焚烧烟气和大气中二噁英类气-固分布比较研究

探讨生活垃圾焚烧烟气和周边大气中二噁英类的气-固浓度分布特性。通过采样实测某生活垃圾焚烧厂焚烧烟气和周边大气中二噁英类浓度,比较分析生活垃圾焚烧烟气和周边大气气-固浓度分布特性。焚烧烟气中不同氯取代的二噁英类气-固相分布较均衡,气相二噁英类占主导,质量浓度比例为82%~93%;大气中不同氯取代的二噁英类气-固分布很不均匀,固相二噁英类质量浓度比例为85%。烟气从出口到大气环境二噁英类气-固分配存在动态平衡。影响其动态平衡的2个重要影响参数为:气-固分布系数和颗粒态二噁英粒径分布特征。     

Concentrations and gas-particle partitioning of PCDD/Fs in the urban air of Dalian, China

PCDD/Fs in the urban air of Dalian,China were monitored with high-volume active sampler from November 2009 to October 2010.The concentration of Cl 4-8 DD/Fs ranged from 3065 to 49538 fg m-3,with an average of 10249 fg m-3.The international toxic equivalents(I-TEQ) value of that was 61.8 1182 fg m-3,with an average of 235 fg m-3,which was comparable to those in the other urban locations around the world.It was found that the Cl 4 8 DD/Fs appeared to be present mainly in the particle phase during winter,spring and autumn,while during summer which were dominantly in gas phase.The ratio of Cl 4-8 DD/Fs present in particle phase increased with the increasing level of chlorination.The concentrations of PCDFs and PCDDs decreased with the increase of chlorinated level,while the concentrations of 2,3,7,8-PCDDs congeners increased with the increase of chlorination level.The homolog profiles of the concentrations of PCDFs presented were higher than those of the PCDDs,which indicated the PCDD/Fs pollution source of the air in Dalian was characteristic for thermal source pollution.The correlation analysis of meteorological parameters with the concentrations of Cl 4-8 CDD/Fs was conducted using SPSS packages,and it was found that the ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure were important factors influence the concentration of PCDD/Fs in the air.The respiratory risk and intake dioxins of the residents around the sampling sites were studied in the paper.It was found that Junge-Pankow model was much more accurate in predicting the gas-particle partitioning behavior of PCDD/Fs homologues during winter,while the Harner-Bidleman model shows better agreement with the measured data during winter and summer.     

西江二恶英的季节变化、通量及来源

用同位素稀释-高分辨色谱／高分辨质谱（HRGC／HRMS）方法对西江（珠江的主干）进行了1a的水相和颗粒相中多氯代二苯并二恶英／呋喃（PCDD／Fs）测定。结果表明，水相中PCDD／Fs的含量范围在1．567-8．008pg／L之间．颗粒物中PCDD／Fs的含量变化在569．4～279．6pg／g之间，经过分析得出其浓度随着西江流量的季节性变化呈现一定的变化规律，即在丰水期此污染物的浓度比在枯水期高。地表径流和干湿沉降对此有很大的贡献。西江中PCDD／Fs年通量为8．55kg，毒性当量通量（I—TEQ）为0．026kg。通过对同系物和同族物分布图对比显示西江PCDD／Fs来源比较复杂，可能是混合来源。其中大气干湿沉降、地表径流和沿岸与漂白有关的工业对此有很大的贡献．是PCDD／Fs进入西江的3个重要途径。     

Improving the rate capability of a SiO_x/graphite anode by adding LiNO_3

SiO_x/graphite anodes have attracted considerable attention in recent years due to their high specific capacity.Unfortunately,a thick solid-electrolyte-interface,which is produced by the decomposition of carbonate-based electrolytes,impedes the diffusion of lithium ions and significantly limits the rate performance of this interesting anode for practical applications.In this work,a LiNO_3additive was introduced during the preparation of an anode electrode paste.The results of SEM,ex and in situ XRD and XPS showed that LiNO_3decomposed into LiN_xO_yand Li_3N,which deposited on the anode surface during the first discharge process.Due to the high ionic conductivity of LiN_xO_yand Li_3N,the rate performance of the SiO_x/graphite anode was significantly improved,showing a specific capacity nearly three times higher than that without the additive.In addition,the decomposition of the electrolyte during cycling was also suppressed by the LiN_xO_yand Li_3N inorganic salts because of their low electronic conductivity and superior robustness.Our approach is facile and easy to scale up,which will be of great significance for the commercialization of SiO_x/graphite anodes.     

