菜属休眠率最低且萌发开始时间和达到50%萌发率所需时间最短,均为2.6d.各温度下种子休眠率差异不明显,10℃下所有种子的平均休眠率略高,为64.9%;25℃下平均休眠率略低,为49.0%.温度对种子萌发时间影响极显著,相对高温下种子萌发开始时间和达到50%萌发率所需时间较短;海拔显著影响种子的休眠率,平均休眠率随海拔升高而增加,采自相对高海拔下的种子平均休眠率为低海拔下种子的7.1倍,但各海拔梯度下的萌发时间差异不显著;生境对种子平均休眠率的影响显著,采自滩地的物种休眠率相对较高、萌发开始时间和达到50%萌发率所需时间较长.     

The diversity of denitrifying bacteria in the alpine meadow soil of Sanjiangyuan natural reserve in Tibet Plateau

Denitrification is a dissimilatory biological process of denitrifying bacteria where oxidized nitrogen com- pounds (NO3? and NO2?) are used as alternative electron acceptors and fixed nitrogen is transferred into the at- mosphere in form of N2, finally. I…     

营养元素添加对青藏高原亚高寒草甸物种多度分布格局的影响

以青藏高原亚高寒草甸为研究对象,基于N,P,N+P耦合营养元素添加的控制实验,研究了群落内全部物种、常见种和稀有种的物种多度分布格局以及物种丰富度对N,P,N+P耦合营养元素添加的响应规律,并选取对数正态模型、幂分割模型、几何级数模型、Zipf模型以及中性模型对物种多度数据进行拟合.结果表明:1)P添加对物种丰富度的影响不显著,全部物种、常见种与稀有种的物种多度分布曲线的陡缓程度基本相同.随N,N+P耦合添加量的增大,全部物种与常见种的物种多度分布曲线都越来越陡峭,物种丰富度也都显著下降,表明在青藏高原亚高寒草甸N,N+P耦合添加会导致物种多样性的降低.2)比较CK,N15,P15,N15P15的物种多度分布曲线发现N+P耦合处理的物种多度分布曲线的陡峭度较CK,N15,P15处理的要陡,表明N+P耦合对物种多度分布格局的影响效应要强于单独的N,P的.3)分析施肥对物种多度分布模式的影响发现,全部物种的多度分布符合统计模型的对数正态模型以及基于生态位理论的幂分割模型、几何级数模型与Zipf模型.常见种的多度分布符合几何级数模型与Zipf模型,而稀有种在同时符合这两种基于生态位分化的模型外,呈现出符合中性模型的趋势.说明多种不同模型可以拟合同一生境的物种多度分布,常见种和稀有种通过不同的响应方式共同维持着亚高寒草甸生态系统的物种多样性.     

Distribution characteristics of soil organic carbon of alpine meadow in the Eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

A study on the distribution characteristics of soil organic carbon (SOC) in the alpine meadow in the Eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has been carried out. The results indicate that the content of soil organic carbon (C _SOC) in the topsoil of terrace meadow (TM) ((67.16 ± 1.02) g·kg⁻¹) is more than that in the soil of upland meadow (UM) ((63.42 ± 0.65) g·kg⁻¹), while the C _SOC in upland shrubland (US) ((67.49 ± 0.83) g·kg⁻¹) is the most abundant in the scoreh stage (September). From May to September, the C _SOC in the topsoil of UM and US tends to descend, but that of TM tends to ascend. As for the distribution of the C _SOC and the density of SOC in the soil in the three sample areas, the data show that the deeper the soil, the lesser the content and density of SOC. The C _SOC in US is higher than that in TM and UM; the C _SOC in UM is the lowest at 0–10 cm soil depth. The density of SOC in US is always the lowest among UM, TM, and US at 0–40 cm depth, which shows that the storage of carbon in UM is more than that in US in the same range; the carbon pool capacity in UM is higher than that in US in the same range. Biography: ZHANG Wei (1979–), male, Lecturer, research direction: ecology of environment.     

