Non-classical diffusion model for heat and mass transfer in laser drying

A numerical analysis of the laser drying process by employing a generalized, Maxwell-Cattaneo equation to treat both heat and mass transfer was presented. Calculations were performed to illustrate the non-classical transport of heat and moisture. The effect of the heat flux density and the initial moisture content on water removal was also investigated. The results indicate that the nonequilibrium mass diffusion plays an important role during the very early stages of moisture removal, especially at the surface of the medium. Away from the surface, the non-Fickian model shows a delay in the reduction of the moisture content. The calculation resuits also show that the initial moisture content of the medium has a considerable effect on water removal.     

Lightning in Saturn’s atmosphere

There exists large-scale lightning in Saturn’s water cloud. Based on the powerful moist convection in the water cloud, we establish a thermal-induced convective model to interpret the mechanism for the processes of charge generation and separation. We also estimate the breakdown field of Saturn’s atmosphere quantitatively and interpret the discharge process.     

Dual effects of spatial updating in both real and virtual environments

When people move around in their environment, spatial updating, which is an automatic cognitive process, is essential to ensuring people can keep track of their relations between them and the surrounding objects, and to "recalculating" the relative position and orientation of those objects with regard to the current position of the persons. Despite the facilitating effect of spatial updating to people’s mental representation in most circumstances as demonstrated in most of the existing literature, the effect sometimes can be adversarial. For instance, some research suggested that even though people were asked to ignore their locomotion, it is difficult to suppress updating of the spatial representation during movement. The current two studies were conducted to systematically investigate the dual effects of spatial updating in both real and virtual environments. We used a typical spatial updating paradigm to explore the effects of scene familiarity (familiar vs. novel) and person’s locomotion (stationary vs. moving) on change detection accuracy (target object moved or not). The results indicated a facilitating effect of spatial updating in the novel scene condition, but an adversarial effect in the familiar scene condition-the dual effects, in both real and virtual environments.     

Quadratic Yukawa coupling and matrix Yukawa coupling in the large N expansion

In this article, we study three types of new Yukawa couplings （the boson field is coupled to the fermion field）. Two of them are quadratic Yukawa couplings （the boson field is in the form of a vector）, and the other one is the matrix Yukawa coupling （the boson field is in the form of a matrix）. Based on the above three couplings, we introduce the Higgs mechanism, and find out the properties of the generated mass for the fermions with multiple flavors. For the matrix boson, we introduce its coupling with non-Abe- lian~,,au,,e~, field. It turns out that the generated mass of the gauge field through the Higgs mechanism is unique. In the large N limit, using the method of auxiliary field, we study the dynamical behaviors of the quadratic Yukawa couplings, including the poles of some dressed propagators.     

Synthesis of CNT film on the surface of micro-pyramid array and its intense pulsed emission characteristics

We developed a new scheme to suppress the electric-field-screening effect in high growth density of a carbon nanotube(CNT) film during its intense pulsed emission.We synthesize the CNT film on a tridimensional surface(t-CNT film).The tridimensional surface includes wet etched silicon pyramids,and the Ni layer is electroless plated thereon.The intense pulsed emission characteristics of the t-CNT and planar-grown CNT(p-CNT) films were measured using a diode structure in single-pulse mode.The even turn-on field decreased from 5.5 V/μm for p-CNTs to 2.8 V/m for t-CNTs,and the peak emission current increased from 232 A for p-CNTs to 324 A for t-CNTs at a peak field intensity ～12.2 V/m.The peak current of the t-CNT film increased by ～39.7% over the p-CNT film.It is clear that the micro-pyramid array can effectively suppress the field screening effect to improve the electron-emission of CNT films.     

