An off-axis hydrothermal vent field near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 30 degrees N.

Evidence is growing that hydrothermal venting occurs not only along mid-ocean ridges but also on old regions of the oceanic crust away from spreading centres. Here we report the discovery of an extensive hydrothermal field at 30 degrees N near the eastern intersection of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the Atlantis fracture zone. The vent field--named 'Lost City'--is distinctly different from all other known sea-floor hydrothermal fields in that it is located on 1.5-Myr-old crust, nearly 15 km from the spreading axis, and may be driven by the heat of exothermic serpentinization reactions between sea water and mantle rocks. It is located on a dome-like massif and is dominated by steep-sided carbonate chimneys, rather than the sulphide structures typical of 'black smoker' hydrothermal fields. We found that vent fluids are relatively cool (40-75 degrees C) and alkaline (pH 9.0-9.8), supporting dense microbial communities that include anaerobic thermophiles. Because the geological characteristics of the Atlantis massif are similar to numerous areas of old crust along the Mid-Atlantic, Indian and Arctic ridges, these results indicate that a much larger portion of the oceanic crust may support hydrothermal activity and microbial life than previously thought.     

Magnetism and opaque mineralogy of basalts from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 45 degrees N

The volcanic layer may be only 200 m thick at 45 degrees N and oxidation of titanomagnetite may be responsible for the decrease in amplitude of the magnetic anomalies away from the ridge axis.     

Mantle thermal pulses below the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and temporal variations in the formation of oceanic lithosphere

A 20-Myr record of creation of oceanic lithosphere is exposed along a segment of the central Mid-Atlantic Ridge on an uplifted sliver of lithosphere. The degree of melting of the mantle that is upwelling below the ridge, estimated from the chemistry of the exposed mantle rocks, as well as crustal thickness inferred from gravity measurements, show oscillations of approximately 3-4 Myr superimposed on a longer-term steady increase with time. The time lag between oscillations of mantle melting and crustal thickness indicates that the mantle is upwelling at an average rate of approximately 25 mm x yr(-1), but this appears to vary through time. Slow-spreading lithosphere seems to form through dynamic pulses of mantle upwelling and melting, leading not only to along-axis segmentation but also to across-axis structural variability. Also, the central Mid-Atlantic Ridge appears to have become steadily hotter over the past 20 Myr, possibly owing to north-south mantle flow.     

Intense mixing of lower thermocline water on the crest of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge

Buoyancy exchange between the deep and the upper ocean, which is essential for maintaining global ocean circulation, mainly occurs through turbulent mixing. This mixing is thought to result primarily from instability of the oceanic internal wave field, but internal waves tend to radiate energy away from the regions in which they are generated rather than dissipate it locally as turbulence and the resulting distribution of turbulent mixing remains unknown. Another, more direct, mixing mechanism involves the generation of turbulence as strong flows pass through narrow passages in topography, but the amount of turbulence generated at such locations remains poorly quantified owing to a lack of direct measurements. Here we present observations from the crest of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge in the subtropical North Atlantic Ocean that suggest that passages in rift valleys and ridge-flank canyons provide the most energetic sites for oceanic turbulence. Our measurements show that diffusivities as large as 0.03 m2 s(-1) characterize the mixing downstream of a sill in a well-stratified boundary layer, with mixing levels remaining of the order of 10(-4) m2 s(-1) at the base of the main thermocline. These mixing rates are significantly higher than the diffusivities of the order of 10(-5) m2 s(-1) that characterize much of the global thermocline and the abyssal ocean. Our estimates suggest that overflows associated with narrow passages on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge in the North Atlantic Ocean produce as much buoyancy flux as has previously been estimated for the entire Romanche fracture zone, a large strait in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge that connects the North and South Atlantic basins. This flux is equivalent to the interior mixing that occurs in the entire North Atlantic basin at the depth of the passages, suggesting that turbulence generated in narrow passages on mid-ocean ridges may be important for buoyancy flux at the global scale.     

