基于S WMM模型的北京大红门排水片区雨洪模拟研究

大红门地区属于北京市洪涝多发区,近年来,随着城市化进程加快,洪涝灾害进一步加剧.本研究基于SWMM模型构建了该区域一维管网、河网模型相耦合的城市雨洪模拟模型,并分别选用20000808、20030627、20010724号实测三场暴雨和洪水资料,对模型参数进行了率定和验证.结果表明:率定期流量相对误差分别为3.37%和-7.45%,洪峰流量相对误差分别为-7.65%和-9.84%,峰现时间相对误差分别为2h和0;检验期20010724号洪水流量相对误差为18.28%,洪峰流量相对误差为14.4%,峰现时间相对误差为0.研究结果表明,该模型能够较好的模拟北京大红门排水片区的雨洪过程,可为该区域的防洪决策提供技术支撑.     

基于有效不透水面识别的城市雨洪过程模拟研究

城市化进程加快带来的不透水面积增加是城市洪涝灾害愈加频繁的重要原因.研究聚焦于不透水面的有效性问题,选取了位于北京市凉水河流域的大红门排水区,借助遥感影像通过实地勘察识别有效不透水面,有针对性地构建SWMM城市暴雨径流模型;通过设置不同重现期暴雨情景,定量分析不透水面空间组合方式对城市洪涝的影响.结果表明:考虑不透水面有效性后,率定期2场降水模拟结果的纳西效率系数较传统模式分别提升了13.51%、1.58%,检验期分别提升了9.79%、18.58%.情景分析的结果表明,当有效不透水面占比由100%降低到25%时,5a一遇暴雨的总径流深和洪峰流量能够削减74.6%和65.8%,100a一遇暴雨的削减率为62.9%和21.8%.因此,考虑不透水面有效性将有效提高雨洪模拟的精度,而改变汇流路径,减少有效不透水面是减轻雨洪灾害的重要措施.     

FloodArea模型糙率系数改进方法

空间单元糙率系数是二维GIS水动力演进模型FloodArea中的重要参数,对模拟过程中流速有显著影响.模型算法与模型糙率系数定义都没有区分河道与坡面的概念,将栅格单元皆视为坡面,坡面漫流与河道汇流规则统一利用曼宁公式定义,糙率系数通常根据土地覆盖类型静态设置.但在模拟过程中,汇流或洪水的演进过程往往会导致下垫面糙率降低,使模拟糙率较实际偏高,模拟流速较实际普遍偏低.针对上述问题,根据土地覆盖类型与DEM,提出了河道区域与坡面区域区分化处理的糙率设置方法.以福建木兰溪中下游仙游水文站到赖溪水文站河段为研究区,使用改进后的糙率系数结合FloodArea模型完成了基于实测数据的洪水模拟实验.结果表明,改进的方法简化了率定过程,提高了模拟精度.同时,改进的方法不需要额外增加数据资料,较适用于贫资料区的洪水演进过程模拟与灾害预警.     

基流分割对城市雨洪过程模拟的影响研究

准确预报洪水过程对城市防洪减灾至关重要．基流一般是指来源于地下水,河道中常年存在的基本径流,在进行城市洪水模拟时对模拟结果具有重要的影响．为提高模型模拟精度,本文构建了济南市主城区流域SWMM（storm water management model）,借助基流水平分割法处理模型率定所需流量数据,将基流分割前后流量数据应用于模型率定和验证,模拟6场不同历史暴雨洪水过程并定量评价基流分割前后的模拟效果．研究结果表明:基流量大小约占洪峰流量的10%,对洪水模拟结果影响较大;当采用原始流量数据率定模型时,未区分降水和其他径流组分来源,模拟效果一般（纳什效率系数均值为0.532）;当使用基流分割后的流量数据时,模拟精度明显提高（纳什效率系数均值为0.765）,场次暴雨模拟精度平均提高43.7%,洪峰流量相对误差降低3.59%,对峰现时间误差等洪水过程波动趋势特征影响不明显．本文拓展了基流分割在城市雨洪模拟中的应用,并为相关部门在城市暴雨洪水灾害预报预警方面提供了一定的科学依据和技术支撑．      

