Comparing the diurnal variations in the SuperMAG auroral electrojet indices SML and SMU

Diurnal variations of the SuperMAG auroral electrojet indices (SML and SMU) were examined for the period of 1980–2010, and the differences between SML and SMU were especially analyzed. The diurnal variation of SML with a maximum at around 1100 UT has a prenoon-postnoon asymmetry. At solstices, the diurnal variation of SML is much stronger than that at equinoxes. For the SMU, two maxima are recorded in the diurnal variation with the bigger one at 1700 UT and the smaller one at 0400 UT. The seasonal variations are not obvious in the UT variation characteristics of SMU although the intensity of SMU is changed remarkably season by season. For both SML and SMU, the contributing stations are located at higher geomagnetic latitude around 1600 UT and at lower geomagnetic latitude around 0400 UT. These results indicate that: (1) the SML is mostly controlled by the convection electric field. Its diurnal variation is mainly correlated with the equinoctial and R-M hypothesis; (2) the SMU is largely controlled by the ionospheric conductance. Its diurnal variation is tightly correlated with the solar radiation.     

Trend, seasonal and diurnal variations of atmospheric CO2 in Beijing

The concentration of atmospheric CO2 in Beijing increased rapidly at a mean growth rate of 3.7%@a?1 from 1993 to 1995. After displaying a peak of (409.7±25.9) ?mol@mol?1 in 1995, it decreased slowly. Both the almost stable anthropogenic CO2 source and increasing biotic CO2 sink contribute to the drop of CO2 concentration from 1995 to 2000. The seasonal variation of CO2 concentration exhibits a clear cycle with a maximum in winter, averaging (426.8±20.6) ?mol@mol?1, and a minimum in summer, averaging (369.1±6.1) ?mol@mol?1. The seasonal variation of CO2 concentration is mainly controlled by phenology. The mean diurnal variation of atmospheric CO2 concentration for a year in Beijing is highly clear: daily maximum CO2 concentration usually occurs at night, but daily minimum CO2 concentration does in the daytime, with a mean diurnal difference more than 34.7 ?mol@mol?1. It has been revealed that the interannual variations of atmospheric CO2 concentration in winter and autumn regulated the interannual trend of atmospheric CO2, whereas the interannual variation of CO2 concentration in summer affected the general tendency of atmospheric CO2 in a less degree.     

Trend, seasonal and diurnal variations of atmospheric CO2 in Beijing

The concentration of atmospheric CO₂ in Beijing increased rapidly at a mean growth rate of 3.7% · a⁻¹ from 1993 to 1995. After displaying a peak of (409.7±25.9) μmol · mol⁻¹ in 1995, it decreased slowly. Both the almost stable anthropogenic CO₂ source and increasing biotic CO₂ sink contribute to the drop of CO₂ concentration from 1995 to 2000. The seasonal variation of CO₂ concentration exhibits a clear cycle with a maximum in winter, averaging (426.8±20.6) μmol · mol⁻¹, and a minimum in summer, averaging (369.1±6.1) μmol·mol⁻¹. The seasonal variation of CO₂ concentration is mainly controlled by phenology. The mean diurnal variation of atmospheric CO₂ concentration for a year in Beijing is highly clear: daily maximum CO₂ concentration usually occurs at night, but daily minimum CO₂ concentration does in the daytime, with a mean diurnal difference more than 34.7 μmol·mol⁻¹. It has been revealed that the interannual variations of atmospheric CO₂ concentration in winter and autumn regulated the interannual trend of atmospheric CO₂, whereas the interannual variation of CO₂ concentration in summer affected the general tendency of atmospheric CO₂ in a less degree.     