EXAMINATION OF POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS AND POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZOFURANS INTO PROCESS WATER OF KRAFT PULP BLEACHING MILL FROM ASPECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL WATER QUALITY

INTRODUCTIONDuring the 1980s, the fact that chlorine used for pulp bleaching is connected to the release of dioxins1 and chloroform2 into the environment was proven in Canada and other countries. Since that time, each papermaking company has also been implementing a variety of policies designed to reduce dioxins generation. However, the Law Concerning Special Measures against Dioxins took effect in Japan on 15th January 2000. According to the new law, "kraft pulp and sulfite pulp bleac…     

Discrete element simulations of two wetting effects on granular materials

To explore the microscopic responses of granular materials to wetting,the inter-particle lubrication effect and particle breakage in an odometer were simulated using a two-dimensional discrete element method.The lubrication effect was modeled by reduction of the inter-particle friction coefficient and particle breakage was initiated by decreasing the particle strength.Once the strength of the particles decreased to a threshold value,the particles began to break so that new contacts could be established to transfer the external loads.Numerical simulations successfully reproduced the additional compaction of the material and the intensification of the horizontal stress in addition to the microscopic responses of the granular assemblies.The microscopic interpretation of the earth pressure coefficient at rest and the evolution of the grain number distribution during particle breaking were also investigated.     

Additive effects on tin electrodepositing in acid sulfate electrolytes

The effects of additives on the stannous reduction of an acid sulfate bath were investigated using cyclic and linear sweep voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and microstructure analysis. In the absence of additives, tin coatings are rough, and the tin electrodepositing is a single-step reduction process accompanied by hydrogen gas evolution. The addition of tartaric acid produces a slight reduction in the peak current of stannous reduction and has an appreciably positive effect on the stability of the acidic tin bath. Both benzylidene acetone and polyoxyethylene octylphenol ether hinder the stannous reduction and greatly suppress the hydrogen gas evolution. Formaldehyde slightly decreases the peak current density of stannous reduction and serves as an auxiliary brightener in the acid sulfate bath. The presence of mixed additives greatly suppresses the stannous reduction and hydrogen gas evolution and consequently produces a significantly smoother and denser tin coating. The (112) crystal face is found to be the dominant and preferred orientation of tin deposits.     

The semileptonic decays of B/Bs meson in the perturbative QCD approach： a short review

In this short review, we present the current status about the theoretical and experimental studies for some important semileptonic decays of B/Bs mesons. We firstly gave a brief introduction for the experimental measurements for B/Bs → P（l＋l-, l-v-l, vv-） decays, the BaBar＇s R（D） and R（D＊） anomaly, the P′5 deviation for B0→ K＊0μ＋μ decay. We then made a careful discussion about the evaluations for the relevant form factors in the light-cone QCD sum rule, the heavy quark effective theory, and the perturbative QCD factorization approach. By using the form factors calculated in the perturbative （pQCD） approach, we then calculate and show the pQCD predictions for the decay rates of many semileptonic decays of B/Bs mesons. We also made careful phenomenological analysis for these pQCD predictions and found, in general, the following points： （a） For all the considered B/Bs semileptonic decays, the next-to-leading order pQCD predictions for their decay rates agree well with the data and those from other different theoretical methods; （b） For R（D） and R（D＊）, the pQCD predictions agree very well with the data, the B aBar＇s anomaly of R （D（＊）） are therefore explained successfully in the standard model by employing the pQCD approach; and （c） We defined several new ratios RD^l,τ and RDs^l,τ, they may be more sensitive to the QCD dynamics which controls the B/Bs→（D（＊）, Ds（＊）） transitions than the old ratios, we therefore strongly suggest LHCb and the forthcoming Super-B experiments to measure these new ratios.     

Modulation on flow field by solid particles in gas-solid two-phase turbulent free shear flows

In order to understand the interaction between fluid and particles, a two-way coupled three-dimensional mixing layer laden with particles at a Stokes number of 5 with different mass loadings is numerically studied. The pseudospectral method is used for the flow fluid and the Lagrangian approach is used to trace particles. The concept of computational particles is introduced to vary the mass loading of particles. The momentum coupling effect introduced by a particle is approximated to the point force. The simulation results show that the coherent structures are still dominant in the mixing layer, but the flow field is modulated by particles. The addition of the particles enhances the energy of all the Fourier modes with non-zero spanwise wavenumber, and the enhancement increases with the augment of the mass loading. A higher mass loading results in a lower energy at fundamental wavenumber and streamwise subharmonic Fourier mode of the fluid in the phase of Kelvin-Helmholtz rolling up, but for large-scale vortex structures pairing, the energy of the fluid increases as the mass loading increases. Similar trends can also be found in the developments of the turbulent kinetic energy and the momentum thickness.     