C/C复合材料及高强石墨的滑动摩擦磨损行为

在M 2000环 块摩擦试验机上测试了C/C复合材料及当前拟用作航空发动机主轴密封环材料的高强石墨的摩擦磨损行为.对材料试样在荷载为60,80,100,120和150N时的摩擦磨损行为进行研究,得出:高强石墨材料试样摩擦因数为0.22～0.24,而C/C复合材料试样摩擦因数仅为0.08～0.12.在80N时,2号试样体积磨损量达10.09×10-4cm3/次,而3号试样体积磨损量仅为1.36×10-4cm3/次;C/C复合材料与高强石墨材料相比摩擦因数低且稳定,磨损量小.这表明C/C复合材料比高强石墨材料更适合用作航空发动机主轴密封环.     

基于射线照相的石墨电极缺陷检测与识别

针对石墨电极内部缺陷无损检测难题,提出采用射线检测与深度信念网络相结合的电极缺陷检测方法.为此制作了石墨电极曝光曲线,利用曝光曲线为预制带有不同缺陷的电极试块选取合理的工艺参数、并进行X射线检测.采用去噪增强处理方法改善电极射线图像对比度弱、信噪比低等问题;应用改进的Canny算子边缘检测方法对电极射线图像进行边缘提取...     

Concentrations, profiles and gas-particle partitioning of PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PBDEs in the ambient air of an E-waste dismantling area, southeast China

Polychlorinated diebenzo-p-dioxins （PCDDs）, polychlorinated diebenzofurans （PCDFs）, polychlorinated biphenyls （PCBs） and polybrominated diphenyl ethers （PBDEs） were monitored in the ambient air of Taizhou, an E-waste dismantling area of southeast China to evaluate their concentrations, profiles and gas-particle partitioning. The ∑PCDD/Fs concentrations ranged from 2.91 to 50.6 pg/ma, with an average of 14.3 pg/ma. The I-TEQs for PCDD/Fs were in the range of 0.20-3.45 pg/ma, with an average of 1.10 pg/ma, The ∑PCBs concentrations and TEQs ranged from 4.23 to 11.35 ng/ma, 0.050 to 0.859 pg（TEQ）/ma, respectively. The concentrations of ∑PBDEs ranged from 92 to 3086 pg/ma, with an average of 894 pg/ma, The pollution levels of PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PBDEs were higher than other urban sites, which may be associated with the E-waste dismantling activities. The PCDD/Fs were found exclusively in the particle phase whereas PCBs distributed dominantly in the gas phase. The gas-partilce partitioning was also assessed by correlating the gas-particle partition coefficient （Kp） with the subcooled liquid vapor pressure （pL^0）. The measured particulate sorptions of PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PBDEs were compared with the predictions from Junge-Pankow model and Koa absorption model. The Junge-Pankow model well estimated the particulate fractions of PCBs. However, it underestimated the sorptions of PCDD/Fs and overestimated the fractions of PBDEs. The predicted particulate fractions of PCDD/Fs and PCBs from Koa model fitted well with the measured data.     

Two-and three-electrode impedance spectroscopic studies of graphite electrode in the first lithiation

The first lithiation of graphite electrode was investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy （EIS） and scanning electron microscope （SEM） in a two-electrode button cell and a three-electrode glass cell. The results demonstrate that the study of the variation of EIS feature of the graphite electrode in the two-electrode button cell with electrode polarization potential decreasing in the first lithiation cannot be used to investigate the formation mechanism of the solid electrolyte interphase （SEI） film. However, the formation and growth process of the SEI film can be acquired by investigating the variation of EIS features of the graphite electrode in the three-electrode glass cell with the decrease of electrode polarization potential in the first lithiation. Moreover, the results also point out that the SEI film on graphite electrode is mainly formed between 1.0 and 0.6 V in the first lithiation.     