Interannual and interdecadal variations in the North Atlantic Oscillation spatial shift

The spatial shift of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is analyzed by using the Twentieth Century Reanalysis version 2 dataset and identifying NAO action centers directly on winter mean sealevel pressure (SLP) anomaly maps. The spatial shift of the NAO is characterized by four NAO spatial shift indices: the zonal and meridional shifts of the NAO southern and northern action centers. It is found that the zonal and meridional shift trends of the NAO action centers move along a path of southwest-northwest direction. Spectral analysis shows that the four NAO spatial shift indices have periodicity of 2-6 years and the NAO index has periodicity of 2-3 years in terms of high-frequency variations. On a decadal time scale, the NAO spatial shift indices are closely (positively) related to the NAO index, which is in agreement with previous studies of the relationship between the NAO index and the spatial shift of the NAO pattern. However, there is no relationship between the NAO index and the meridional shift of the northern action center on an interannual time scale. The significant relationship between the NAO index and the interannual variability of NAO spatial shift indices is very likely to be associated with synopticscale Rossby wave breaking, which generates surface pressure anomalies and thus affects the phase and pattern of the NAO. The correlations of winter westerly winds over 90°W-0° and the NAO index and the NAO spatial shift indices have a ’+ - + -’ structure from the Equator to the North Pole. Although there is close correlation between the NAO spatial shift indices and the strength of the zonal winds in the North Atlantic region, the effect of the zonal winds on the NAO spatial shift differs at different latitudes. Hence, the role of the zonal winds is probably a result of the NAO spatial shifts.     

荒漠沙蜥栖息地选择的季节和地理变异

通过主成分分析、方差分析和非参数检验比较荒漠沙蜥利用生境和潜在可利用生境的9个生态因子,目的是调查其栖息地选择的地理和季节变异.研究表明荒漠沙蜥栖息地选择不存在性别差异,但存在显著的季节和地理差异.多数种群在繁殖前均选择植被盖度较低的、日晒条件好的生境,而繁殖后选择草本盖度较高、食物条件较好的生境.对照样方季节变异不明显,表明该差异主要由沙蜥的主动选择引起.繁殖前温度相对较低,沙蜥为了获得较高体温、保证生殖腺发育而选择低盖度生境;繁殖后期为了避免高温、快速积累越冬所需脂肪而选择高草本盖度生境.无论对照样方还是选择样方均存在显著的地理变异,且参数的变异模式相同,表明栖息地的地理差异与生境的差异有一定关系.此外,在不同的生境条件下,沙蜥也会权衡逃避敌害和取食的利害,而做出有利于其存活和繁殖的选择.如在灌丛盖度较高逃避捕食较容易的生境会较多地考虑日晒和取食,而在植被盖度较低食物不利时侧重取食.     

The East Asian summer monsoon circulation anomaly index and its interannual variations

Based on the concept of East Asia-Pacific (EAP) teleconnection which influences East Asian summer monsoon, an index for East Asian summer monsoon circulation anomaly was defined and it was pointed out that this index can describle the interannual variation character of summer climate in East Asia, especially in the Yangtze River and Huaihe River Valley.     

Diurnal and monthly variations of carbon dioxide flux in an alpine shrub on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Long-term flux observation is an efficient approachto collect CO2 emission or assimilation data in an ecosys-tem. In cooperation with a series of international coopera-tion programs including those sponsored by IGBP (Inter-national Geosphere-Biosphere Program), WCRP (WorldClimate Research Program), IHDP (International HumanDimension of Global Environment Change), GCTE(Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystem) and LUCC(Land Use and Land Cover Change), a lot of researchwork conce…     

The diurnal variations, semiannual and winter anomalies of the ionospheric TEC based on GPS data in China

With the spherical harmonic (SH) function model and the dual frequency GPS P code phase data from the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China (CMONOC) during the period from year 2000 to 2002, time series of total electron content (TEC) in the area of China is calculated. The diurnal variations, semiannual, and winter anomalies of the ionosphere in the area of China are analyzed and discussed, especially according to the results of year 2001.     

Dynamic Variations and Influencing Factors of Groundwater Levels in Lhasa City

This paper focuses on the dynamic variation of groundwater level in Lhasa city. According to the data, the obvious characteristic of the groundwater level of the city is that it is changing seasonally. Lhasa is divided into three districts according to hydrogeological conditions: the alluvial plain of the Lhasa-river, the alluvial plain of the Doilung-river, and the alluvial fan of intermountain, which presents a downward trend, a slight upward trend and basically stabilizing trend over the years individually. The analysis indicates that meteorological and hydrological factors lead to the obvious dynamic change of the groundwater level. However, more and more human activities and over-exploitation of the groundwater cause the downward trend in the groundwater level.     