不同施肥梯度对甘南退化高寒草甸生产力和物种多样性的影响

研究了不同磷酸氢二氨施肥梯度对甘南退化高寒草甸生产力和物种多样性的短期影响．实验结果表明：生产力随施肥梯度迅速提高，但施肥对生产力的作用不是简单的线性正相关，存在一个阈值(30g／m^2)，超过这个值，施肥的作用就不显著了；物种丰富度随着施肥先略微增加，然后降低，Shannon多样性指数、均匀度指数均随施肥增加而下降，但在施肥梯度30g／m^2和60g／m^2之间基本不变；施肥形成的生产力梯度和物种丰富度的关系近似线性降低．为了恢复退化草甸的生产力，同时维持较高的多样性，施入磷酸氢二氨30g／m^2是经济而合理的．     

青藏高原沼泽及高寒草甸生长期内CO2排放

采用静态箱-便携式红外色谱法对青藏高原风火山地区沼泽草甸和高寒草甸两类生态系统CO2排放通量进行了研究.结果表明:生长期内两类生态系统之间及同一生态系统内部不同的退化程度之间CO2排放通量均存在较大差异.其中:未退化沼泽草甸较高寒草甸CO2的排放通量同比高出65.1%～80.3%;中度退化沼泽草甸较高寒草甸CO2的排放通量同比高出22.1%～67.5%;然而,严重退化的高寒草甸比沼泽草甸CO2的排放通量反而高出14.3%～29.5%.对于同类型高寒草地,未退化沼泽草甸CO2的排放通量分别是中度退化和严重退化的1.12～1.69倍和1.41～3.86倍;严重退化高寒草甸CO2的排放通量分别是未退化和中度退化的1.11～1.78倍和1.04～1.79倍.     

高寒草甸植物多样性与营养的关系

以青藏高原典型高寒草甸为例，研究了施肥对植物群落生产力和物种多样性的影响。本文报道了这个实验的初步结果，就施肥对草地生产力和物种多样性的影响进行了分析，结果如下：(1)施肥提高生产力．施肥第1年和第2年，植物群落生产力显著增加；施肥第3年，生产力是施肥前的2倍多；(2)施肥使物种多样性降低，施肥第1年物种丰富度变化不显著；第2年施肥梯度上物种多样性差异显著；第3年最高施肥水平物种丰富度为对照的1／4；(3)施肥使草地质量提高．因为草地质量和生物量以及优良牧草比例直接相关，施肥使地上生物量明显增加，毒杂草比例降低，禾草比例增加，所以草地质量提高，说明施肥对改良草地有显著作用；(4)群落结构发生了明显的变化，施肥水平高时群落结构接近于生态位优先占领假说．随着施肥水平增加，各个物种重要值的最大值从0．107，0．183，0．585一直增加到0．775．不施肥时有10个物种地上生物量超过最大单种生物量的一半，最高施肥时只有一个。(5)对6个优势种进行的分析表明，只有垂穗鹅观草的生物量随着施肥水平的增加持续增加，其它物种都是减少的趋势，说明垂穗鹅观草的急剧增加可能是导致物种丰富度降低的原因。     

放牧对青藏高原东缘高寒草甸土壤酶活性及土壤养分的影响

对青藏高原四种不同放牧强度(围栏封育、轻牧、中牧和重牧)高寒草甸的土壤酶活性、土壤养分和植被群落特征进行了研究,探讨了不同放牧强度土壤酶活性和土壤养分及植被群落的相关性.结果表明:各样地土壤酶活性、士壤养分和植被群落特征有较大差异.土壤纤维素酶和淀粉酶活性与土壤有机质、速效氮质量分数及地上生物量变化一致,表现为围栏封育>轻牧>中牧>重牧,然而脲酶活性的变化趋势正好与之相反,表现为随着放牧强度的增加而增加.酸性磷酸酶活性和地下生物量变化一致,表现为轻牧>围栏封育>中牧>重牧.经分析,土壤酶活性和土壤养分密切相关,其中土壤淀粉酶和脲酶活性与土壤养分和植被特征的相关性最好,因此这两种酶活性可以作为评价青藏高原高寒草甸土壤质量的指标之一.     