Deformation characteristics and formation mechanism of the Yunmengshan metamorphic core complex

The Yunmengshan metamorphic core complex in the middle part of the Yanshan Fold and Thrust Belt records crust extension processes of the eastern North China Craton during its peak destruction.Development of the metamorphic core complex was controlled by the generally NNE-striking Dashuiyu Shear Zone.The shear zone dips SE and becomes shallower NE-wards,leading to exposures of a ductile shear zone in the southern and middle parts and brittle faults in the northern part.Exposure structures,microstructures,and quartz C-axis fabrics indicate that the ductile shear zone belongs to an extensional shear zone with a top-to-the-SE shear sense.Deformation temperatures of 300–520°C suggest a midcrustal origin for the ductile shear zone.A ductile deformation belt in the footwall of the shear zone is only as wide as 1–3 km,indicating no widespread mid-crustal ductile flow in the region during the deformation.Zircon U–Pb dating of dykes and plutons as well as hornblende and biotite40Ar/39Ar dating demonstrate that the metamorphic core complex originated at 135 Ma and experienced intense shearing of the Dashuiyu Shear Zone,development of the supradetachment basins,and synkinematic intrusion during 135–125 Ma.The metamorphic core complex was subjected to rapid exhumation during 125–114 Ma when the Dashuiyu Shear Zone suffered continuous activity and passive doming.The shear zone and its hanging wall were cut or replaced by a series of brittle faults when they wereuplifted to a brittle regime,showing that exhumation took place in continuous extensional activities.The metamorphic core complex turned into slow exhumation in an extensional regime in the following latest Early Cretaceous.The evolution history suggests that the Yunmengshan metamorphic core complex was developed by the rolling-hinge model,a common formation mechanism for intraplate metamorphic core complexes in the North China Craton,under the continuous NW–SE extension during the Early Cretaceous(135–100 Ma).     

Metamorphic core complex formation by density inversion and lower-crust extrusion.

Metamorphic core complexes are domal uplifts of metamorphic and plutonic rocks bounded by shear zones that separate them from unmetamorphosed cover rocks. Interpretations of how these features form are varied and controversial, and include models involving extension on low-angle normal faults, plutonic intrusions and flexural rotation of initially high-angle normal faults. The D'Entrecasteaux islands of Papua New Guinea are actively forming metamorphic core complexes located within a continental rift that laterally evolves to sea-floor spreading. The continental rifting is recent (since approximately 6 Myr ago), seismogenic and occurring at a rapid rate ( approximately 25 mm yr-1). Here we present evidence-based on isostatic modelling, geological data and heat-flow measurements-that the D'Entrecasteaux core complexes accommodate extension through the vertical extrusion of ductile lower-crust material, driven by a crustal density inversion. Although buoyant extrusion is accentuated in this region by the geological structure present-which consists of dense ophiolite overlaying less-dense continental crust-this mechanism may be generally applicable to regions where thermal expansion lowers crustal density with depth.     

The background brightness of the milky way near 2500 A between lparallel= 72 degrees and 126 degrees

Data from a rocket experiment show details which were not known from ground-based observations.     

Partitioning of oxygen during core formation on the Earth and Mars

Core formation on the Earth and Mars involved the physical separation of metal and silicate, most probably in deep magma oceans. Although core-formation models explain many aspects of mantle geochemistry, they have not accounted for the large differences observed between the compositions of the mantles of the Earth (approximately 8 wt% FeO) and Mars (approximately 18 wt% FeO) or the smaller mass fraction of the martian core. Here we explain these differences as a consequence of the solubility of oxygen in liquid iron-alloy increasing with increasing temperature. We assume that the Earth and Mars both accreted from oxidized chondritic material. In a terrestrial magma ocean, 1,200-2,000 km deep, high temperatures resulted in the extraction of FeO from the silicate magma ocean owing to high solubility of oxygen in the metal. Lower temperatures of a martian magma ocean resulted in little or no extraction of FeO from the mantle, which thus remains FeO-rich. The FeO extracted from the Earth's magma ocean may have contributed to chemical heterogeneities in the lowermost mantle, a FeO-rich D" layer and the light element budget of the core.     

Cooling of the Earth and core formation after the giant impact

Kelvin calculated the age of the Earth to be about 24 million years by assuming conductive cooling from being fully molten to its current state. Although simplistic, his result is interesting in the context of the dramatic cooling that took place after the putative Moon-forming giant impact, which contributed the final approximately 10 per cent of the Earth's mass. The rate of accretion and core segregation on Earth as deduced from the U-Pb system is much slower than that obtained from Hf-W systematics, and implies substantial accretion after the Moon-forming impact, which occurred 45 +/- 5 Myr after the beginning of the Solar System. Here we propose an explanation for the two timescales. We suggest that the Hf-W timescale reflects the principal phase of core-formation before the giant impact. Crystallization of silicate perovskite in the lower mantle during this phase produced Fe(3+), which was released during the giant impact, and this oxidation resulted in late segregation of sulphur-rich metal into which Pb dissolved readily, setting the younger U-Pb age of the Earth. Separation of the latter metal then occurred 30 +/- 10 Myr after the Moon-forming impact. Over this time span, in surprising agreement with Kelvin's result, the Earth cooled by about 4,000 K in returning from a fully molten to a partially crystalline state.     