田间珊瑚树净光合速率及生态因子的日变化

自然条件下 ,对珊瑚树叶片光合作用日进程的研究结果表明 :夏季晴天珊瑚树阳叶净光合速率日进程曲线为“双峰”型 ,光合效率午间明显降低 ,主要由非气孔限制引起 .应用逐步多元回归方法 ,得到珊瑚树净光合速率日变化的最优方程为 :Y =- 4 9.8837 0 .0 10 3X1 0 .0 6 75X4 0 .4 913X5(复相关系数R =0 .84 12 ,F值 =4 .84 2 9,显著水平p =0 .0 4 82 ) .偏相关分析和通径分析表明 ,光合有效辐射、空气相对湿度和空气CO2 浓度与净光合速率的日变化有着极显著和显著的相关关系 ,是影响净光合速率的直接主要因子 ,影响的大小顺序为 :光合有效辐射 >空气相对湿度 >胞间CO2 浓度     

径流对气候变化和人类活动的响应——以渭河流域为例

定量区分气候变化和人类活动对径流的影响,对区域水资源管理具有重要的现实意义.本文基于实测径流数 据和前人重构的自然径流数据,借助趋势分析、突变检验、多元线性回归等方法,定量分析渭河流域气候变化和人类活动 对径流的影响,并通过与水文敏感性系数方法的分析结果相比较,进一步验证结果.结果表明:1965-2012年华县站、张 家山站和状头站的实测径流分别以7.99×108、2.86×108 和0.787×108 m3·(10a)-1的趋势减小(α<0.05).气象要素 中,渭河干流的风速和相对湿度呈显著减小的趋势,气温呈显著增加的趋势(α<0.05);泾河流域的相对湿度呈显著减小 的趋势,潜在蒸散发和气温呈显著增加的趋势(α<0.05);北洛河流域各气象要素的变化趋势同泾河流域相似.突变检验 表明华县站、张家山站和状头站的年实测径流分别在1993、1996 和1994 年前后发生了突变,其径流分别下降了 38.81%、47.67%和42.22%.多元回归分析表明气候变化对华县站、张家山站和状头站径流变化的贡献率分别为 49.30%、38.05%和69.86%.水文敏感性分析方法的结果同多元回归方法相似,气候变化对3个水文站径流变化的贡献 率分别为48.61%、39.21%和64.86%.      

大气环流年代际变化对东亚北部冬季气温异常的影响

 利用NCEP资料1949～1999年间的地表气温(SAT)进行经验正交函数分解(EOF).得到的前2个模态均表明,20世纪70年代中期以后,东亚北部地区冬季气温增暖明显,发生了显著的年代际变化.这种气温的异常变化主要受到东亚冬季风的直接影响.近20多年来,北极涛动维持在正位相并持续增强,其对东亚冬季风的影响也越来越显著,东亚冬季风持续减弱,使得东亚北部地区冬季气温增暖.通过对SAT和SLP进行奇异值分解(SVD),结果表明北极涛动的持续增强可能是东亚北部地区冬季增暖的重要原因之一.     

澜沧江月径流量变化的相关性和多时间尺度特征

 以云南境内澜沧江1955年1月～2001年12月的逐月径流量观测数据为基础,应用相关分析和小波变换的分析方法,研究了云南境内澜沧江月径流量变化的相关性特征和多时间尺度特征.结论为:云南境内澜沧江下游的月径流量变化不仅显著地包含了上游的月径流量变化,而且还更显著地包含了云南境内的月气候变化影响.云南境内澜沧江月径流量变化表现出了十分明显的多时间尺度变化特征.澜沧江上游地区的月气候变化和云南境内的月气候变化均可能存在有约4个月和53个月的特征时间尺度变化.澜沧江下游允景洪的约7个月、30个月和74个月的特征时间尺度的月径流量变化主要是由澜沧江上游旧州的月径流量变化造成的;而澜沧江下游允景洪的约14个月和21个月的特征时间尺度的月径流量变化则完全是由云南境内的月气候变化造成的.对于较小特征时间尺度的变化,云南月气候变化造成的澜沧江月径流量变化一般是相同或滞后于澜沧江上游的月径流量变化;而对于较大特征时间尺度的变化,云南月气候变化造成的澜沧江月径流量变化则总是滞后于澜沧江上游的月径流量变化.     

