热带岛礁型海洋牧场中珊瑚礁生境与资源的修复

我国南海的离岸岛礁以珊瑚礁生境为主。珊瑚礁在提升海洋生态资源和维护我国海洋国土权益上发挥了至关重要的作用。近年来,在全球气候变化以及人类活动的影响下,南海珊瑚礁生境和资源严重退化,威胁着渔业资源、海洋环境以及国土安全。现代化的海洋牧场被认为是实现南海资源可持续发展战略的新型海洋生物资源开发模式。珊瑚礁生境与资源的修复则是热带岛礁型海洋牧场建设的基础和关键。基于此,本文整理了珊瑚礁生境与资源修复的技术方法,详细介绍了珊瑚礁生境构建框架生物造礁石珊瑚的有性繁殖、断枝培育、底播移植等技术方法以及珊瑚礁其他特色生物资源人工放流技术,并提出了在珊瑚礁生境与资源修复中所面临的问题及相应对策。     

涠洲岛珊瑚礁特点、演变及保护与修复对策的思考

涠洲岛珊瑚礁最早形成于约7 000年前的末次海侵,是中国大陆沿海成礁珊瑚分布最北缘的典型边缘珊瑚礁（Marginal Coral Reefs）,与区域内其他珊瑚礁缺少生态关联,其特征不同于热带珊瑚礁,即块状珊瑚占优势。20多年来,涠洲岛珊瑚礁持续退化,枝状珊瑚大量死亡,石珊瑚盖度急剧降低,反映珊瑚礁良好状况的指标生物如鹦嘴鱼、蝴蝶鱼等的数量大幅减少。近10年来,珊瑚虽未出现异常死亡现象,但珊瑚自然修复不明显,表明珊瑚补充不足。功能性植食性鱼类的缺乏,显示珊瑚礁恢复力不足。涠洲岛珊瑚礁国家级海洋公园的建立,体现了保护涠洲岛珊瑚礁的政治意愿。只有恢复鹦嘴鱼等功能性植食性鱼类的数量,才能恢复和增强珊瑚礁固有恢复力,进而促进涠洲岛珊瑚礁的自然恢复。人为修复可采取移植珊瑚断枝的方式,并以实现生态、经济和社会增益为目标,构建能应对人为干预且能持续演化的珊瑚礁。     

珊瑚礁相关病毒的研究进展

珊瑚礁被称为海洋中的“热带雨林”,是海洋生态系统中的核心组成部分之一。珊瑚礁病毒包含珊瑚本身感染的病毒和珊瑚共生生物（如藻类、细菌等）感染的病毒,对于珊瑚礁健康与疾病、生长与死亡起着独特而重要的作用,在维持珊瑚礁生态系统的物质循环和能量流动等生态学功能方面起着潜在作用。由于技术的局限以及关注度较低等原因,有关珊瑚礁病毒的研究较少。近年来,随着高通量测序技术的发展,宏转录组和宏基因组逐渐成为研究珊瑚礁病毒多样性及其生态学功能的重要方法之一。本文对国内外相关研究进行总结和归纳,拟为珊瑚礁病毒后续研究提供新的方向和思路,同时指导我国珊瑚礁的保护以及修复。     

Mangroves enhance the biomass of coral reef fish communities in the Caribbean

Mangrove forests are one of the world's most threatened tropical ecosystems with global loss exceeding 35% (ref. 1). Juvenile coral reef fish often inhabit mangroves, but the importance of these nurseries to reef fish population dynamics has not been quantified. Indeed, mangroves might be expected to have negligible influence on reef fish communities: juvenile fish can inhabit alternative habitats and fish populations may be regulated by other limiting factors such as larval supply or fishing. Here we show that mangroves are unexpectedly important, serving as an intermediate nursery habitat that may increase the survivorship of young fish. Mangroves in the Caribbean strongly influence the community structure of fish on neighbouring coral reefs. In addition, the biomass of several commercially important species is more than doubled when adult habitat is connected to mangroves. The largest herbivorous fish in the Atlantic, Scarus guacamaia, has a functional dependency on mangroves and has suffered local extinction after mangrove removal. Current rates of mangrove deforestation are likely to have severe deleterious consequences for the ecosystem function, fisheries productivity and resilience of reefs. Conservation efforts should protect connected corridors of mangroves, seagrass beds and coral reefs.     

