Destruction geodynamics of the North China craton and its Paleoproterozoic plate tectonics

Much attention has been paid in the last two decades to the physical and chemical processes as well as temporal-spatial variations of the lithospheric mantle beneath the North China Craton. In order to provide insights into the geodynamics of this variation, it is necessary to thoroughly study the state and structure of the lithospheric crust and mantle of the North China Craton and its adjacent regions as an integrated unit. Based on the velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle constrained from seismological studies, this paper presents various available geophysical results regarding the lithosphere thickness, the nature of crust-mantle boundary, the upper mantle structure and deformation characteristics as well as their tectonic features and evolution systematics. Combined with the obtained data from petrology and geochemistry, a mantle flow model is proposed for the tectonic evolution of the North China Craton during the Mesozoic-Cenozoic. We suggest that subduction of the Pacific plate made the mantle underneath the eastern Asian continent unstable and able to flow faster. Such a regional mantle flow system would cause an elevation of melt/fluid content in the upper mantle of the North China Craton and the lithospheric softening, which, subsequently resulted in destruction of the North China Craton in different ways of delamination and thermal erosion in Yanshan, Taihang Mountains and the Tan-Lu Fault zone. Multiple lines of evidence recorded in the crust of the North China Craton, such as the amalgamation of the Archean eastern and western blocks, the subduction of Paleo-oceanic crust and Paleo-continental residue, indicate that the Earth in the Paleoproterozoic had already evolved into the plate tectonic system similar to the present plate tectonics.     

Formation and evolution of Precambrian continental crust in South China

The occurrence of zircons with U-Pb ages of ~3.8 Ga and Hf model ages of ~4.0 Ga in South China suggests the existence of the Hadean crustal remnants in South China. Furthermore, a detrital zircon with a U-Pb age as old as 4.1 Ga has been found in Tibet. This is the oldest zircon so far reported in China. These results imply that continental crust was more widespread than previously thought in the late Hadean, but its majority was efficiently reworked into Archean continental crust. On the basis of available zircon U-Pb age and Hf isotope data, it appears that the growth of continental crust in South China started since the early Archean, but a stable cratonic block through reworking did not occur until the Paleoproterozoic. Thus the operation of some form of plate tectonics may occur in China conti- nents since Eoarchean. The initial destruction of the South China craton was caused by intensive magmatic activity in association with the assembly and breakup of the supercontinent Rodinia during the Neoproterozoic. However, most of the Archean and Paleoproterozoic crustal materials in South China do not occur as surface rocks, but exist as sporadic crustal remnants. Nevertheless, the occur- rence of Neoproterozoic magmatism is still a signature to distinguish South China from North China.     

论大陆性冰川地貌特色及其地学意义

中国西北部的现代高山冰川属于极大陆性冰川，温度极低，活动性很小，比较稳定，以位于极高的海拔高度及极低的温度得以保存，降雪量比较少，积累与消融均比较缓慢，其地质地貌作用不强，所形成的冰川地貌不如海洋性冰川显著，称为高位山地冰川，祁连山等中国西北部大陆性冰川的地质地貌作用较弱，所形成的冰川U形谷与冰斗等等均比较浅平，侧碛堤与终碛垄也不那么高大，呈现具体而微平缓的地貌特色。     

中国东部新生代陆相断陷盆地层序的构成样式

选取我国东部跨不同古构造、古气候和古地理单元的多个陆相断陷盆地,如济阳凹陷、南阳和泌阳凹陷、南堡凹陷、歧口凹陷、江汉盆地、东濮凹陷、百色盆地和苏北盆地等,以层序界面和层序单元的精细划分为基础,对古近系-新近系的构造地层格架和层序结构特征进行对比分析,总结出犁式断坳型和陡倾式断坳型2种类型层序地层格架和断坡带型、弯折带型、枢纽带型(或斜坡型)3种典型的层序构成样式。不同级次的构造控制着层序的发育和层序样式特点,在此基础上建立了对储集体展布和烃源岩潜力具有重要预测功能的层序地层模式,从而为我国东部具有地域及地质特色的陆相含油气盆地内隐蔽油气藏的寻找和评价提供了一套新的思维框架。     