Decadal-scale precipitation variations in arid and semiarid zones of northern China during the last 500 years

Regional decadal precipitation reconstructions for the arid and semi-arid zones of northern China were established by the use of different palaeoclimate archives such as ice-cores, tree-rings, lake sediments and written historical documents. Local rainfall reconstructions from single sites were averaged to obtain regional precipitation records for western and eastern regions of an arid and semiarid zone of northern China, respectively. All established regional precipitation curves display 5 dry periods, each lasting about 50 years. Meanwhile, precipitation reconstructions show regional dissimilarities. During the last 500 years, the trends of precipitation change in the eastern arid region are basically consistent with those in the western and eastern regions of the semiarid zone. Precipitation variations in the western arid region are unique, showing significant local patterns of rainfall variability. Maximum entropy method (MEM) spectral estimates show that each regional precipitation series contains stationary century-scale periodicities of about 120 a.Singular spectrum analysis was applied to isolating the century-scale oscillation signals from the regional proxy precipitation series. Significant periods with wavelengths of 121.4a, 154.6a, 124.3a, 118.6a, 108.5a and 121.4a were found 26.56%, 26.44%, 28.87%, 18.67%, 33.48% and 34.04% of the variances of the original series for the western arid zone,the eastern arid zone, the whole arid zone, the western semiarid zone, the eastern semiarid zone and whole northern China, respectively.     

木瓜榕隐头果传粉前后挥发性化合物构成及其变化规律

 榕树与其传粉榕小蜂通常以隐头果挥发物作为交流媒介.采用顶空动态法提取木瓜榕隐头果传粉前后的挥发物,用GC-MS联用仪鉴定各化合物,峰面积归一法和内标法测定各成分含量.结果表明:木瓜榕传粉前 (雌花期)和传粉后的顶空样品中分离出53种化合物,多数为单萜类和倍半萜类化合物,(E)-β-ocimene、linalool 、limonene、5-epiprezizaene、khusimene、cis-β-Cedrene、cis-α-bergamotene、α-farnesene 和bicyclogermacrene是其重要的挥发物成分.雌花期隐头果挥发物释放量明显高于传粉后挥发物释放量,且雌雄隐头果挥发物种类、构成及释放量上高度类似,存在着明显的模拟现象.同时,雌雄个体挥发物释放量存在明显的空间变异.     

凉山油橄榄主栽品种叶中营养物质和酚类含量的季节性变化

【目的】油橄榄叶是油橄榄产业发展过程中产生的农林废弃物,研究不同品种及叶龄油橄榄叶中主要营养物质和酚类含量在不同季节的变化,为油橄榄叶在药品、保健品和功能性食品等方面的高值化应用提供理论依据和技术支撑。【方法】以四川凉山6个油橄榄主栽品种的老叶和嫩叶为研究对象,检测其游离氨基酸(FAAC)、可溶性糖(SSC)和可溶性蛋白(SPC)等营养物质含量差异,并通过高效液相色谱法(HPLC)分析7种主要酚类成分(橄榄苦苷、芦丁、木犀草素-4'-O-葡萄糖苷、芹菜素-7-O-葡萄糖苷、木犀草素、槲皮素和芹菜素)含量的季节变化。【结果】凉山地区油橄榄老叶和嫩叶中主要营养物质和酚类成分呈季节性不均匀分布状态,7种酚类成分在夏秋季节波动幅度大,FAAC、SSC、SPC含量在2—3月和5—6月相对较高;6个品种中,‘鄂植’与‘卡林’叶中营养物质和酚类成分比其他品种丰富,且嫩叶中其含量水平比老叶的高。【结论】油橄榄叶中营养物质丰富和酚类成分稳定的最佳季节为春季,‘鄂植’和‘卡林’嫩叶可作为潜在的高值化应用品种材料来源加以开发和利用。     

城市创新效率的Ｍａｌｍｑｕｉｓｔ指数测算及差异分析

采用Malmquist指数方法对我国城市创新效率进行评价．研究表明：2003---2006年我国城市创新全要素生产率增长了9．7％。从城市创新全要素增长的渠道来看,主要通过技术效率的提高完成,不同城市之间表现出较大的差异性。进一步分析发现,我国东部城市与西部城市在创新全要素增长上不存在显著性差异,表现了普涨趋势。但是,在创新技术效率方面,东部与中、西部城市之间存在显著性差异。