中国地区凝结尾数值模拟分析

为了解中国地区凝结尾发生的时空分布特征和环境特征,按照Schmidt–Appleman标准,建立凝结尾发生模型,并基于全国大气探空数据,统计分析了2001年至2017年中国地区凝结尾特征。结果表明,近年来凝结尾的发生数量呈增长趋势,其与年平均湿度呈正相关,相关系数达0.96;大兴安岭地区、陕北地区、青海东南和川北地区以及天山地区是中国地区凝结尾高发地区,华南地区是凝结尾发生数量最少的地区;凝结尾发生数量季节差异明显,春夏多,秋冬少;凝结尾发生时环境的平均温度为-35.2℃,平均湿度为50.4%。高度7 000 m至12 000 m范围内凝结尾发生数量占总次数的79.5%;凝结尾在不同高度层发生的概率不同,调整航空器的飞行高度层,可使凝结尾发生数量平均减少24.9%。     

基于凝结尾和风因素的飞行高度层优化研究

飞行高度层的选择是航空公司制定飞行计划的重要内容。为了节能减排、保护环境、提高航空公司利益,提出基于凝结尾和风因素的综合指数法来优化飞行高度层。将飞行高度层上的风和凝结尾因素归一化为风因数和凝结尾因数,确定最小综合指数对应的高度层为优化高度层。以四川航空公司成都双流至上海浦东的航段为例进行验证。实例表明,使用优化后的飞行高度层可以降低凝结尾的生成,并有效利用风向,达到节约成本,减少环境影响的目的。     

Novel Schmitt trigger with wide temperature range

A novel Schmitt trigger circuit, implemented by a reset-set (RS) trigger and two simple distinct inverters, is proposed. Its trigger levels are determined by two Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) inverters. Contrast with traditional six transistors Schmitt trigger, its temperature and supply voltage characteristics have been analyzed. These two triggers are applied into relaxation oscillator and the result shows that the proposed one in this paper has better performance over wide temperature range, whose temperature coefficient from 0 to 85 °C is 1/5 of the traditional one. Biography: ZOU Zhige (1975–), male, Ph.D. candidate, research direction: analog and mix-signal IC design.     

Liquid crystal 'blue phases' with a wide temperature range

Liquid crystal 'blue phases' are highly fluid self-assembled three-dimensional cubic defect structures that exist over narrow temperature ranges in highly chiral liquid crystals. The characteristic period of these defects is of the order of the wavelength of visible light, and they give rise to vivid specular reflections that are controllable with external fields. Blue phases may be considered as examples of tuneable photonic crystals with many potential applications. The disadvantage of these materials, as predicted theoretically and proved experimentally, is that they have limited thermal stability: they exist over a small temperature range (0.5-2 degrees C) between isotropic and chiral nematic (N*) thermotropic phases, which limits their practical applicability. Here we report a generic family of liquid crystals that demonstrate an unusually broad body-centred cubic phase (BP I*) from 60 degrees C down to 16 degrees C. We prove this with optical texture analysis, selective reflection spectroscopy, K?ssel diagrams and differential scanning calorimetry, and show, using a simple polarizer-free electro-optic cell, that the reflected colour is switched reversibly in applied electric fields over a wide colour range in typically 10 ms. We propose that the unusual behaviour of these blue phase materials is due to their dimeric molecular structure and their very high flexoelectric coefficients. This in turn sets out new theoretical challenges and potentially opens up new photonic applications.     

Arctic Oscillation influence on daily temperature variance in winter over China

The relationship between the Arctic Oscillation (AO) and daily temperature variance of 150 Chinese stations are investigated in the present study for wintertime (1 November through 31 March) in the period of 1954--2001. Resuits show that the temperature variance significantly decreases during the high AO years,and increases in low AO cases. A key factor connecting them is the Siberian High,particularly the high-frequency fluctuations of the High.Within the seasonal time scale, the frequency of low-temperature extremes (daily temperature anomaly below-2σ,σ is the standard deviation of daily temperature for a given winter and a given station) displays an odd relation to the variance: a larger (smaller) variance is found to be associated with smaller (greater) frequency of low-temperature events. That is due to the non-normal distribution of the temperatures, and also influenced by the phases of AO. During the last 50 years or so, AO experiences a significant increasing trend, meanwhile the variance of daily sea level pressure (SLP) in the central region of Siberian High has decreased at a rate of-10.7%/10 a. These result in a significant weakening of the daily temperature variance in China with a trend of -4.1%/10 a, and a significant increase in the intra-seasonal low-temperature extremes at a rate of 0.16d/10 a.     

