距离对合成射流涡环撞击壁面的影响

利用二维PIV测速技术研究了射流孔口与壁面距离对合成射流涡环撞击壁面过程的影响,分析了涡环撞击壁面的演化规律,给出了流场的统计特性．研究结果表明,不同的孔口与壁面距离的差异,最终体现在涡环靠近壁面时涡量强度及撞击速度的差异;基于孔口直径的无量纲距离接近或小于合成射流无量纲冲程时,涡环撞壁会在壁面附近诱导产生二次涡结构．因此,合适的孔口与壁面距离对涡环撞击壁面效果起着至关重要的影响．流场统计特性分析表明,涡环撞壁后形成壁面射流,其时均速度最大值衰减速率和射流半宽度扩展速率随孔口与壁面距离的增加而减小．无量纲化的壁面射流速度型均表现出自相似特性,并且与壁面层流射流的理论曲线吻合较好．     

一种单相机三维体视PIV技术及其应用

三维体视粒子图像测速(Volumetric PIV)是获得空间体内三维速度场的激光测速技术.本文详细介绍了一种单相机三维流场测速新方法,其原理是在相机与被测流场之间加装一个三棱面特效透镜,光线通过该透镜三个棱面的折射能实现多相机不同视角成像的效果,经过三维粒子的重构,进而实现三维体视PIV的测量.论文对三维空间标靶标定、标定函数的自修正和三维粒子重构进行了误差分析.在零质量射流涡环测量方面的应用表明,该方法能够获得零质量射流涡环三维流动结构的时序结果,且具有较高的测量精度,体相关分析经过两次迭代后速度矢量的辨识率能达到95%左右.涡结构的辨识分别采用了ci与涡量判据,通过比较可以看出ci判据能有效的消除射流剪切流动的影响,对旋涡结构的辨识明显优于涡量判据.     

基于SPIV的船体附着冰对尾流场影响试验研究

以76000DWT 1B级冰区加强型巴拿马散货船的缩比模型为研究对象,应用粒子图像测速(particle image velocimetry,PIV)技术对船舶的敞水标称伴流场进行了测量,测量结果精细地展现了舭涡、螺旋桨毂帽涡以及"钩状"速度等值线结构,其流场特性与KVLCC,JBC等U型尾肥大型船舶尾流场特性符合.最后,应用SPIV(2D-3C PIV)测量系统对船体具有模型冰附着条件下进行了尾部标称伴流场测量,并对轴向速度分布,速度矢量分布、旋转强度、涡量以及流线等进行了分析.结果表明:冰载荷的附着使船舶尾部区域产生相当于附着冰厚度的"虚拟厚度","虚拟厚度"的存在破坏了原有的优秀线型设计,使船舶表现为整体宽V型的非最优尾部.船底及舷侧附着冰的存在,导致裸船体航行时产生的尾部伴流场受到干扰,船壳附近湍流边界层结构被破坏,模型冰的非流线型外形使得冰后产生复杂涡系,多涡系相互干扰导致产生混乱的涡结构.     

射流频率对转子失速裕度影响的探索

转子叶尖射流能够有效的提高压气机的失速裕度,其中,周期性射流是研究中常见的射流形式.本文的目的在于探索射流频率对转子失速裕度的影响.采用非定常数值方法对不同频率射流作用下的转子流场进行了模拟.对不同频率射流作用下转子失速裕度的对比发现,存在一个转子扩稳的最优射流频率,当射流频率远离这个最优频率,射流扩稳效果逐渐降低.对于本文的转子,最优射流频率与叶尖泄露涡振荡频率之比约为1.5.对98.5%叶高位置叶片负荷的时均分布分析发现,与其他射流频率相比,最优射流频率下转子前缘附近负荷最低,因此能够推迟失速的发生.     