Rapid accretion and early core formation on asteroids and the terrestrial planets from Hf-W chronometry

The timescales and mechanisms for the formation and chemical differentiation of the planets can be quantified using the radioactive decay of short-lived isotopes. Of these, the (182)Hf-to-(182)W decay is ideally suited for dating core formation in planetary bodies. In an earlier study, the W isotope composition of the Earth's mantle was used to infer that core formation was late (> or = 60 million years after the beginning of the Solar System) and that accretion was a protracted process. The correct interpretation of Hf-W data depends, however, on accurate knowledge of the initial abundance of (182)Hf in the Solar System and the W isotope composition of chondritic meteorites. Here we report Hf-W data for carbonaceous and H chondrite meteorites that lead to timescales of accretion and core formation significantly different from those calculated previously. The revised ages for Vesta, Mars and Earth indicate rapid accretion, and show that the timescale for core formation decreases with decreasing size of the planet. We conclude that core formation in the terrestrial planets and the formation of the Moon must have occurred during the first approximately 30 million years of the life of the Solar System.     

High-temperature shock formation of N2 and organics on primordial Titan

Titan's atmosphere is composed primarily of N2 with a little methane and other organic molecules. But theoretical models suggest that the initial form of nitrogen in Titan's atmosphere may have been NH3. We have investigated the possible importance of strong shocks produced during high-velocity impacts accompanying the late states of accretion as a method for converting NH3 to N2. To simulate the effects of an impact in Titan's atmosphere we have used the focused beam of a high-power laser, a method that has been shown to simulate shock phenomena. For mixtures of 10%, 50% and 90% NH3 (balance CH4) we obtained yields of 0.25, 1, and 6 x 10(17) molecules of N2 per joule, respectively. We also find that the yield of HCN is comparable to that for N2. In addition, several other hydrocarbons are produced, many with yields in excess of theoretical high-temperature-equilibrium models. The above yields, when combined with models of the satellite's accretion, result in a total N2 production comparable to that present in Titan's atmosphere and putative ocean.     

水泥混凝土路面错台原因分析及处治方法

水泥路面使用中后期,路面接缝传荷能力下降,在环境因素影响下易形成错台病害,严重影响路面使用寿命.文章结合我国目前水泥混凝土路面的现状,分析水泥路面错台产生的主要原因,并提出相应的处理措施,为水泥路面结构设计、施工控制及水泥路面预防性养护提供参考.     

基于MATLAB的岭归分析程序设计及其应用

岭归分析是多元线性回归分析中的一种方法,在实际应用中经常遇到。本文通过设计MATLAB中Ridgel函数程序,介绍如何利用MATLAB进行岭回归分析。     

惠民凹陷西部深层断裂样式与古近纪盆地原型的性质

基于断裂构造形成的力学分析,通过对三维地震数据体的水平切片及剖面的解译、区域构造图的编制,系统研究惠民凹陷西部深层(基底、孔店组-沙四段(Ek-Es4))断裂样式,并对其组合特征、分布规律、活动性质及对古近纪原型盆地形成的影响进行分析,探讨断裂成因、古近纪原型盆地的性质及对油气藏形成的控制作用。结果表明:惠民凹陷西部深层断裂样式可划分为走滑成因断裂样式与伸展成因断裂样式两种类型;基底断裂样式的形成与燕山末期郯庐断裂的左行走滑及鲁西隆起的逆时针旋转趋势相关,孔店组—沙四段沉积期断裂样式与NNW向伸展及郯庐断裂等深大断裂右行走滑作用叠加密切相关;深层断裂样式的特点、分布及沉积特征反映惠民凹陷西部古近纪原型盆地形成过程与走滑作用密切相关,盆地原型应为走滑-伸展型盆地,而非单一的伸展型盆地;深层断裂样式不仅控制了盆地的内部结构,也控制了砂体的分布,并为油气向缓坡带运移提供了通道,从而最终控制了深层油气藏的形成。     

N-亚水杨基甘氨酸Schiff碱与硫酸钕配合物的合成和表征

用硫酸钕与Ｎ亚水杨基甘氨酸Ｓｃｈｉｆ碱在水溶液中反应,合成了钕的Ｓｃｈｉｆ碱配合物Ｎｄ２（ＳａｌＧｌｙ）２ＳＯ４·２Ｈ２Ｏ（Ｓａｌ＝亚水杨基,Ｇｌｙ＝甘氨酸）,并用元素分析、摩尔电导、红外光谱、电子光谱、荧光光谱和差热热重分析对其组成和性质进行了研究．     