北京市气温对腹痛急诊日就诊人数的影响

定量分析北京市气温对腹痛急诊日就诊人数的影响.收集2009-2012年北京市海淀区某三甲医院腹痛急诊资料和同期北京市气象、大气污染物资料,采用广义相加模型在控制时间、其他气象要素和大气污染物(SO_2,NO_2,PM_(10))的混杂效应下,拟合日均气温、最高温度、最低温度、气温日较差、24 h变温对腹痛急诊日就诊人数影响的剂量-反应关系.几项气温指标对腹痛急诊日就诊人数均有不同程度影响,日均气温、最高温度和最低温度每增加1℃,腹痛急诊日就诊的相对危险度RR分别为1.0052(95%CI:1.0034~1.0070),1.0049(95%CI:1.003 2~1.0066)和1.004 7(95%CI:1.002 9~1.006 5).温度日较差和24 h变温对腹痛急诊日就诊人数有正向的影响,但结果无统计学意义.研究结果表明腹痛急诊日就诊人数夏季较多,日均气温、最高温度和最低温度对其均有影响.     

舟山以东浅水海域夏季水团及温盐日变化特征

为了探索舟山以东浅水海域夏季水团分布及温、盐日变化规律,基于舟山以东浅水区域时间分辨率为1h的温盐深(CTD)站点数据,首先对数据剖面取平均以研究其温、盐场结构特征,然后利用Fuzzy聚类法对该区域进行水团划分,最后根据水团划分结果分区域统计分析跃层特征,并计算温、盐日变幅极差值以研究其日变化空间的分布特征。结果表明:研究区域可分为沿岸流水团、近岸混合水团、黑潮水团、东海中-深层水团、东海中-深层混合水团;受黑潮支流与沿岸流混合下沉的影响,调查海域中部中-深层水体相对高温、低盐;沿岸流区与黑潮水区10~20m深度层的温、盐日变幅较大,与跃层深度对应较好,表层、次表层的较小,底层的近似为0;近岸混合水团跃层上界深度最大、平均强度最小,该区域表层、底层日变幅相对较大。     

1954-2004年中国夏季日平均温度偏态性分布规律

利用中国1954-2004年194个站日平均气温资料,基于Box-Cox变换指数λ分析了日平均气温分布与正态分布的偏差程度.结果表明,中国50年夏季日平均气温序列与正态分布的偏差程度呈一定的区域差异:半干旱区域,温度分布的正态性较好;东南沿海地区则不服从正态分布,呈较明显的右偏.因此,根据Box-Cox变换指数λ的大小将中国分为三个不同的区域,研究了中国夏季温度的偏态分布规律及其变化特征.     

配煤降低淮南煤灰熔点的研究及机理初探

通过配煤的方法,对高灰熔融性淮南煤与4种低灰熔融性煤进行配加,可以显著的降低淮南煤的高灰熔点。配煤灰熔点的变化不是两种单煤灰熔点简单的加和关系,而是非线性的关系,配煤灰熔点与煤灰组成之间也有很大的关系。通过灰样及熔渣的红外光谱分析,初步探讨灰熔融性变化机理。     

近程毫米波合成孔径辐射计被动测距原理

毫米波合成孔径技术利用了物体自身辐射电磁波的相位信息,采用很少阵元就能实现实时成像,但目前合成孔径技术只是限于亮温成像,缺少了目标的距离信息,这对于目标探测与识别很不利。提出在近程条件下合成孔径被动测距原理和相应的双正交傅立叶变换算法,并给出了近程距离分辨率公式,近程成像的特点是成像公式中存在二次相位因子,而且距离分辨率和距离的平方成反比。毫米波合成孔径被动成像可以同时得到物体辐射的亮温分布和距离分布,能够有效克服离焦引起的图像模糊,对图像的反降晰和目标识别具有重要意义。     