城市雨水管网模型参数的率定与评价

为推动排水管网模型在城市雨水管理领域的应用,建立了上海市某居住小区雨水管网模型,通过实施管道流量测量,对常用产汇流模型的主要参数进行了率定,并对径流体积和洪峰的影响参数进行了灵敏度排序.结果表明:对径流体积与洪峰流量,最主要的影响因素是不透水表面径流系数/有效不透水面积因子和不透水表面比例;对径流体积影响较小的参数是管壁粗糙系数和地面坡度;对洪峰影响较小的参数为透水表面的渗透性能和地面坡度.总体而言,Horton公式参数的灵敏度最大,英国模型参数的灵敏度最小.研究成果可为城市排水管网模型参数的选择与率定提供参考.     

基于土地利用与地表覆盖遥感信息的洪水过程模拟

基于数字流域平台,将遥感技术获取的土地利用和地表覆盖1km栅格信息与数字高程模型数据进行空间配准,由此直接提取新安江模型参数IMP(不透水面积比),并通过构建林地面积比与新安江模型参数SM(土壤自由水蓄水容量)的关系间接确定各子流域的SM值．汉江褒河流域24场洪水实例研究表明：采用半分布式水文模型,15场洪水的确定性系数增大,22场洪峰流量相对误差显著降低;SM对洪峰流量的影响要比对确定性系数的影响大．     

HBV模型在汤旺河流域的应用研究

通过对汤旺河流域构建HBV模型进行日径流模拟研究,来评估HBV模型在我国东北地区的适用性.在对参数进行敏感性分析的基础上进行模型参数率定和验证,并以流域出口晨明站为例,选择多种假定的情景,分析降水和气温的变化对于径流的影响.结果表明,HBV模型中响应模块(K_0、K_1、K_2、UZL)和汇流模块(MAXBAS)的几个参数最为敏感,土壤模块参数(BETA、LP)较敏感;模型在汤旺河流域模拟效果理想,4个站点控制流域的Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数Reff和确定性系数R2均达0.77以上,能较好地模拟洪水对降雨的响应过程,表明模型在东北地区具有较好的适用性,且降水的变化较气温对汤旺河流域的水文循环影响更大.     

基于SWMM模拟的快速城市化地区洪峰径流和非点源污染控制研究

为避免城市内涝、控制非点源污染, 利用现场监测和模型模拟的方法研究快速城市化地区非点源污染的特征和控制。采用SWMM模型(Storm Water Management Model)模拟研究区的暴雨径流过程和非点源污 染负荷, 分析对比下垫面加入LID (low impact development)和BMPs (best management practices)措施的控制效果。结果表明, LID作为一种离散型城市降雨径流控制装置, 可以有效地减小研究区的径流系数、洪峰流量和非点源污染物负荷。BMPs工程性措施(不透水调蓄池)对研究区的洪峰流量和非点源污染物负荷也有较好的控制效果, 但是对径流总量没有影响。在研究区联合使用这两种措施, 可以更大程度地减小洪峰流量和非点源污染物负荷, 同时减小径流系数。     

城市居民小区SWMM降雨径流过程模拟——以营口市贵都花园小区为例

为克服没有实测数据校准SWMM（storm water management model）的难点,选用传统的径流系数法,从降雨径流总量以及降雨径流过程2方面来验证SWMM.结果表明,SWMM模拟的场次降雨径流总量以及年降雨径流总量与径流系数法估算的径流量的相对误差在可接受范围内,并且模拟的降雨径流过程与径流系数法推算的径流过程匹配结果也较好,说明SWMM能够较好地用于城市降雨径流总量以及过程的模拟,为后期进行降雨径流污染物总量及产生规律的研究提供了工作基础.     

海绵城市背景下agMDrain系统在规划审批方面的应用研究

agMDrain系统结合海绵城市理念和地理信息技术(GIS),集成了雨洪管理模型(SWMM),可模拟小区的地表水力模型。通过向模型输入如建筑面积、不透水地表面积、降雨强度、频率等参数,可以分析和计算该小区范围内地表径流量、汇流时间、水污染负荷等指标。agMDrain系统可以判断上述指标是否达到国家及地方法规的要求,能有效地提高政府对新建、改建、扩建项目在规划方面的审批效率。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-