铜/石墨复合材料热变形行为研究

通过Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机对铜/石墨复合材料进行热压缩试验,研究变形温度为700～850 ℃、应变速率为0.001～1.000 s^-1时该复合材料的热变行为。通过光学显微镜研究复合材料显微组织的演变,根据实验数据构建该复合材料的本构方程和热加工图。使用Zener-Hollomon参数模型对该复合材料的流变应力进行研究。研究发现,铜/石墨复合材料的流变应力随着应变温度的升高而降低,随应变速度的增大而增大。计算得出该复合材料的热变形激活能为463.02 kJ/mol,表明材料具有良好的成形能力。通过构建的本构方程验证了最大应力的吻合性,发现计算值和试验值的误差在9.5%以内,说明该方程对复合材料的流变行为具有指导作用。热加工图表明了该复合材料的适宜加工温度为780～820 ℃,变形速率为0.050～0.100 s^-1;变形温度为830～850 ℃时,变形速率约为0.001 s^-1。     

藻蓝蛋白裂合酶基因的表达与酶活性研究

为了比较研究层理鞭枝藻藻蓝蛋白裂合酶PcE／F与藻红蓝蛋白裂合／异构酶PecE／F的结构与功能,将藻蓝蛋白裂合酶PcE／F氨基酸序列与其他蓝藻的相应序列进行比较,并进行大量表达,将表达的裂合酶PcE／F用于藻蓝胆素(PCB)与藻蓝蛋白α-亚基(α-PC)脱辅基蛋白(PcA)的体外重组,得到天然活性的α-PC,从而表明层理鞭枝藻中pcE／F所编码的蛋白质是α-PC生物合成的裂合酶．     

基于H8/3048F智能模型车出入库功能设计与应用

基于H8/3048F单片机设计了一款具有自动出入车库功能的智能模型车.单片机H8/3048F根据模型车前后两排光电传感器检测的赛道与车库信息判断模型车的当前位置,确定行驶状态,控制电机转速和舵机转角,从而使模型车精确快速的出入车库.本文分析了模型车倒车出库时的前轮转向特点,同时针对模型车出入车库特点提出了闭环PD调节的车速控制与开环PWM控制舵机转向的控制策略.试验结果证明,利用本控制策略的模型车能够快速平稳精确地出入模型车车库,具备响应速度快、抗干扰能力强等特点,具有一定的参考与应用价值.     

纳米银修饰石墨电极伏安法测定过氧化氢

基于纳米银对过氧化氢分解的催化作用,用恒电位沉积法将银纳米粒子固定在石墨电极上,制备了一种过氧化氢传感器.用循环伏安法对H2O2进行测定,并对可能的测定机理进行探讨.选择了过氧化氢传感器测定H2O2的最适pH为6.0,在1.1×10-5～2.2×10-2mol/L范围内,还原峰电流与H2O2浓度呈良好线性关系.该传感器具有制备简易、成本低廉、响应快、灵敏度高、稳定性好等特点,具有较好的应用前景.     

干摩擦条件下金刚石复合膜摩擦学性能

在干摩擦条件下利用 SRV磨损试验机比较了在硬质合金基体上金刚石薄膜、石墨 /金刚石复合膜以及硬质合金 3种试样的摩擦学性能。利用扫描电子显微镜观察了试样和磨痕的表面形貌。利用表面形貌仪测试了磨损体积。研究了振动频率对试样的摩擦学性能影响。结果表明 ,在干摩擦条件下 ,金刚石薄膜与石墨 /金刚石复合膜的摩擦学性能差别不大 ,二者的磨损机理均为微断裂磨损。在干摩擦条件下 ,高频时金刚石薄膜的耐磨性是硬质合金耐磨性的 8～ 10倍 ,其原因是硬质合金的磨损机理存在着从粘着磨损到微断裂磨损的转变     

石墨、铝电极低压脉冲电解含油废水效果对比

对铝、石墨电极-低压脉冲电解含油废水影响因素:时间、电压、频率、占空比、电解质进行了对比试验.结果表明:石墨电极和铝电极电解效果与支持电解质Na2SO4用量有较为明显的关系,当Na2SO4用量小于0.7%时,石墨电极的油去除率高于铝电极;大于0.7%时,铝电极的油去除率高于石墨电极.在支持电解质Na2SO4用量较高的条件下,石墨电极油去除率受电压、占空比、频率因素影响较大,随频率增加而增加,随电压、占空比增加油去除率先增加而后下降;当电压大于6 V,频率高于500 Hz,占空比大于30%时,改变参数对铝电极的油去除率影响不显著.     