Heat transfer process of roadway embankments with different type and width of road surface in permafrost regions

The stability of roadbed in permafrost areas has become a big concern with rapid development and construction of throughways, highways and railways in these areas under the current climate change since it is governed by the thermal condition, or in other words, the heat transfer process in the embankment. We carried out a finite element analysis to analyze the effects of different types of road surface and the effect of breadth of embankment on the embankment heat transfer process. The results indicated that the mean annual heat transfer rate at the bottom of the roadway embankment with asphalt surfaces is 3 times that with sandy gravel surfaces. This means annual heat transfer rate increased by 60% when the breadth of asphalt surface was doubled. The increased heat transfer rate was mainly located at the bottom of the embankment and resulted in the effect of thermal concentration,. leading to degradation of the permafrost by as much as 1.6 times. It was also found that increasing embankment height would not reduce these increases of the heat transfer rate. Therefore both asphalt road surface and increased embankment breadth can lead to an intensified heat transfer rate in roadway embankment, consequently degradating the underlying permafrost and embankment instability.     

Heat transfer process of roadway embankments with different type and width of road surface in permafrost regions

The stability of roadbed in permafrost areas has become a big concern with rapid development and construction of throughways, highways and railways in these areas under the current climate change since it is governed by the thermal condition, or in other words, the heat transfer process in the embankment. We carried out a finite element analysis to analyze the effects of different types of road surface and the effect of breadth of embankment on the embankment heat transfer process. The results indicated that the mean annual heat transfer rate at the bottom of the roadway embankment with asphalt surfaces is 3 times that with sandy gravel surfaces. This means annual heat transfer rate increased by 60% when the breadth of asphalt surface was doubled. The increased heat transfer rate was mainly located at the bottom of the embankment and resulted in the effect of thermal concentration,. leading to degradation of the permafrost by as much as 1.6 times. It was also found that increasing embankment height would not reduce these increases of the heat transfer rate. Therefore both asphalt road surface and increased embankment breadth can lead to an intensified heat transfer rate in roadway embankment, consequently degradating the underlying permafrost and embankment instability.     

Effect of defect on the energy distribution inside the left-handed metamaterials

The electromagnetic field energy distribution inside the left-handed metamaterials (LHMs) with or without blank and line defects is firstly investigated. The LHMs consist of an array of periodic unit cells of copper hexagon split ring resonators (SRRs) and wires. The internal energy distribution of the LHMs is measured in a microwave measuring line device at X-band frequencies. It is found that the LHMs only respond to the electromagnetic field around the resonance frequency. The electromagnetic field amplitude inside the LHMs generally decreases with the introduction of defects. It is suggested that the electromagnetic field energy reduction may arise from the symmetry breaking in the LHMs.     

Using Deep Learning Algorithms to Improve Energy Resolution in the Semileptonic Decays

The neutrino closure method can be used to obtain the decay kinematics with one missing final state particle(ν) in semileptonic decays. Its solution should give the square of the invariant mass of the lv system(q²) and momentum(P) of the decayed mother particle in semileptonic decay process. However, the resolution obtained by solving two-solution problems with existing algorithms is limited. We propose a new method based on deep learning to improve the resolution of the two key physi...     

Status in quo and future of geothermal energy in China

Energy saving and CO2 emissions reduction are critical tasks currently,and great effort has been made by Chinese government. Renewable energy consumption and CO2 emissions and reduction plan in China are introduced in this paper. Analysis is also made on present status and prospect of geothermal power generation and direct use in China respectively. Now,there is a new understanding of geothermal resources,and hot dry rock,considered as the future of geothermal resources,is likely used to generate electricity.     

