使用生物类天然材料包衣种子的效果测试（英文）

用黄瓜种子作试验材料 ,用不同的处理方法包衣种子 ,试验种子的发芽率 ,幼苗生长势及种子抗病能力 ,这三种处理方法是 :对照 (裸种子 )、化学杀菌材料包衣及选择非化学 (生物类 )天然无害材料作为杀菌材料包衣 (用以防止化学杀菌材料的污染提出的新天然包衣材料 ) .实验结果表明 ,使用天然材料和化学材料包衣种子均使种子发芽时间延长和非正常幼苗增多及单株生物量提高 ,并比对照组裸种子杀死了大部分的病菌 ;但化学杀菌包衣种子处理使幼苗的非正常率更明显的增多 ;生物类天然材料包衣相对对照同样也能杀死许多病菌 ,但比化学包衣材料杀菌力弱 ,将进一步研制和改进 .     

Density-dependent mortality and the latitudinal gradient in species diversity

Ecologists have long postulated that density-dependent mortality maintains high tree diversity in the tropics. If species experience greater mortality when abundant, then more rare species can persist. Agents of density-dependent mortality (such as host-specific predators, and pathogens) may be more prevalent or have stronger effects in tropical forests, because they are not limited by climatic factors. If so, decreasing density-dependent mortality with increasing latitude could partially explain the observed latitudinal gradient in tree diversity. This hypothesis has never been tested with latitudinal data. Here we show that several temperate tree species experience density-dependent mortality between seed dispersal and seedling establishment. The proportion of species affected is equivalent to that in tropical forests, failing to support the hypothesis that this mechanism is more prevalent at tropical latitudes. We further show that density-dependent mortality is misinterpreted in previous studies. Our results and evidence from other studies suggest that density-dependent mortality is important in many forests. Thus, unless the strength of density-dependent mortality varies with latitude, this mechanism is not likely to explain the high diversity of tropical forests.     

苔藓水提液对玉米和小麦种子萌发的化感效应

分别用小金发藓(Pogonatum aloides)和仙鹤藓(Atrichum undulatum)配子体的水提液培养玉米和小麦种子,研究其对种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响.结果表明:5 g/L的小金发藓提取液对玉米和小麦种子萌发具有促进作用,其他浓度均有一定的抑制作用;不同浓度仙鹤藓提取液对玉米种子萌发有一定的促进作用,而对小麦种子除15 g/L时具有抑制作用,其他浓度有一定的促进作用.不同浓度的小金发藓和仙鹤藓提取液对玉米和小麦幼苗各生长指标有一定的促进或抑制作用.小金发藓提取液能有效地促进玉米与小麦不定根数的增加,但却抑制了主根根长的增长,且浓度越低其作用效果越明显.仙鹤藓浓度为5 g/L时,对玉米幼苗各项生长指标均有不同的促进作用;而仙鹤藓浓度为15 g/L时,对小麦幼苗各项生长指标均有不同的促进作用.     

桂西南石漠化区不同微地形中茶条木种子和幼苗的数量特征

为探讨微地形(Microtopography)对茶条木(Delavaya toxocarpa)种子和幼苗分布格局的影响,采用样方法对广西平果市龙何喀斯特生态重建示范区茶条木群落中不同微地形的茶条木种子密度、种子存活率、幼苗密度和幼苗年龄结构等进行研究。结果表明：茶条木群落中的微地形有石面、小平地、石沟、石窝和石缝等5种,各微地形的茶条木平均种子密度、平均种子存活率和平均幼苗密度分别为4.97-212.28粒/m²、35.7%-76.5%和0.09-44.85株/m²,石面的平均种子密度和平均幼苗密度显著小于其他4种微地形(P<0.05),平均种子存活率显著小于小平地、石沟和石窝;茶条木1年生、2年生和3年生以上的幼苗占比分别为84.44%-100.00%、0.00%-15.38%和0.00%-2.22%,3年生以上幼苗的总存活率不足1.0%。综上,在桂西南石漠化山区茶条木群落中,茶条木的种子密度、种子存活率和幼苗密度等受微地形的影响明显,多年生幼苗存活率低,林下更新能力差,其群落管理可采取冠层疏枝和林隙除杂等措施改善微环境,促进幼苗生长...     