LDPE/石墨复合材料的制备和性能

选用电导率、导热系数高的石墨(普通鳞片石墨FG、可膨胀石墨KP35、膨胀石墨EG35)对低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)进行填充改性,采用钛酸酯偶联剂NDZ101对石墨进行表面处理,提高石墨与聚合物基体的界面相互作用,制备出力学性能、导电、导热等综合性能优良的LDPE/石墨复合材料。结果表明:石墨的填充大大改善了聚乙烯的导电、导热和耐热性能,当石墨含量达20%时(文中的各种元素含量均指质量分数),LDPE/KP35的电导率达到1.91×10-7S/m,拉伸强度较LDPE有小幅提高,可作为导热抗静电材料推广应用。     

一种新型的V/F转换器的温度补偿原理和方法

提出了一种新型的V／F转换器，它是以半导体敏感元件Z元件为基础，用一个电阻和电容为辅助元件，产生震荡，用一个加法器和另外一个Z元件作为补偿元件，通过控制输入电压的方法补偿因温度漂移对Z元件产生的工作点的偏移，最后输出高幅值的频率信号，并介绍了这种V／F转换器温度补偿的原理和方法。     

辣根过氧化物酶在石墨电极上的固定化及其对H_2O_2的响应

基础电极的选择和酶、抗体、DNA等生物活性分子的固定化方法都是影响生物传感器性能的关键因素.以石墨电极(GE)为基础电极,基于辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)对H2O2氧化邻苯二胺(OPD)生成2,3-二氨基吩嗪(DAP)反应体系的高效催化作用,研究了HRP固定化技术.分别利用再生丝素、聚乙二醇、壳聚糖包埋固定HRP,并以HRP修饰GE为指示电极,通过电位法测定H2O2浓度,对不同的固定化方法进行评价.结果表明,利用再生丝素包埋法制备的HRP/GE电极对H2O2具有更好响应性能,其工作曲线斜率为54.97,检测下限为8.82×10-8 mol.dm-3,线性范围为3.53×10-7～8.82×10-4 mol.dm-3.所提出的HRP/GE具有制备简单、成本低廉、响应快、灵敏度高等优良性能,具有较好的应用前景.     

PVC-M/F复合板的结构设计及其性能

本文在分析 PVC 低发泡板和其他复合板材的基础上,设计出一种新的 PVC复合板材,即:PVC-M/F 复合板,并测试了 PVC-M/F 复合板的性能,说明这种新的复合板材能满足铁路客车、船舶、汽车车厢的内壁装饰需要.     

使用膨胀石墨/ZnO复合材料去除水中甲基橙

分别加热醋酸锌和水洗后的可膨胀石墨、干燥后的可膨胀石墨和膨胀石墨(EG)的混合物,制备了3种不同的膨胀石墨/ZnO复合材料,分别记为EG/ZnO-1,EG/ZnO-2和EG/ZnO-3.使用X射线衍射分析(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和Branaucr-Emmett-Teller(BET)比表面积等技术对样品结构进行表征.在紫外线(UV)照射下,研究了EG/ZnO对水中亚甲基橙的去除效率.结果表明,EG/ZnO同时具有膨胀石墨的吸附功能和ZnO的降解功能.在3种EG/ZnO中,EG/ZnO-3对水中甲基橙的去除效率最高.使用EG/ZnO-3,甲基橙去除率受EG/ZnO-3热处理温度和ZnO含量的影响.在优化工艺条件下,经过3.5hUV照射,水中甲基橙可被完全去除.     

HMX/F2602纳米含能微球的制备及其性能表征

为了降低HMX的感度,采用喷雾干燥工艺制备了HMX/F_(2602)纳米含能颗粒,其比例为:HMX∶F_(2602)=97∶3;并将喷雾干燥法制备的HMX/F_(2602)纳米颗粒与同等条件下制备的HMX/NC、HMX/Estane5703进行对比表征。采用SEM、XPS、XRD、DSC,以及撞击感度仪对原料HMX、HMX/F_(2602)纳米颗粒进行表征。结果表明:制备的HMX/F_(2602)纳米颗粒的热稳定性、撞击感度均优于同等条件下的HMX/NC、HMX/Estane5703颗粒。制备出的HMX/F_(2602)纳米颗粒呈规则的球形,粒径0.5~4μm之间;其晶型保持不变。原料HMX、HMX/F_(2602)纳米颗粒的活化能分别为523.16 kJ/mol,469.89 kJ/mol;热爆炸临界温度分别为279.34℃,279.20℃,特性落高分别为17.6 cm,82.2 cm。