珊瑚礁隐居生物的研究现状和展望

珊瑚礁隐居生物是栖息于珊瑚礁隐匿空间中的后生动物群体，其群落的生物量巨大，在珊瑚礁生物多样性的构成中占据大多数，且在珊瑚礁营养动力学上有着不可或缺的作用。然而，目前国际国内对珊瑚礁生态系统的生物多样性的关注多集中在鱼类及甲壳类、棘皮动物等礁栖或底栖动物上，对珊瑚礁隐居生物的关注度不足，隐居生物的生物多样性构成不甚清楚，有些类别甚至从未被描述。本文结合国内外文献综述了珊瑚礁隐居生物的研究现状，并对基于珊瑚礁自动监测装置(Autonomous Reef Monitoring Structures, ARMS)的隐居生物研究进行了展望。     

Thresholds and the resilience of Caribbean coral reefs

The deteriorating health of the world's coral reefs threatens global biodiversity, ecosystem function, and the livelihoods of millions of people living in tropical coastal regions. Reefs in the Caribbean are among the most heavily affected, having experienced mass disease-induced mortality of the herbivorous urchin Diadema antillarum in 1983 and two framework-building species of coral. Declining reef health is characterized by increases in macroalgae. A critical question is whether the observed macroalgal bloom on Caribbean reefs is easily reversible. To answer this question, we must resolve whether algal-dominated reefs are an alternative stable state of the ecosystem or simply the readily reversible result of a phase change along a gradient of some environmental or ecological parameter. Here, using a fully parameterized simulation model in combination with a simple analytical model, we show that Caribbean reefs became susceptible to alternative stable states once the urchin mortality event of 1983 confined the majority of grazing to parrotfishes. We reveal dramatic hysteresis in a natural system and define critical thresholds of grazing and coral cover beyond which resilience is lost. Most grazing thresholds lie near the upper level observed for parrotfishes in nature, suggesting that reefs are highly sensitive to parrotfish exploitation. Ecosystem thresholds can be combined with stochastic models of disturbance to identify targets for the restoration of ecosystem processes. We illustrate this principle by estimating the relationship between current reef state (coral cover and grazing) and the probability that the reef will withstand moderate hurricane intensity for two decades without becoming entrained in a shift towards a stable macroalgal-dominated state. Such targets may help reef managers face the challenge of addressing global disturbance at local scales.     

Ecological consequences of major hydrodynamic disturbances on coral reefs

A recent tsunami and an apparent increase in the frequency of severe tropical storms underscore the need to understand and predict the ecological consequences of major hydrodynamic disturbances. Reef corals provide the habitat structure that sustains the high biodiversity of tropical reefs, and thus provide the foundation for the ecosystem goods and services that are critical to many tropical societies. Here we integrate predictions from oceanographic models with engineering theory, to predict the dislodgement of benthic reef corals during hydrodynamic disturbances. This generalizes earlier work, by incorporating colonies of any shape and by explicitly examining the effects of hydrodynamic gradients on coral assemblage structure. A field test shows that this model accurately predicts changes in the mechanical vulnerability of coral colonies, and thus their size and shape, with distance from the reef crest. This work provides a general framework for understanding and predicting the effects of hydrodynamic disturbances on coral reef communities; such disturbances have a major role in determining species zonation and coexistence on coral reefs, and are critical determinants of how coral assemblages will respond to changes in the frequency and intensity of tropical storms associated with a changing climate.     

Catastrophic shifts in ecosystems

All ecosystems are exposed to gradual changes in climate, nutrient loading, habitat fragmentation or biotic exploitation. Nature is usually assumed to respond to gradual change in a smooth way. However, studies on lakes, coral reefs, oceans, forests and arid lands have shown that smooth change can be interrupted by sudden drastic switches to a contrasting state. Although diverse events can trigger such shifts, recent studies show that a loss of resilience usually paves the way for a switch to an alternative state. This suggests that strategies for sustainable management of such ecosystems should focus on maintaining resilience.     

世界珊瑚礁现状和威胁研究进展

鉴于珊瑚礁巨大的价值和面临全球气候变化严峻的威胁,珊瑚礁退化和发展前景一直是珊瑚礁研究的最中心议题。人类活动和气候变化已经导致珊瑚礁全球性衰退损失40%~50%。1998年全球珊瑚礁严重白化和2015—2017年延时最长全球珊瑚礁白化事件,一再证实全球变暖已经成为珊瑚礁可持续发展的主要威胁,现在扭转导致海洋水温升高的全球变暖的趋势是保护珊瑚礁的唯一希望。由科学家和慈善机构发起的2011年XL Catlin海景调查和2017年50礁倡议成为珊瑚礁管理保护的创新举措。但仍然需要更多的人认识珊瑚礁,热爱珊瑚礁,研究珊瑚礁,保护珊瑚礁。     

黔南石炭纪珊瑚礁与南海现代珊瑚礁的对比研究

根据沉积环境和珊瑚礁的特征,分别对两种礁体进行了沉积相带的划分和建造过程的对比研究.分析表明:扁平村珊瑚礁中充填了大量的蜓、海百合茎和腕足碎屑等附礁生物组分,而现在珊瑚礁中的充填物大都以珊瑚碎屑为主;两种礁体虽形成于不同的时代,但具有类似的沉积相带分布和礁体形成过程,这与礁群落的盛衰状况密不可分.与晚石炭世的四射珊瑚相比,现代六射珊瑚对环境的适应能力更强,现代珊瑚礁的形成过程也更加曲折.     