Soil pathogens and spatial patterns of seedling mortality in a temperate tree

The Janzen-Connell hypothesis proposes that host-specific, distance- and/or density-dependent predators and herbivores maintain high tree diversity in tropical forests. Negative feedback between plant and soil communities could be a more effective mechanism promoting species coexistence because soil pathogens can increase rapidly in the presence of their host, causing conditions unfavourable for local conspecific recruitment. Here we show that a soil pathogen leads to patterns of seedling mortality in a temperate tree (Prunus serotina) as predicted by the Janzen-Connell hypothesis. In the field, the mean distance to parent of seedling cohorts shifted away from maternal trees over a period of 3 years. Seedlings were grown in soil collected 0-5 m or 25-30 m from Prunus trees. Sterilization of soil collected beneath trees improved seedling survival relative to unsterilized soil, whereas sterilization of distant soil did not affect survival. Pythium spp., isolated from roots of dying seedlings and used to inoculate healthy seedlings, decreased survival by 65% relative to controls. Our results provide the most complete evidence that native pathogens influence tree distributions, as predicted by the Janzen-Connell hypothesis, and suggest that similar ecological mechanisms operate in tropical and temperate forests.     

Effects of water treatments on the activation of soil seed banks - A case study on the lower reaches of the Tarim River

Evaluation of seedling emergence is a common method used to investigate the vegetation restoration potential of soil seed banks. Previous studies have primarily been conducted in the laboratory using a single water treatment. However, when this method is used, it is difficult to optimize the water conditions for the needs of the individual species of seeds. Additionally, the germination conditions for seedlings in the laboratory are different from those in nature. To avoid these issues, we conducted experiments to activate soil seed banks in the field using different water treatments. The results revealed that: (1) generally, the number of species and quantity of seedlings decrease gradually as the water supply decreases, but that for several species most seedlings did not appear when they were provided with the greatest amount of water, and (2) different species present different germination characteristics. According to the rate of seedling emergence, the species were classified into two germination types: fast and slow. In addition, each species also had a unique climax period of emergence, which was delayed with a decrease in water supply. Therefore, the amount of water provided is vital to seedling emergence, and various water treatments should be evaluated when studying the characteristics of different species in soil seed banks. For the lower reaches of the Tarim River, the optimal soil moisture for seedling emergence ranged from 23% to 28%, and seedling conservation should be strengthened during the climax period of emergence (9-15 days from the day when water became available). These results highlight the importance of the use of an optimal water treatment and demonstrate the danger of using a single treatment method. Our results also emphasize the need for a preliminary study prior to conducting studies to evaluate seed banks.     

Effects of water treatments on the activation of soil seed banks – A case study on the lower reaches of the Tarim River

Evaluation of seedling emergence is a common method used to investigate the vegetation restoration potential of soil seed banks. Previous studies have primarily been conducted in the laboratory using a single water treatment. However, when this method is used, it is difficult to optimize the water conditions for the needs of the individual species of seeds. Additionally, the germination conditions for seedlings in the laboratory are different from those in nature. To avoid these issues, we conducted experiments to activate soil seed banks in the field using different water treatments. The results revealed that: (1) generally, the number of species and quantity of seedlings decrease gradually as the water supply decreases, but that for several species most seedlings did not appear when they were provided with the greatest amount of water, and (2) different species present different germination characteristics. According to the rate of seedling emergence, the species were classified into two germination types: fast and slow. In addition, each species also had a unique climax period of emergence, which was delayed with a decrease in water supply. Therefore, the amount of water provided is vital to seedling emergence, and various water treatments should be evaluated when studying the characteristics of different species in soil seed banks. For the lower reaches of the Tarim River, the optimal soil moisture for seedling emergence ranged from 23% to 28%, and seedling conservation should be strengthened during the climax period of emergence (9–15 days from the day when water became available). These results highlight the importance of the use of an optimal water treatment and demonstrate the danger of using a single treatment method. Our results also emphasize the need for a preliminary study prior to conducting studies to evaluate seed banks.     

福建柳杉小群体遗传变异的研究

<正>风媒授粉种子采自福建省14个成熟的柳杉天然林。在实验室和3个林场的苗圃中研究了种子品质和苗木的生长情况,发现我们所研究的大多数性状,在不同林分间或同一林分不同单株间都存在有显著的差异。一年生苗木高生长表现出高度的遗传稳定性,家系×地点互作方差分量非常小(0.38％),是不显著的。估计的家系高生长广义遗传力为0.905。     

南靖和溪南亚热带雨林林隙内树种更新初步研究

通过对南靖南亚热带雨林中林隙和非林隙林分的研究调查，初步分析了主要树种在林隙内外的数量特征、树种在林隙内的空间分布与数量和生长状况的关系。由于受光照条件和林隙边缘植物的影响，决定林隙区域内土壤种子库种子萌发、幼苗生长、发育，植物种群数量分布等特征，最终影响到森林的更新。     