细长旋成体大迎角正则态非对称涡系结构的物理模型

在亚临界流动范围内, 对具有尖拱型头部的细长旋成体在无侧滑大迎角下利用在头部设置微扰动块取得稳定的、可重复的正则态非对称涡绕流流型. 通过对物面压力分布、截面侧向力分布和流动显示相结合的实验与分析, 揭示了细长旋成体在大迎角下这类正则态复杂涡系从头部沿轴向发展中所呈现出的非对称起始二涡和充分发展二涡、三涡等多涡系, 最后在尾部演变为类卡门涡系的复杂流型. 给出了这类涡系沿轴向演化与相应的截面侧向力变化之间的相关关系. 分析了截面侧向力分布曲线中的特征点所反映的涡系结构演化特征及其相应的压力分布特征. 在上述研究结果的基础上建立了细长旋成体大迎角正则态非对称涡系流动结构的物理模型.     

涡环垂直撞击壁面的研究进展

旋涡是流体力学中极其重要的流动结构之一，人们对旋涡的研究已经有超过一百年的历史．近年来，涡环与固体壁面的相互作用引起了人们的广泛关注．这不仅因为旋涡与壁面的相互作用在工程中很常见，更重要的是这有助于人们进一步理解旋涡与边界层相互作用的机理．分别对涡环撞壁后涡结构的演化、涡环的周向不稳定性、合成射流涡环撞壁、涡环的压缩性对涡环撞击固体壁面的影响及涡环与可穿透壁面的相互作用等方面进行了回顾与总结，并指出了存在的问题及今后的研究方向．     

尾迹撞击平板诱发旁路转捩前期拟序结构的实验研究

通过水槽氢气泡流动显示和PIV实验研究了圆柱尾迹与平板前缘发生直接撞击后平板边界层旁路转捩特性,包括边界层旁路转捩前期拟序结构演化及其对流场统计特性影响.结果表明,尾迹撞击平板后能在平板上表面近壁区生成尺度较小展向涡;这些展向涡或者是尾迹涡被平板前缘切割后在近壁区残留部分,或者是由过前缘尾迹涡所诱生成.近壁区展向涡生成使边界层内流向速度脉动最大值在早期即出现快速增长.另一方面,尾迹对平板撞击作用主要体现在圆柱尾迹中发辫涡结构在流经平板前缘时被撕裂,受RDT机制作用在流向上被迅速拉伸形成近壁区流向涡.其后取代展向涡与条带一起成为近壁区主要流动结构,使流向速度脉动最大值出现二次增长.实验中转捩前期近壁区流体同时感受二维动和三维动,使转捩进程相比于尾迹与边界层不发生直接撞击时更加快速.     

三维平面转捩射流中的拟序结构

对具有中等雷诺数Re=5000的三维湍流转捩射流中的拟序结构进行了直接数值模拟,并把流场统计结果跟相关的实验数据进行对比,以验证数值算法的可靠性。其中对控制方程组的空间离散采用有限容积方法,时间积分采用低存储的、三阶精度的Runge-Kutta积分格式。重点研究了三维拟序涡结构的空间演化过程及其相互作用,发现三维展向涡的演化模式与二维射流中的相似。展向涡结构受到三维不稳定性的影响,从而会诱发流向和横向涡结构的形成。当展向涡结构出现混合破碎时,流向涡管和横向涡管也开始断裂破碎,流场中形成混合排列的小尺度结构。最后对展向、流向和横向涡结构间的排列关系进行了分析,探讨了各种涡结构间的相互作用。     

基于DES的叶片前缘气冷却的数值拟

为了评估弯曲冷却孔通道对涡轮叶片前缘冷却效率和流动结构的影响,本文采用分离涡拟（DES,Detached Eddy Simulation）方法,在全局吹风比M=0.7的条件下对AGTB涡轮叶栅进行了数值拟研究.直冷却孔和弯曲冷却孔被分别布置于叶片近前缘的吸力面侧和压力面侧.着重分析讨论了冷却孔附近区域的湍流场结构、顺压梯度对湍流场结构的影响、以及壁面冷却效率分布.数值结果显示,弯曲冷却孔通道对提高气冷却效率具有积极的作用.在吸力面侧,弯曲冷却孔的冷却效率比直孔的冷却效率提高了约82%,压力面侧提高了约77%.     