Long-term relationships between ecological stability and biodiversity in Phanerozoic reefs

High biodiversity has been shown to enhance ecological stability on small spatial scales and over intervals of weeks to decades. It remains unclear, however, whether this diversity-stability relationship can be scaled up to regional scales, or to longer timescales. Without empirical validation at larger scales, the implications of the diversity-stability relationship for both ecology and long-term conservation strategies cannot readily be resolved. Here I show that in biogenic reefs, ecological stability is related to taxonomic diversity on million-year timescales. The higher the mean reef diversity in a particular time interval, the smaller the change in skeletal density, style of reef building and biotic reef types in the subsequent time interval. Because the relationships apply to a wide spectrum of disturbance regimes and reef types, these results support the hypothesis that species richness itself promotes ecological stability. Carbonate production by reefs, while closely correlated with reef diversity without temporal lag, is not stabilized by reef diversity over these long timescales. This suggests that ecological stability and productivity may be decoupled in natural ecosystems.     

珊瑚礁地层桥梁基础钢管打入桩承载特性

钢管桩基础作为桥梁、港口码头、海上风机、近海钻井平台等领域广泛应用的基础型式之一,单桩竖向承载力是钢管桩基础设计的关键内容之一。但由于珊瑚礁地质条件复杂性,珊瑚礁地质钢管桩承载特性尚未明确。对中马友谊大桥28根钢管桩基础开展试验研究与数值计算,结果表明中等-强胶结的礁灰岩地层取芯岩样具较高抗压强度,能提供一定桩端承载力,可作为临时结构打入桩基础的持力层。揭示了珊瑚礁地质钢管桩承载机理,提出了改进的钢管桩竖向承载力设计方法,为珊瑚礁地质区域的工程建设提供有力支撑。     

Estimate of carbonate production by scleractinian corals at Luhuitou fringing reef, Sanya, China

Carbonate production by scleractinian corals not only maintains coral reef growth, but also represents an important source of atmospheric carbon dioxide. In this paper the carbonate production by scler-actinian corals at Luhuitou fringing reef, Sanya, Hainan Island, China, is investigated with an ecological census-based method. Averaged carbonate production is 1.16 ± 0.55 kg·m-2·a-1 and 3.52 ± 1.32 kg·m-2·a-1 on the reef flat and reef slope, respectively, depending on the composition and distribution of cor...     

Crustal activities recorded in coral reefs in the northwestern South China Sea

Coral reefs in the northwest of South China Sea have recorded the information from not only the environmental variation but also the crustal activities there during their development. The main crustal activities correlated with the coral reef development include fault, seismic, and volcano activities, etc. The high-resolution spark seismic profiles in the northwestern South China Sea show that the fault activities in the coral reef region have been clearly recorded, and appear as neonatal faults incising reefs. Earthquakes in the coral reef region are rather intense, especially the two occurring on December, 31, 1994, and January, 10, 1995, around the southwest of Leizhou Peninsula, with the magnitude of 6.1 and 6.2, respectively. They have great influence on the growth of the local coral reefs. Quaternary volcanos are active in the northwestern South China Sea, especially around the southwest of Leizhou Peninsula, and they have obvious control of the coral reef development. Some submarine volcanoes form the substrates of coral reef, while a few emerge above the sea surface and form coral islands.     