哈茨木霉LTR-2对蔬菜种子和幼苗耐盐性的影响及其作用机制

研究了盐胁迫条件下哈茨木霉LTR 2处理对黄瓜、萝卜和番茄3种蔬菜的种子萌发、幼苗生长和生理生化反应的影响。结果表明,盐胁迫条件下,LTR-2处理的蔬菜种子萌发率明显高于未处理;LTR-2处理的蔬菜幼苗的株高、鲜重、叶片中叶绿素含量、净光合作用速率（Pn值）以及抗氧化酶活性明显高于未处理,而膜质损伤（相对电导率和丙二醛含量）弱于未处理的幼苗。哈茨木霉LTR-2能够促进盐胁迫下蔬菜种子的萌发以及幼苗的生长和光合作用,提高幼苗的抗氧化能力并降低膜质损伤,增强幼苗对盐胁迫的耐受性。     

模拟土壤防腐剂污染对小麦种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

采用土培法,研究苯甲酸钠、山梨酸钾对小麦种子萌发及幼苗生长发育的影响,初步探讨食品防腐剂可能对农作物造成的危害.结果表明,与对照组相比,小麦形态指标和生理指标均发生了显著变化:两种防腐剂均延迟发芽速度,使幼苗矮化、加粗,叶片不能正常伸展且有失绿现象,Pro.含量降低、MDA含量增加;当浓度为12.0g/L时,发芽率和发芽势极显著降低,植株几乎不再生长.相同浓度下,对种子萌发的抑制作用山梨酸钾强于苯甲酸钠,相反,对小麦幼苗的抑制作用山梨酸钾弱于苯甲酸钠.总之,高浓度(浓度4.0g/L)下两种防腐剂对小麦种子萌发及幼苗生长均具显著的抑制作用.     

大蒜根系分泌物分离、鉴定及其对烤烟的化感作用

为了解大蒜（Allium Sativum L.）根系分泌物主要成份对烤烟的化感作用，通过气质联用仪（GC/MS）测定了大蒜根系分泌物的成份，并选用大蒜根系分泌物的2种主要成份，研究其对K326种子萌发及其幼苗生长、成苗叶绿素含量和根系活力的影响。试验结果表明：大蒜根系分泌物主要成份对K326种子的发芽率、化感效应指数、发芽指数以及其幼苗的苗高、根长、鲜重均有不同程度的抑制，随着大蒜根系分泌物主要成份浓度的增加，抑制率也逐渐增大，均达差异显著水平。而该主要成份对K326成苗叶绿素的含量和根系活力的抑制作用不明显，这将为研究大蒜与烤烟合理耕作制度的建立奠定基础。     

陕北黄土高原油松人工种群结实与更新

通过野外调查和室内试验,调查了陕北黄土高原半干旱、半湿润地区油松人工种群的结实特性、种子生活力、幼苗更新和生长状况等基本特征,分析影响油松人工种群生殖及更新的因素,确定了油松人工种群的天然更新边界.结果表明八个地区的油松都具有结实能力.对不同地区种子生活力和发芽率测定表明地区间差异不显著.由北向南,随年降水量的增加,油松球果长、宽、单果种子数、种子长、宽、千粒重逐渐增加.有活力种子的数量可以满足天然更新的需要.北部地区,种子落地后不能萌芽成苗,中南部地区种子落地后能萌芽成苗,但只有南部地区幼苗幼树生长良好,林下更新有效.影响油松人工种群更新的环境因素分析表明降水最是最主要限制因素.油松人工种群天然更新分界线应该在年降水量550 mm的等降水线左右.未来油松人工林培育应立足于降雨量大于550 mm的南部湿润半湿润地区,半干旱地区不宜再扩大油松人工林面积.     

杉木实生苗种子园及其效益的研究

<正>一、引言 人类为增加林产品的收益,在认识和利用树木种内有益变异方面,有着悠久的历史。早在数百年前,我国的杉木及日本的柳杉造林,就使用经过选择的优良类型或个体的种条。欧洲在十八世纪初也已应用经选择的种子造林。但是有关专门为生产种子而营造林分的想法,1787年始见于文献。十九世纪初Anderson(1906)和Oppermann(1923)分别发展了关于建立林木无性系种子园和实生种子园的思想。1934年Larson在《林木育种》的论文中比较完整地提出了无性系种子园的概念。到本世纪四十年代后期,“林木种子园”这个概念已为越来越多的人所接受。六十年代有了较快的发展。但在这个时期中,主要是采用优树无性系嫁接繁殖建园。     