Growth and reworking of cratonic lithosphere

To study the thinning of cratonic lithosphere in North China has been the hot subject of basic research in the fields of solid earth science in China. This paper presents an overview on the formation and evolution of continental crust, and outlines the mechanisms of forming the lithospheric mantle. It is suggested that the thinning of cratonic lithosphere principally proceeds in two ways, one by subduction erosion （e.g., North China）, and the other by a combination of subduction erosion and underplating degistion （e.g., Yangtze）.     

超高压变质作用及大陆深俯冲--地球科学前沿述评

目的总结和评述超高压变质及大陆深俯冲作用研究进展。方法文献阅读及专题研究。结果总结分析了超高压变质及大陆深俯冲作用的时空分布、俯冲深度极限、俯冲过程中流体的性状及作用,以及中国西部北秦岭、柴北缘和阿尔金超高压变质岩带的研究现状及特点。结论超高压变质岩石均形成于碰撞造山带中,时代以显生宙为主;大陆俯冲的深度有可能达到200 km以上的地幔深处;超高压变质过程中有流体的参与,但流体的活动局限在很小的范围内。     

秦岭-大别山北部后造山期构造格架与形成机制

秦岭造山带是一条复合型大陆造山带.东秦岭北部后造山期的构造是其主要组成部分.主要包括秦岭北缘反冲推覆构造带,以宜阳-鲁山断裂带和熊耳岩片为主体,由S→N逆冲推覆;栾川-伏牛山推覆构造带特征典型,分带性强,由N→S推覆;马超营走滑转换构造带位于二者之间,为一正花状构造带.上述构造组成典型的扇形结构,形成于燕山期末-喜马拉雅初期.东秦岭造山带岩石圈现今几何学模型和流变学分带结构与华北地块向南俯冲在秦岭地块之下、扬子地块持续向北俯冲有密切的成因联系,后造山期构造正是研究区现今深部过程在地壳浅部的表现.     

早前寒武纪地质研究进展评述

早前寒武纪地质人有重大的科学意义。由于技术等的推动,早前寒武纪地质研究已获得重大进展。已发现的同位素年龄为４．３Ｇａ的碎屑锆石意味着４．３Ｇａ前长英质火成岩在地壳顺存在。在３．８Ｇａ前地幔因壳幔分离作用而明显亏损。花岗－绿岩带及高级片麻岩区是有寒武纪变质区的最基本地质单元,ＴＴＧ岩组合构成太古宙基底的主体。最老的花岗－绿岩地体在３．６Ｇａ前开始形成。从３．６～２．６Ｇａ形成的支配上地壳的花岗－绿岩     

Application of the Three-Dimensional Shallow Sea and Continental Shelf Mode for Inversion of Undercurrent

0Introduction Muchresearchworkonoceancirculationhasbeendoneandsomenumericalmodels[14]havebeendeveloped.Athreelayer3DmodelwasraisedbyLeendertseandLiu[5].Butthesolutionofthemodelinthe(x,y,z)coordinatesys temrequireshugecomputationalquantity.XuDongfenget al[6]andFangGuohongetal[7]setupa3Dmodeltocalculateoffingcirculation.A3Dmodelinσcoordinatesystemwasap pliedtoEuropeanNorthSeabyDuranceandHughes[8],butnonlineartermswereignored.Differentmodelsareadoptedin simulationfordifferentproblems.Thea…     

Episodic rifting of continental marginal basins and tectonic events since 10 Ma in the South China Sea

Integrated study on the tectonic, basin filling and thermal evolution of the Tertiary basins on the northern margin of the South China Sea has indicated that the rift continental margin on the northern South China Sea is not a passive margin and that the western margin is characteristic of the transform-extension. Episodic rifting and the thermal events since 10 Ma in the area have been documented by the integrated analysis of dynamic process. It has been clarified that the tectono-thermal events have exerted a significant influence on basin features and hydrocarbon accumulation, and particularly, the westward collision of the Lusong Island Arc, the generation of densely spaced faults in the Pearl River Mouth Basin, the rapid subsidence, high heat flow and large-scale over pressure and thermal-fluid breakthrough in the Yinggehai and the Qiongdongnan basins have proved to be the important factors determining the formation of oil and gas in these basins.     