禁牧放牧下温湿度对西藏那曲地区高寒草甸土壤碳矿化的影响

土壤碳矿化速率具有很多的影响因素,为检测不同温度和湿度梯度对土壤碳矿化的效应,本实验以西藏那曲地区高寒草甸禁牧和放牧2种管理方式的土样为研究对象,开展室内非原状土培养实验,分别设置了5个温度梯度(5、10、15、20、25℃)和2个湿度梯度(40%和60%土壤持水力),探讨了温度和湿度对土壤碳矿化速率的影响,并结合土壤相关指标的测定,探索土壤碳矿化速率在不同水平温度和湿度下的响应机制.结果表明土壤碳矿化速率主要受温湿度的影响.放牧类型60%土壤持水力的土壤碳矿化速率在温度较低时与禁牧类型没有明显差异,随着温度的增加土壤碳矿化速率显著增加(P<0.05);同一温度下,放牧类型40%土壤持水力的土壤碳矿化速率显著高于禁牧类型(P<0.05).放牧类型40%土壤持水力的土壤碳矿化速率平均值为(0.66±0.03)μmol·g-1·s-1,比60%土壤持水力的高73.7%;禁牧类型60%土壤持水力的平均值为(0.27±0.01)μmol·g-1·s-1,比40%土壤持水力的高3.8%.除了温湿度的直接影响外,改变土壤微生物群落的数量和活性以及土壤的理化指标,也会影响土壤碳矿化速率.随着温度的增加,培养前期及培养后期微生物量碳的变化较小,而培养中期微生物量碳显著增加(P<0.05).不同管理方式下土壤可溶性有机碳的变化也不一致      

Changes in plant community diversity and aboveground biomass along with altitude within an alpine meadow on the Three-River source region

The grassland is an important component of terrestrial ecosystems and plays a significant role in biodiversity and ecosystem functions.In the present study,the changes of plant species diversity and aboveground biomass productivity were examined along with the altitude in natural alpine grassland in the source region of three rivers on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Eleven experimental locations were selected with altitudes ranging from 3862 to 4450 m above sea level(a.s.l.).The results indicated that Kobresia pygmaea meadow,Kobresia humilis meadow and Salix cupularis shrub meadow had higher indices of diversity and aboveground biomass.The distribution of species diversity,richness and aboveground biomass showed similarly unimodal patterns across the altitude gradient with the highest indices appeared at mid-altitudes locations.The changing trend of species diversity,richness and evenness also showed significant unimodal patterns with total aboveground biomass,and the highest species diversity occurred at intermediate level of productivities.This research would provide a valuable reference for the protection of grassland biodiversity and maintaining of the grazing ecosystem function in the source region of the Three Rivers.     

高寒嵩草草甸不同土地管理措施对植被生产力的影响

将原生高寒嵩草草甸封育系统作为对照,研究了土地退化对植被生产力的影响,检验了退化土地在不同人工重建措施下对植被生产力的相对影响程度.研究结果表明:原生植被封育处理总地上生物量为265.1 g/m2,0～30cm土层地下根系生物量达6982 g/m2;而重度退化处理总地上生物量仅为139.9 g/m2,0～30 cm土层地下根系生物量为916 g/m2,仅占原生植被封育处理地下根系生物量的13%,因此重度退化地主要特征之一是天然嵩草草甸坚实而富有弹性的草皮层的丧失.土地退化使地下根系生物量的损失量大约为地上损失量的50倍.混播、松耙单播和翻耕单播人工种植处理经过7个生长季后,总地上生物量分别为原生封育处理的116%,75%,68%;自然恢复处理总地上生物量为原生植被封育处理的76%.与重度退化草地相比较,种植可以有效恢复地上生物量,尤其是禾草生物量,这对于提供冬季饲草、减少天然草地的压力是至关重要的.混播、松耙单播、翻耕单播和自然恢复处理,经过7个生长季后,地下根系生物量分别为1 323,1 094,1 169,1412 g/m2,重建措施(如混播)自然恢复处理可部分恢复地下根系生物量;恢复重建处理与原生植被封育处理相比较而言,有更多的生物量是分配在地上的.但随恢复年限的增加,恢复重建草地都是将更多的生物量分配给地下.且随恢复时间的增加,人工种植处理向地下转移生物量的速率比自然封育处理的更快.     