Efficient hierarchical identity based signature scheme in the standard model

Hierarchical identity based cryptography is a generalization of identity based encryption that mirrors an organizational hierarchy. It allows a root public key generator to distribute the workload by delegating public key generation and identity authentication to lower-level public key generators. Most hierarchical identity based signature schemes are provably secure in the random oracle model or the weak models without random oracles such as gauntlet-ID model. Currently, there is no hierarchical identity based signature scheme that is fully secure in the standard model, with short public parameters and a tight reduction. In this paper, a hierarchical identity based signature scheme based on the q-SDH problem that is fully secure in the standard model is proposed. The signature size is independent of the level of the hierarchy. Moreover, our scheme has short public parameters, high efficiency and a tight reduction.     

A comparison of iron phthalocyanine and cobalt porphyrin on the electrochemical catalysis in Ni-MH battery

The effects of iron phthalocyanine （FePc） and cobalt porphyrin （CoPp） on inner pressure and cycle behavior of sealed Ni-MH batteries were investigated in this study. The morphology of battery electrode was observed by SEM. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of floating-charge/discharge battery was also measured. Experimental results show that the addition of FePc or CoPp to the alloy electrode is an effective approach to decrease the internal pressure of battery during the process of charge and overcharge. In contrast to CoPp, the battery with FePc exhibits a slower capacity decay and a smaller overpotential at the same charge-discharge rate. As an electrocatalyst, FePc may more effectively speed up the reduction of oxygen, and decrease its reduction potential. As a result, the charge process is accelerated, the gas evolution is reduced and the pulverization of electrode materials is slowed down.     

Multi-Layer Tree Hierarchical Architecture Based on Web Service

To solve the problem of the information share and services integration in population information system, we propose a multi-layer tree hierarchical architecture. The command （Web Service Call） is recursively muhicast from top layer of tree to bottom layer of tree and statistical data are gatbered from bottom layer to top layer. We implemented the architecture by using Web Services technology. In our implementation, client program is the requestor of Web Services, and all leaf nodes of the last layer are only the provider of Web Services. For those nodes of intermediate layers, every node is not only the provider of Web Services, but also the dispatcher of Web Services. We take population census as an cxample to describe the working flow of the architecture.     

Detection of 2-thiaadamantanes in the oil from Well TZ-83 in Tarim Basin and its geological implication

Thermochemical sulfate reduction （TSR） causes increasing of sulfur content in the oils, reduction of oil quality, and produces a toxic and corrosive H2S which may take great adverse effect on health and equipment. Although there are several ways to identify presence of TSR in gas field, yet in the case of oil with low H2S content, it is still very difficult to identify TSR. 2-thiaadamantanes is one of the most effective indicators of TSR. This paper for the first time discovers 2-thiaadamantanes in the oil from Well TZ-83 in Tarim Basin. A silver nitrate silica gel chromatography was used to enrich the oil from low 2-thiaadamantanes content to the level that GC/MS and GC/MS/MS can detect. 2-thiaadamantanes were assigned by comparison of mass spectra with published data, and the fragmental ions in mass spectra were confirmed by MRM mode of GC/MS/MS. H2S gas produced in Tazhong area is thought to be generated from TSR since 2-thiaadamantanes were present in the oil.     

Enhanced conversion efficiency of Yb2＋-Yb3＋-codoped glass as spectral converter for photovoltaic application

We propose a kind of Yb2＋-Yb3＋-codoped glass, which is used as spectral converter layer to adjust AM1.5 solar spectrum for a better match with silicon bandgap. The energy-level rate equations and power transmission equations are established to analyze the down-conversional effect of the codoped glass on solar spectrum. The numerical results show that with proper doping concentration and thickness the glass layer may improve conversion efficiency by about 12 %. Moreover, we also apply the modified spectrum as excitation source of solar cell in a simulation platform, and reveal that there is about 15 % improvement in practical cells.