三角翼前缘涡轴向速度的数值模拟研究

本文通过数值模拟的方法研究了雷诺数和攻角对76°大后掠三角翼和50°中等后掠三角翼前缘涡轴向速度的影响.前缘涡速度沿轴向的变化趋势反映了三角翼前缘涡的产生、发展及其演化过程,计算结果表明,后掠角、攻角和雷诺数共同影响前缘涡轴向速度的发展和展向分布特征,其中雷诺数是最重要的影响因素.较高雷诺数下,大后掠三角翼和中等后掠三角翼前缘涡轴向速度呈现出常见的射流型轴向速度分布;而降低雷诺数至105以内时,中等后掠三角翼前缘涡轴向速度剖面为尾流型,大后掠三角翼在较小攻角下也表现出尾流型的特征.     

排水系统入海口新型消能工

通过实体模型试验研究了某排水系统入海口水工建筑物的水力性能，设计提出一种新型的墩栅涡流室消能工。该新型消能工的水力特点是：流出排水隧洞的高速水流大部分通过进口墩栅空隙流入涡流室，小部分在进口墩栅前发生水跃后扎入涡流室中产生强烈的顺时针漩涡，通过水跃、墩栅的阻力和涡流室漩涡的共同作用消能，并将来流的动能转换为势能，之后，涡流室中的大部分水流在重力作用下通过出口墩栅空隙流向下游，其余水流从墩栅项部溢流。这种新型的墩栅涡流室不仅消能效果良好而且出流均匀，并容许各种杂物如石块、泥沙等自由通过，避免涡流室中发生严重的淤积。     

汽车空调系统双蒸发器总成流场的CFD研究

通过对前置、顶置蒸发器总成内空气速度场、压力场的CFD分析,发现前置蒸发器总成中空气在蒸发器入口段产生了较大的气流涡旋,影响了流场的均匀性,另外在顶置蒸发器总成中也存在出风流场不均匀。针对上述问题,对局部结构进行了改进,在前置蒸发器总成进口风道加装导流板,调整了顸置蒸发器出风口开口角度。计算结果表明,结构优化后的流场更加均匀,从而提高了空调系统的性能。     

Mechanisms of collective cell movement lacking a leading or free front edge in vivo

Collective cell movement is one of the strategies for achieving the complex shapes of tissues and organs. In this process, multiple cells within a group held together by cell–cell adhesion acquire mobility and move together in the same direction. In some well-studied models of collective cell movement, the mobility depends strongly on traction generated at the leading edge by cells located at the front. However, recent advances in live-imaging techniques have led to the discovery of other types of collective cell movement lacking a leading edge or even a free edge at the front, in a diverse array of morphological events, including tubule elongation, epithelial sheet extension, and tissue rotation. We herein review some of the developmental events that are organized by collective cell movement and attempt to elucidate the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms, which include membrane protrusions, guidance cues, cell intercalation, and planer cell polarity, or chirality pathways.     

基于有限元方法的圆筒直线感应电机边端效应分析

本文采用基于有限元方法的Maxwell 2D软件对圆筒直线感应电机进行磁场研究和运动仿真。仿真结果表明电机推力随速度的增加出现明显下降,验证了边端效应对电机性能影响的理论分析。     

Cerebral ischemia is the main cause for the onset of heat stroke syndrome in rabbits.

During the onset of heat stroke, rabbits displayed hyperthermia (42.8 degrees C), and decreased cerebral perfusion pressure and decreased cerebral blood flow (as reflected by a prolonged cerebral circulation time) compared to those of normothermic rabbits. On the other hand febrile rabbits, during the fever plateau did not show the above responses, although they had a similar level of hyperthermia (42.4 degrees C). The data support the concept that cerebral ischemia is the main cause for the onset of the heat stroke syndrome.     