外来植物日本落叶松凋落叶对卧龙乡土植物化感作用的研究

为了探究外来植物日本落叶松(Larix kaempferi)凋落叶对乡土植物的化感作用,本文以5种卧龙乡土植物为试材,采用培养皿滤纸法及盆栽土培法,研究了不同浓度(0.01、0.05、 0.1 g/mL)的日本落叶松凋落叶水浸提液对乡土植物种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响.结果表明:日本落叶松凋落叶水浸提液对5种乡土植物种子萌发及幼苗生长均有影响.1)浸提液对种子萌发的化感作用综合效应的强度依次为紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)夏枯草(Prunella vulgaris)草木犀(Melilotus officinalis)车前(Plantago depressa)披碱草(Elymus dahuricus).浸提液对紫花苜蓿、草木犀及夏枯草种子萌发主要表现出抑制作用,且抑制程度与浸提液浓度正相关;对披碱草及车前种子萌发表现出"低促高抑"的现象.2)浸提液对幼苗生长的化感作用综合效应的强度依次为紫花苜蓿草木犀夏枯草披碱草车前.其中浸提液对紫花苜蓿及草木犀幼苗生长主要表现出抑制作用且与浓度呈正相关;对披碱草及夏枯草幼苗生长表现出"低促高抑"的作用,对车前幼苗的生长始终表现为促进作用.研究结果为日本落叶松林下人工补植、增加植物多样性提出了营林管理措施.     

耐盐木霉ST02对番茄种子和幼苗盐耐受能力的影响

木霉菌能够促进植物对盐胁迫的耐受性,研究选用耐盐木霉选择培养基筛选获得的木霉菌株ST02,对其耐盐活性进行检测,具有较强耐盐活性.用ST02木霉菌株的孢子悬液对番茄种子和幼苗进行处理,分析木霉处理对盐胁迫条件下番茄种子萌发,幼苗生长和耐盐生理生化的影响.结果显示:ST02孢子悬液促进NaCl胁迫下番茄种子的发芽率和发芽势,提高200 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下番茄幼苗的存活率、株高和鲜重,以及番茄幼苗的叶绿素含量和净光合速率,影响番茄幼苗的离子渗漏率和丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量,提高超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)等抗氧化酶的活性.说明木霉ST02孢子悬液处理能够通过提高植物的抗氧化防御反应促进番茄对NaCl胁迫的耐受性.     

湿地松种源苗期试验

<正>湿地松是一个有发展前途的速生树种。1982年我们利用从美国国际林木种子公司进口的批量生产的种子进行种源试验。该批种子来自美国6个州的15个产地。通过多地点试验,以了解这批种源的遗传品质,比较不同种源的生长表现与适应能力。苗期试验结果表明,在种子发芽率、生长量方面,种源间有显著差异。其中,南卡罗来纳州威廉斯堡县的种源发芽率最高,生长量最大。原产地的多数种源在上述性状方面优越于我国广东台山红岭种子园种子(对照)。对上述问题及种源适应性与稳定性也作了讨论。     

离子液体1-己基-3-甲基咪唑溴化盐对番茄种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

用不同质量浓度(0、3、6、9、12、15mg·L-1)的离子液体1-己基-3-甲基咪唑溴化盐([C6mim]Br)水溶液对番茄金顶一号品种进行浸种和苗期水培,研究了种子萌发、幼苗形态以及幼苗叶片生理生化的变化.结果表明,当离子液体质量浓度9mg·L-1时,种子发芽率比对照降低差异显著;当离子液体质量浓度6mg·L-1时,根长和苗长比对照降低差异极显著.本研究所设的所有离子液体质量浓度均使番茄幼苗叶片中叶绿素含量比对照降低差异显著,尤其是当9mg·L-1时则差异极显著.幼苗叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)在离子液体质量浓度为6~12mg·L-1和15mg·L-1时分别比对照降低达显著与极显著水平,当离子液体质量浓度12mg·L-1时,POD活力比对照降低差异极显著.处理组幼苗叶片中超氧阴离子(O2·-)产生速率和丙二醛(MDA)含量分别在离子液体质量浓度6mg·L-1和9mg·L-1时比对照增加,达极显著差异水平.在本试验条件下,离子液体1-己基-3-甲基咪唑溴化盐对番茄种子萌发和幼苗生长均具有明显的抑制效应.     

稀土对八角种子萌发及幼苗生长的生理效应

用０ｍｇ／Ｌ、５０ｍｇ／Ｌ、１００ｍｇ／Ｌ、２００ｍｇ／Ｌ、３００ｍｇ／Ｌ、５００ｍｇ／Ｌ浓度稀土（ＲＥ）处理八角（Ｉｌｌｉｃｉｕｍ ｖｅｒｕｍ Ｈｏｃｋ．ｆ．）种子和幼苗,结果表明：１００ｍｇ／Ｌ浓度ＲＥ增加种子发芽时的根长、芽长、侧根数和提高种子活力指数最显著;２００ｍｇ／Ｌ浓度ＲＥ提高种子发芽率、发芽指数、日平均发芽率和发芽值最显著;３００ｍｇ／Ｌ浓度ＲＥ提高发芽高峰值和降低平均发芽天数最显     

杂交早稻威优—437幼苗经组织培养分化出再生苗盆栽研究

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