波浪在台阶地形上的破碎

国内外已有不少在珊瑚礁盘上建筑建筑物的实例,但对游泳在跨越礁盘时的破碎规律目前尚缺乏深入的了解。本文将珊瑚礁盘简化为台阶地形,对规则波在台阶地形上的破碎规律进行了实验研究,得到了描述波浪临界破碎、破碎带宽及波浪衰减规律的经验公式。这些结果可为珊瑚礁盘上的建筑物设计提供依据。     

Coral mucus functions as an energy carrier and particle trap in the reef ecosystem

Zooxanthellae, endosymbiotic algae of reef-building corals, substantially contribute to the high gross primary production of coral reefs, but corals exude up to half of the carbon assimilated by their zooxanthellae as mucus. Here we show that released coral mucus efficiently traps organic matter from the water column and rapidly carries energy and nutrients to the reef lagoon sediment, which acts as a biocatalytic mineralizing filter. In the Great Barrier Reef, the dominant genus of hard corals, Acropora, exudes up to 4.8 litres of mucus per square metre of reef area per day. Between 56% and 80% of this mucus dissolves in the reef water, which is filtered through the lagoon sands. Here, coral mucus is degraded at a turnover rate of at least 7% per hour. Detached undissolved mucus traps suspended particles, increasing its initial organic carbon and nitrogen content by three orders of magnitude within 2 h. Tidal currents concentrate these mucus aggregates into the lagoon, where they rapidly settle. Coral mucus provides light energy harvested by the zooxanthellae and trapped particles to the heterotrophic reef community, thereby establishing a recycling loop that supports benthic life, while reducing loss of energy and nutrients from the reef ecosystem.     

Coral communities are regionally enriched along an oceanic biodiversity gradient

Ecological communities are influenced by processes operating at multiple scales. Thus, a better understanding of how broad- as well as local-scale processes affect species diversity and richness is increasingly becoming a central focus in modern community ecology. Here, in a study of unprecedented geographical scope, we show significant regional and local variation in the species richness of coral assemblages across an oceanic biodiversity gradient. The gradient that we sampled extends 10,000 km eastwards from the world's richest coral biodiversity hotspot in the central Indo-Pacific. Local richness and the size of regional species pools decline significantly across 15 islands spanning the gradient. In addition, richness declines across three adjacent habitats (reef slopes, crests and flats). In each habitat, a highly consistent linear relationship between local and regional species richness indicates strong regional enrichment. Thus, even on the most diverse coral reefs in the world, local coral assemblages are profoundly affected by regional-scale processes. Understanding these historical and biogeographical influences is essential for the effective management and preservation of these endangered communities.     

涠洲岛珊瑚礁健康评估

【目的】科学地判断涠洲岛珊瑚礁的现状,并找出造成目前现状的主要原因,为及时采取有效措施以维持涠洲岛珊瑚礁的健康提供有力依据。【方法】根据历年来有关涠洲岛珊瑚礁生长、演变、环境变化与社会发展的研究成果和最新的调查研究资料,采用HRHPI的指标体系法,从生态结构、生态功能、压力及社会经济等几个特征属性对珊瑚礁健康进行评估。【结果】涠洲岛的自然环境仍适合石珊瑚的生存,石珊瑚的种类丰度仍正常;珊瑚礁的覆盖率降低、分布范围缩小、生物多样性下降,尤其在浅海和局部人为影响大的区域,珊瑚死亡率大于补充率。【结论】涠洲岛的珊瑚礁处于衰退中的亚健康状态。过度捕捞、污染、物理损伤（踩踏、抛锚、水下工程等）和大尺度环境变化（如气候异常）等是造成涠洲岛珊瑚礁衰退的主要原因。     

贵州、广西石炭纪晚期生物礁群落生态系统对比

为了深入认识石炭纪晚期生物礁的生物和环境因素对礁体发育的影响，通过礁群落生态和栖息环境两个方面，对贵州、广西石炭纪晚期造礁生物群落生态特征、生物因素对礁群落发育的影响、礁体发育背景和礁体建造规模的影响等方面进行对比研究.贵州猴场地区造礁生物群落中关键种优势地位明显，造礁生物生长迅速、统殖能力强，礁体规模大使得生物礁发育较成熟；广西浪平地区点礁中没有明显的关键种和优势种，造礁生物生态特点不突出、造礁能力弱，滩相环境影响显著和礁体规模偏小是其礁体发育差的直接原因.     

数字全景钻孔摄像系统在西沙琛航岛地质调查中的应用

在西沙琛航岛的地质调查中,数字全景钻孔摄像系统被应用到CK1孔和CK2孔的勘测中,获得了大量珊瑚礁地质的第一手资料,它不仅指导了现场的钻探工作,而且在后期的分析研究中,钻孔图像能够反映珊瑚礁的孔壁特征,并能够根据孔壁特征划分珊瑚礁的特殊区域,在与其他资料的对比中,发现勘测结果基本保持一致.从中可以得出的结论为:数字全景钻孔摄像系统在岛礁钻探过程中能够发挥重要作用;数字全景钻孔摄像系统能够准确有效地勘测出珊瑚礁的钻孔内地质特征;数字全景钻孔摄像系统能够划分珊瑚礁地层的特殊区域.