高寒草地植物生态位适宜度与生产力和多样性的关系及其对放牧的响应

通过对高寒草地不同生境下植物生态位适宜度与生产力(地上生物量)及物种多样性(Shannon多样性指数)关系的研究表明:适宜度与生产力和多样性之间的总体关系均呈正的线性关系,牧草生长的适宜度决定着生产力和多样性,适宜度高的样区生产力和多样性亦高,它们之间整体上呈现出同步性.而在生境梯度上,适宜度值与生产力和多样性变化均呈显著差异,在实验研究的滩地、阳坡和阴坡地3种生境中,以阴坡地植物的适宜度最大,其生产力和多样性也最高,表明阴坡地牧草生长对环境条件的适宜程度最好.控制放牧的计算结果表明:随着放牧强度的增加,适宜度呈下降趋势,其生产力和多样性均有显著减少;在不放牧、轻牧、中牧和重牧4种处理中,以轻牧效果最好,具有推广应用价值.以上结果能够为高寒草地的保护和持续利用提供理论与定量依据.     

Relations between the underground biomass and soil organic carbon and nitrogen of the alpine meadow at the Eastern Margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

This article, by combining field investigation with laboratorial analysis, studies diverse alpine meadow at the Eastern Margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau for the underground biomass dynamics, vertical distribution of the content of soil carbon and nitrogen, the connection between the biomass and the content of carbon and nitrogen. The studies show that underground biomass in the herb layer of upland meadow is more than that in the terrace meadow, while underground biomass in the upland shrubland is the most. The vertical distribution of underground biomass of each type is obvious as in shape of＂T＂. As to the distribution of the content of soil organic carbon in the three sample grounds, it showed that the deeper the soil the less the content of soil organic carbon. In May, unlike at terrace meadow, the underground biomass and the content of soil organic carbon in positive proportion, such revelation at upland meadow and upland shrubland is not apparent. In July, at upland meadow and terrace meadow the underground biomass and the content of soil total nitrogen in positive proportion, such revelation at upland shrubland is not apparent either.     

青藏高原沼泽草甸生态系统环境因子及其近地表CO_2体积分数对气温升高的响应

采用自然升温方式,利用OTCs系统对青藏高原沼泽草甸生态系统分别进行3～5℃(OTC-80)和1～2℃(OTC-40)升温处理,研究环境因子对气温升高的响应及其与近地表CO2体积分数的关系.结果表明:在日平均气温分别增高4.05,2.13℃的条件下,5 cm土壤温度平均上升3.67,1.65℃,而0～5 cm土壤含水量则分别下降7.9%,2.1%;系统内近地表CO2体积分数比对照点的分别提高29.3,9.8μL/L.气温升高将促使青藏高原气候进一步向暖干化发展,碳库流失加剧,对全球气候变暖起正反馈作用.敏感性分析表明:5 cm土壤温度是影响OTC-80系统内和对照点近地表CO2体积分数变化的最敏感因子,0～5 am土壤水分是影响OTG-40系统内近地表CO2体积分数变化的最敏感因子.     

Soil erosion rates and characteristics of typical alpine meadow using <Superscript>137</Superscript>Cs technique in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Alpine meadow is the predominant ecosystem in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.The firm turf of alpine meadow formed by sub-surface anfractuous roots can be effective in conserving water and soil.Alpine meadow is a primary contributor to the Chinese Water Tower.For quantitative assess anti-erosion ability of alpine meadow,this paper selected three typical meadow slopes with>60% vegetation coverage to evaluate soil erosion rates using 137Cs.The results showed that(1)soil erosion intensity of typical alpine meadow was slight to light.Erosion rates were 464 t km–2 a–1 in Malong Village,415 t km–2 a–1 in Yeniugou Town and 875 t km–2 a–1 in Zhenqin Town respectively;(2)soil erosion rates were correlated negatively with vegetation coverage,and the relationship was clearer at the slope scale than plot scale;(3)the relationship between soil erosion and vegetation coverage showed that vegetation coverage was a predominant factor in retaining soil and water on slopes.With complete turf and high vegetation coverage, alpine meadow was of great significance for soil conservation and prevention of soil erosion.     