一种快速属性约简算法

基于差别矩阵的属性约简算法,先要求出差别矩阵,随着问题的规模增大,存放差别矩阵的空间和算法的执行时间过大和过长,让计算机难以承受．针对这一问题,提出了差别对象对集的定义,给出了基于差别对象对的属性约简定义,并证明了该定义等价于基于差别矩阵的属性约简定义．利用差别对象对,设计了一个新的属性约简算法．由于这一算法在求属性约简的过程中不用生成差别矩阵和大量的无用元素,因而大大减少了存储量和计算量,从而提高了算法的效率．计算实例说明了新算法的高效性．     

Synthesis of antiferroelectric (Bi0.534Na0.5)0.94Ba0.06TiO3 ceramics with high phase transition temperature and broad temperature range by a solid-state reaction method

Antiferroelectric 0.94(Bi 0.534 Na 0.5 )TiO 3 -0.06BaTiO 3 ceramics were prepared using a solid-state reaction method, involving the addition of excessive amounts of Bi2O3 . The resulting ceramics featured a very high phase transition temperature (Tm～330°C), from the antiferroelectric to the paraelectric phase, and a low depolarization temperature (Td<25°C). The broad temperature range, within which antiferroelectric properties are retained, of the prepared materials indicates their higher potential over lead-based antiferroelectric ceramics such as PZT-based materials that exhibit a lower T m ≤170°C. The lower Td and higher T m obtained val- ues, relative to those reported in the literature, are believed to be due to the formation of A-site vacancies originating from the incorporation of excess Bi into the perovskite structure of the studied sample. In addition, the synthesized sample shows a high dielectric constant of ～1460, in a temperature range of 50-150°C at 1 kHz, and a high energy storage density of 0.71 J/cm 3 , which is an asset in energy storage capacitor applications.     

贵州石笔木播种育苗的温度和湿度关系研究

我们采用调控温度和湿度的比较试验对贵州石笔木 (TutcheriakweichowensisChangetY .K .Li)种子萌发与播种育苗进行了研究 ,其试验表明贵州石笔木种子萌发的最佳温度为 2 0～ 2 5℃、湿度为 80 %～ 90 % ;采集的种子在此条件下砂藏层积 10～ 15d开始萌发 ,4 0～ 50d萌发率达 85%～ 93 % ;种子萌发后播种于恒温2 0℃的苗床中 60d后出苗率和 3 60d后成苗率分别达到 60 7%和 4 3 7%。这一研究结果对于珍稀濒危的贵州石笔木植物种质资源的有效保护和开发利用有科学意义和实用价值     

场次降水与日降水差异对比

基于我国中东部18个气象站逐分钟降水数据,整理得到日降水与场次降水资料,统计日降水与场次降水的对应关系,并对比不同级别降水量的差异;同时,基于全国811个气象站08:00-20:00与20:00-08:00逐半日降水数据,按气象站(20:00-20:00)与水文站(08:00-08:00)2种日界标准整理出2套日降水资料,分析降水日界对日降水资料的影响.结果表明:大部分场次降水过程发生在同1日或者跨1日;场次降水量均值、90百分位、95百分位以及最大值4个指标的计算结果分别为日降水对应指标的1.2、1.2、1.3和1.5倍;将日降水资料计算得到的10、20、50、100a一遇重现期降水量分别乘以转换系数1.39、1.42、1.44和1.45,可与基于场次降水资料计算所得结果相当.气象站和水文站降水日界对大暴雨及其以下级别雨日数无显著影响,但对特大暴雨级别,气象站雨日数显著多于水文站;长江流域、珠江流域及西北大部,气象站标准重现期日降水量普遍大于水文站标准,而东南沿海地区、华北北部和东北北部,水文站标准重现期日降水量普遍大于气象站标准.      

浅论机械设备的日常管理

机械设备的安全高效运行,对工程建设起着非常霞要的作用,机械设备的日常管理是提高设备使用成本效益的重要保证,文章就如何加强机械设备的日常管理进行了探讨.     

身体在场、精神缺席的视觉盛宴--反思"日常生活审美化"

“日常生活审美化”从根本上说是一种生产行为，它生产的不仅是物质，还有幻象，它在改变人与艺术的关系的同时导致崇高精神的丧失，表面具有民主色彩，实际却有等级之分。在“日常生活审美化”所造成的消费盛宴中，人们的身体在场，而精神却是缺席的。