一种基于脊波和数字加密的脆弱数字水印算法

脆弱数字水印是当今图形图像认证的一项关键技术,脊波变换的理论是小波分析理论的最新成果,数字加密技术是对多媒体信息进行加密保护的一项非常可靠的技术。在此把最新的脊波技术和数字加密技术结合在一起,提出了一种变换域脆弱数字水印算法,并经仿真试验证实,该算法具有良好的不可见性,且水印对图像的篡改非常敏感,可以有效的对图像进行认证。     

Effect of total aluminum concentration on the formation and transformation of nanosized Al13 and Al30 in hydrolytic polymeric aluminum aqueous solutions

Influence of total aluminum concentration （CAIT） on the generation and transformation of nanosized AI13 and AI30 in hydrolytic polyaluminum aqueous solutions was investigated using high field 27AI NMR and time-developed AI-Ferron complex colorimetry. When prepared at the optimal basicity （B） of Al13 generation and 80℃, the All3 species in polyaluminum solution tends to further polymerize and convert to AI30 and higher polymers when CAI; 〉0.2 mol· L^-1, but Al13 does not convert to AI30 quantificationally, as the formation of Alu from Al13 and AI30 is accelerated in the same way. The conversion rate of All3 is accelerated by the increase in CAIT. When CAlT 〉0.75 mol·.L^-1, Al13 content decreases rapidly, and AI30 content increases continuously and becomes the dominant nanometer polynuclear aluminum species. AIm is one of prerequisites of Al13 conversion to AI30. When CAI; increases and B reduces, the polymerization rate between Al13 and Aim increases, and at the same time, the dissociation reaction rate of All3 and AI30 by H^＋ also increases. The latter becomes the dominant reaction in polyaluminum solution with low B value, so AI30 decreases with the increasing CAlT. The hydrolytic polyaluminum solution with Al13 content beyond 80% can only be prepared under the condition of CAlT〈0.5 mol· L^-1 and optimal B value.     

氯离子对石油测井仪器用Cr13不锈钢点损伤行为的影响

采用高温高压模拟环境装置和实时动电位极化和交流阻抗技术对石油测井仪器用Cr13不锈钢在模拟井下不同氯离子环境中电极的腐蚀失重和电化学行为进行了研究.实验结果表明,当地层水或者钻井液中氯离子浓度较高时,Cr13不锈钢表面的点损伤难以避免;随着氯离子浓度的升高,Cr13的均匀腐蚀速率增大,试样表面点蚀坑增多;局部氯离子以FeCl2和FeCl3形式吸附是造成钝化膜损伤的主要原因.应尽量减少仪器在含氯离子环境中的停留时间或提高材料等级.     

Web标准与HTML5的核心技术研究

随着互联网的进步,传统的Web界面技术已经不能满足人们对交互特性的更高要求.Web标准是网页设计与开发的一个趋势,而HTML5 是近十年来Web开发标准巨大的飞跃.本文对Web标准与HTML5的新特性做了对比阐述,并展望了其应用前景.采用标准化的系统具有更好的安全性、可扩展性和易维护性.     

Microbe-related precipitation of iron and silica in the Edmond deep-sea hydrothermal vent field on the Central Indian Ridge

Microbial mats, several millimeters thick and brown-yellow to white in color, were collected in hollow inside of chimney structure from Edmond hydrothermal field on the Central Indian Ridge. Microbes with shapes of rod and helical stalk-like filaments were observed in the microbial mats, and are com- monly characterized by their cells completely encrusted by thick mineralized layers, made up of large amounts of amorphous silica and minor amounts of iron oxides. Transmission Electron Microscope observation has demonstrated that the acicular Fe-bearing matter was not only heterogenously dis- tributed on the surface of the cell wall, but also deposited in the inside of cell, suggesting that bio-precipitation of Fe had occurred both on the surface and in the interior of cell. Microbial silicification was also commonly found in the mats. Silica usually precipitated homogeneously on the surface of the microbes and forms micro-laminated layers, which might be controlled by the inorganic process of precipitation in hydrothermal environment. The biomineralization phenomenon in the mi- crobial mats showed that the precipitation of Fe and Si was closely related to microbes in hydrothermal environment. Considering that hydrothermal activities provided required chemical elements for miner- alization, it is suggested that this biomineralization process also might be driven by hydrothermal ac- tivities at the sea floor to some extent.