Influence of land cover changes on the physical and chemical properties of alpine meadow soil

Taking the alpine cold meadow grassland in the southeastern part of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau as an example ,this researcdh deals with the characteristics of apline meadow soil property changes,including soil nutrients,soil physical properties and soil mositure content under differcent land coverage conditions.With the degradation of grassland vegetation and the decline of vegetation coverage ,soil compactness reduces ,gravel content increases and bulk density increases ,The originally dense root-system layer is gradually denuded,making the soil coarse and gravel .The change of the organic matter contents with the vegetation coverage change in the surface soil layer (0-20cm) has shown an obvious cubic polynomial curve process ,The organic matter contents increas rapidly when land coverage is above 60%,contrarily decreases on a large scale when land coverage is below 30%,Between 30%-60% of land coverage the organic matter contents remain stable,The total N and organic matter contents remain stable.The total N and organic matter contents in soil have shown quite similar change regularity ,Following this the mathematic equations are derived to describe such change processes ,Moisture content in soil changes sharply with the vegetation coverage change,Soil moisture content change with the vegetation coverage change,Soil moisture content change with the vegetation coverage change has shown a quadratic parabola process,Results have shown that organic matter conternt and the total N content of the apline meadow soil decrease by 14890 kg/hm^2 and 5505kg/hm^2 respectively as the vegetation coverage reduces from 90% to less than 30%,the heavey changes of soil physical and chemical proerties with grassland degradation have made the recovery of alpine meadow ecological system impossible,The protection of alpine meadow vegetation is of vital importance to the maintenance of the regional soil environment and the regional ecological system.     

气温升高对青藏高原沼泽草甸浅层土壤水热变化的影响

采用被动升温方式,利用OTCs系统对青藏高原沼泽草甸生态系统分别进行3～5℃(OTC-80)和1～2℃(OTC-40)升温处理,研究下垫面浅层土壤水热变化特征并对其产生的生态环境效应进行探讨。结果表明:与对照点(Out-C)相比,在近地表气温平均分别增高4.87℃,1.40℃的情境下,浅层土壤持续冻结期显著缩短而融化期显著延长;近地表气温升高导致浅层土壤温度上升,积温增大,加速了表层土壤蒸发速度和植被蒸腾速率,浅层土壤因缺水而影响植被生长;浅层土壤温度升高将进一步加速寒区有机质的分解速率,降低土壤碳库稳定性,促使青藏高原气候进一步向暖干化发展;近地表气温升高还将导致物种减少甚至消失,严重威胁着区域经济发展和生态安全。     

青藏高原东缘高寒草甸群落物种间相互作用

实验以青藏高原东缘高寒草甸群落为研究对象,进行邻体去除实验处理.采用相对邻体效应指数值作为相互作用强度和方向的测量指标,通过将去除邻体植物的目标种的表现同对照的邻体植物保持完整的目标种的表现做比较,验证高寒草甸群落中物种间的相互作用是促进还是竞争,并进一步探讨了群落物种间的相互作用关系及其发生的内在机制.两年的实验结果显示:物种间相互作用在生物量、叶片数和繁殖率上表现为竞争,在株高和存活率上基本表现为促进.实验期间观测到正相互作用存在的证据,但负相互作用仍在高寒草甸群落物种间相互作用中占主导.研究结论表明:正相互作用的发生与干扰胁追梯度以及时空尺度的变化相关,并且是物种特异性、性状特异性和区域特异性的.不管是在极端恶劣的环境还是条件良好的环境中,竞争和促进有可能同时存在,促进之所以没有被普遍观测到,可能是因为被群落中更强的竞争作用掩盖了.因此,正负相互作用之间是一种权衡关系.     

高寒草甸51种菊科植物种子大小变异及其对种子萌发的影响研究

对青藏高原东缘高寒草甸51种菊科植物的种子大小变异及其对种子萌发的影响进行了研究,结果表明:该植物群落中菊科植物的种子百粒重为0.0034～1.599 g,种子的大小变异接近于3个数量级,种子大小呈现对数正态分布.80%的物种种子百粒重为0.0034～0.4000 g,表明该草地群落菊科植物中小种子植物占绝对优势.种子大小与萌发速度系数(CV)呈极显著负相关;与萌发速率指数(GR)呈显著负相关;种子大小与萌发百分数(G)、萌发时滞(L)以及萌发集中度(CD)没有显著的相关关系.     

水分迁移对高山草甸区非冻结路基土的影响

高山草甸区域内道路冻胀、翻浆等病害大量发生,水分迁移是产生冻胀翻浆病害的主要原因.为了研究初始含水率、细颗粒含量及入流通量对非冻结路基土中水分迁移的影响.依托拉妥至芒康公路改建工程,进行室内试验.结果表明:当土体处于最佳含水率时,不同细颗粒含量的土样毛细水上升高度不同;在一定细颗粒含量范围内,土体总入流量及入流通量随细...