板块构造对我国东南沿海地区植物区系与东亚—北美间断分布的关系

我国福建、浙江、台湾、广东沿海及海南和南海等东南沿海,在地质上属华夏地块和台湾,从各地植物区系的相似性以及古植物区系地理的研究表明;我国东南沿海地区植物区系是一个统一的整体。东亚-北美间断分布是板块构造运动的结果,我国东南沿海地区有着丰富而古老的东亚-北美间断分布的属种,并有一些主要的原始的科属和种类,可能是东亚-北美间断分布的发源地之一。     

Rodinia裂解与华南微板块形成和演化

介绍了Rodinia研究的历史、现状及主要进展,分析了华南相关地块在Rodinia中的位置以及从Rodinia到Pangea的演化历程.分析结果表明,扬子陆块从Rodinia裂离后,其间在Gondwana形成时,可能发生过湘桂地体、云开地体、浙闽地体、保山地体和腾冲地体的碰撞拼贴造山作用过程.在古特提斯演化阶段,这些地体随古特提斯洋的开启而与扬子陆块裂离,并逐渐形成多岛洋的构造格局,之后又随Pangea的形成而再次与扬子陆块碰撞拼贴增生.因此,Rodinia,Gondwana,Pangea等的形成、裂解和裂离后地体的拼贴增生是认识华南大地构造格局和演化的关键之一.Rodinia应该是华南大地构造研究值得重视的重要课题.     

地下水开发利用中的环境地质问题与防御对策

地下水在国民经济发展中的地位极为重要,随着社会经济高速发展,我国地下水资源,尤其是北方地区开发量急剧增加.文章根据大量的地下水开采资料,分析了我国地下水开发利用过程中引起的主要环境地质问题,提出了防御对策和合理开发利用地下水的建议.文章还对环境地质学的研究重点与发展趋势给予展望.     

后大众化背景下加强西部重点建设高校科研项目经费管理的思考

文章分析了后大众化背景下西部重点建设高校的科学研究发展趋势,着重梳理了科研项目经费管理面临的主要问题,提出了加强科研项目经费管理的建议。     

南海成因：岩石圈破裂与俯冲带相互作用新认识

南海深部计划与国际大洋钻探航次取得了一系列创新进展与重大突破:1)发现南海陆缘岩石圈减薄之初未出现地幔蛇纹岩出露,且岩浆迅速出现;2)新提出南海不是"小大西洋",而是"板缘张裂"盆地,与经典的大西洋型"板内张裂"陆缘模式不同;3)揭示南海受到俯冲带的强烈控制,提出俯冲诱发地幔上涌并影响南海岩浆活动。     

推进西部高校和谐校园建设的几点思考

建设和谐的大学校园,是构建社会主义和谐社会的重要组成部分。推进西部高校和谐校园建设,科学发展是根本,文化建设是核心,长效机制是保障。因此,必须坚持以科学发展促和谐,以先进文化育和谐,以长效机制保和谐。     

Recent progress of deep seismic experiments and studies of crustal structure in northern South China Sea

The South China Sea (SCS) is one of the largest marginal seas in the western Pacific. Its northern part has the features of a passive continental margin. The studies of deep crustal structure in this area are very important for understanding the tectonic nature, evolution history, basin formation of the northern margin, and the origin of the SCS. In the past decades, the deep seismic experiments of crustal studies in the northern SCS have gone through three stages, namely the sonobuoy, two-ship Expanding Spread Profile (ESP), and Ocean Bottom Hydrophone/Seismometer (OBH/OBS). Along the continental slope, the sonobuoy experiments provided useful information about the velocity structure of the upper crust, while the ESP data recorded for the first time the seismic signals from deep crustal structure and Moho interface. And the OBH/OBS profiles revealed the crustal structure in much greater detail. This paper first gives a brief historical review of these deep seismic experiments and studies, then a summary of the latest progress and important research results. The remaining problems and suggestions for further research work are presented as conclusive remarks.     