基于边缘检测的 RIP混合插值算法

图像放大是 RIP软件中十分重要的环节,其所用插值算法的优劣直接关系着输出图像的质量与速度.利用 Canny算法提取的边缘信息将低分辨率图像分为平坦区域与边缘区域,对非边缘区域采用双线性插值算法,对边缘区域使用沿4相邻降采样点确定的方向进行插值的特殊算法.经实验证明,与经典插值算法相比,放大图像边缘效果更好,且处理速度更快,可实际用于对图像质量与处理效率要求高的 RIP软件     

Frederick Pavy (1829-1911) and his opposition to the glycogenic theory of Claude Bernard

For more than 50 years the Guy's Hospital physician Frederick Pavy (1829-1911) attempted to discredit the theory of his erstwhile teacher, Claude Bernard, that liver glycogen was broken down to supply sugar to the systemic circulation. His opposition was driven by his clinical perceptions and was based on two assumptions: the first was that the kidney was a simple filter through which small molecules would diffuse, so that sugar had to be prevented from reaching the systemic circulation. For Pavy, the liver was the barrier. The second was teleological: he could not believe that nature would operate in what he saw as a defective way, i.e. converting sugar into glycogen and then back again. At the beginning of his long working life Pavy regarded himself as a physiologist and was critical of the stagnancy of English physiology which was kept afloat by amateurs like himself in whatever time they could spare from busy private practice. At the end he came to see his own view of carbohydrate metabolism as symbolic of the schism between responsible clinicians (himself) and irresponsible daydreaming physiologists (his opponents).     

多企业产量策略多维博弈研究

根据现实社会经济活动中多企业多维博弈现象，首先探讨多个企业关于具有需求替代性产品产量策略的静态和动态多维博弈问题，然后求出其多维均衡结果，并通过算例对比多维博弈与单独博弈的均衡结果。分析表明：在产量策略多维动态博弈中，领头厂商将选择更高的产量策略，获得比尾随厂商更多的利润，即领头厂商具有先动优势；多维博弈下的多维Nash均衡策略优于单独博弈下的Nash均衡策略。     

William Hasledine Pepys FRS: A Life in Scientific Research,Learned Societies and Technical Enterprise

In a long and many-sided career, William Hasledine Pepys (1775-1856) contributed significantly to the advancement of the chemical and physical sciences during the first half of the nineteenth century. As an original investigator he determined, in collaboration with William Allen, the composition of carbon dioxide, and the density of ammonia, and elucidated the chemical phenomena of respiration in man, animals, and plants. The success of these researches was largely due to the use of ingenious apparatus of his own invention and design. In the field of experimental physics, he investigated several aspects of the recently discovered Voltaic electricity: his 'Voltaic coil', consisting of only two plates, but of very large dimensions, was particularly suited for investigating electromagnetic phenomena and was so used in Davy's researches. Pepys was one of the co-founders of the Mineralogical and Geological Societies, and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1808. As a prominent member of both the Royal and London Institutions, he held honorary office as Manager and Vice-President, contributing materially to the direction of the affairs of these bodies. Pepys was a friend of Humphry Davy and was acquainted with nearly all the leading scientists and medical men of the day. At the same time, he superintended a notable manufacture of surgical instruments in the City, and promoted by his active directorship the affairs of two public companies, both pioneers in their technological fields, namely the Imperial Continental Gas Association, which was active in introducing the new gas illumination to cities and towns across Europe, and the General Steam Navigation Company, which first maintained a regular passenger and cargo service to Continental ports by the exclusive use of steam-propelled vessels. Pepys' advice in scientific and technical matters was widely sought and freely given; he retained his mental powers to the end of his long life, fulfilling his professional commitments until a few days before his death.     

构造应力场对煤层巷道围岩稳定性影响的数值模拟

为了研究向斜构造应力场对煤层巷道围岩稳定性的影响，运用Phase2软件对巷道布置在向斜构造中不同位置时的稳定性进行了数值模拟分析.分析得知巷道位于向斜轴部时较位于两翼时围岩稳定性差。对此，提出在以后布置巷道时应根据地应力的显现规律，尽量避免巷道布置在向斜轴部处。