Detachment within subducted continental crust and multi-slice successive exhumation of ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rocks: Evidence from the Dabie-Sulu orogenic belt

Although tectonic models were presented for exhumation of ultrahigh-pressure （UHP） metamorphic rocks during the continental collision, there is increasing evidence for the decoupling between crustal slices at various depths within deeply subducted continental crust. This lends support to the multi-slice successive exhumation model of the UHP metamorphic rocks in the Dabie-Sulu orogen. The available evidence is summarized as follows： （1） the low-grade metamorphic slices, which have geotectonic affinity to the South China Block and part of them records the Triassic metamorphism, occur in the northern margin of the Dabie-Sulu UHP metamorphic zone, suggesting decoupling of the upper crust from the underlying basement during the initial stages of continental subduction; （2） the Dabie and Sulu HP to UHP metamorphic zones comprise several HP to UHP slices, which have an increased trend of metamorphic grade from south to north but a decreased trend of peak metamorphic ages correspondingly; and （3） the Chinese Continental Science Drilling （CCSD） project at Donghai in the Sulu orogen reveals that the UHP metamorphic zone is composed of several stacked slices, which display distinctive high and low radiogenic Pb from upper to lower parts in the profile, suggesting that these UHP crustal slices were derived from the subducted upper and middle crusts, respectively. Detachment surfaces within the deeply subducted crust may occur either along an ancient fault as a channel of fluid flow, which resulted in weakening of mechanic strength of the rocks adjacent to the fault due to fluid-rock interaction, or along the low-viscosity zones which resulted from variations of geotherms and lithospheric compositions at different depths. The multi-slice successive exhumation model is different from the traditional exhumation model of the UHP metamorphic rocks in that the latter assumes the detachment of the entire subducted continental crust from the underlying mantle lithosphere and its subsequent exhumation as a whol     

Linear sand ridges on the outer shelf of the East China Sea

Based on the latest full-coverage high-resolution multi-beam sounding data, the distribution of the linear sand ridges on the outer shelf of the East China Sea （ECS） is studied with quantitative statistical analysis. The study area can be divided into the northeastern part and the southwestern part. Sand ridges in the northeastern area, trending 116°N, show obvious linear character and shrink to the inner shell Sand ridges in the southwestern area, trending 120°N -146°N, tend to have net form. Sand ridges gradually become sand sheets in the center part of study area. Sand ridges are distributed landward to the isobath of 60m, distributed seaward to the water depth of 120 m in the northeast and 150 m in the southwest. Immature sand ridges are observed at water depth of 130-180 m in the southwestern depressions. The acoustic reflection properties of the internal high.angle inclined beddings of the sand ridges are analyzed based on the typical seismic profiles close to the research area. Lithological analysis and dating of 4 boreholes and 12 cores indicate that the widely distributed transgressive sand layer with high content of shell debris which was formed in the early-middle Holocene is the main composition of the linear sand ridges on the outer shelf of the ECS. The dominating factor in formation, developing and burying of the sand ridges is the variation of water depth caused by sealevel change and the rate of sediment supply. In 12400 aBP the cotidal lines of the M2 tidal component were closely perpendicular to the strike-directions of the sand ridges in the study area, and the tidal wave system during 12000-8000 aBP might play a key role in the formation of the linear sand ridges which are widely distributed on the outer shelf of the ECS.     

云南省新平县地质灾害发育特征及防治对策研究

从地质灾害的影响因素入手,通过对地质灾害的实地考察,对云南新平县地质灾害的历史及现状、主要类型及危害、生成环境和分布规律的分析研究,认为地质、气象、地形地貌、岩土体工程地质类型及人类的工程活动是该地区地质灾害的主控因素;针对本区的社会条件和自然条件,提出了防灾、减灾对策。