基于测斜仪的天然气水合物开采海底变形监测

根据Okada线弹性理论, 提出并建立海域天然气水合物开采的海底变形场模型, 对开采产生的海底变形场进行正演模拟, 并采用模拟退火方法, 对合成观测数据进行模型参数反演。结果表明, 利用测斜仪监测能够得到水合物开采区域准确的倾角、方位角和体积等信息。不同噪声水平下的测试结果表明, 所采用的模型参数反演方法具有良好的抗噪性。另外, 结合2017年中国南海神狐海域水合物开采试验, 分析测斜仪监测在实际应用中的可行性, 表明“产能递减型”开采方案在海底稳定性方面具有一定的优势。     

海域天然气水合物开采的井中可控源电磁监测三维正演模拟

为掌握海域天然气水合物在大范围开采过程中的分解范围和分解程度,应用有限元软件COMSOL,对采用井中可控源电磁方法监测天然气水合物开采过程进行正演模拟。通过构建含高阻天然气水合物储层的三维地层模型,在比较井中垂直源监测系统相对于传统拖曳式水平源优势的基础上,分析垂直源监测系统中金属套管、垂直源深度、频率、观测误差和噪声等参数对海底电场响应的影响。模拟结果表明,金属套管、垂直源深度和电流发射频率对井中电磁监测效果的影响较大,在有套管时,垂直源的布设深度应位于天然气水合物储层之下,并采用1Hz的低频发射电流;在小收发距时,监测系统的观测误差和噪声对有套管监测系统的性能影响不大。天然气水合物开采范围扩大时,井中垂直源监测系统可以确保海底接收器探测到相应的电场信号变化,并有效地识别开采范围的横向边界。因此,采用井中可控源电磁方法对海域天然气水合物开采过程进行储层动态监测是可行的。     

含甲烷水合物松散沉积物超声波性质的实验研究

实验模拟海域含天然气水合物松散沉积物,并测量其声学性质变化规律,以期为天然气水合物地震勘探和资源评价提供科学依据。采用一套改进的水合物超声波速度测量装置,根据反应釜内部气体压力的变化,连续监测实验过程中甲烷水合物饱和度的变化,获得被水完全饱和的松散沉积物中甲烷水合物饱和度与声波速度的关系。模拟南海神狐海域SH-7钻孔的HY-3样品,进行多个轮次的甲烷水合物形成-分解实验,实测纵、横波的速度均落在水合物非胶结曲线与胶结曲线之间,表明甲烷水合物在沉积物孔隙中同时存在胶结和非胶结多种赋存形式,在分解和合成过程中均以呈悬浮状或作为支撑颗粒的水合物优先,但少量起胶结作用的水合物始终存在,并对沉积物声学性质有明显的提升作用。     

神狐深水海域天然气水合物成藏的气源条件

为深入分析南海北部神狐深水海域天然气水合物形成的气源控制因素,以神狐海域天然气水合物调查区为重
点研究对象,在基础调查资料和相关钻探成果的综合研究基础上,全面探讨了神狐海域天然气水合物成藏的气源供给
条件。研究结果表明：（1）神狐海域浅层400～1 200 m 以内具备良好的适合微生物成因甲烷气体生成条件,生物气生
气潜力巨大;（2）深部古近系文昌组湖相和恩平组煤系两套成熟烃源岩,亦以生气为主,能够提供一定数量的热解气
补充之;（3）深部成熟热解气通过纵向断层或底辟通道垂向运移至浅层海底,在浅部与微生物气一起侧向运移至天然
气水合物稳定域内形成混合型天然气水合物藏。     

s-III型低密度甲烷气体水合物物性的理论研究

本文利用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理赝势平面波方法研究了s-III型水分子笼状结构和s-III型CH4气体水合物笼状结构的晶格常数、体弹模量等基本物性参数,发现在0~2.6 GPa压强范围内两种笼状结构均可以稳定存在,晶胞体积随着压强增大而近似线性减小. s-III型CH4气体水合物中由于CH4分子间的作用力导致甲烷水合物体积发生膨胀,但是体积增大幅度较小且比较均匀,平均增幅在3.97%左右. 最后根据能带结构和电子态密度计算结果发现s-III型CH4气体水合物为绝缘体,不具有导电性.     

Origin and nature of cold seep in northeastern Dongsha area, South China Sea: Evidence from chimney-like seep carbonates

The occurrence of seep carbonates is one of the characteristic features for cold seep sites at continental margins.The carbonates documented the venting history of methane-rich fluid.Compared to the chemoherm carbonates and carbonate pavements which formed on the sediment-water interface,chimney-like seep carbonates precipitated around fluid conduits below the sediment-water interface therefore better recording information of the past fluid flow and composition.Here the chimney-like seep carbonate samples from the northeastern Dongsha area of the South China Sea were studied to understand the origin and nature of the venting fluids and their potential relationship with gas hydrate deposits underneath the seafloor.Based on the occurrence,morphology,petrology,mineralogy and C-and O-isotope compositions,combined with present and past bottom water temperatures and the timing of methane release events,the oxygen isotopic fractionation between calcite and water were used to estimate the equilibriumδ18O values of the precipitating fluids.Theδ13C values ranging from 56.33‰to 42.70‰V-PDB and thus clearly show that the studied chimneys were mainly derived from biogenic methane oxidation.The calculated equilibriumδ18O values of the precipitating fluids ranged from 1.9‰0.3‰to 0.6‰0.3‰V-SMOW,with an average of 1.4‰0.3‰V-SMOW which is heavier than those of seawater even at the last glacial maximum.It is considered that the formation of chimney-like carbonates was closely related to methane hydrate dissociation in the area.The methane hydrates contributed as much as45.7%of water to the venting fluids.It is suggested that the climate and environmental changes(e.g.sea-level lowering,down-cutting canyons and mass wasting)are the major mechanisms maybe responsible for the destabilization of methane hydrates in the study area.The extensive occurrence of seep carbonates indicates that a large amount of the methane released from methane hydrate dissociation has been effectively captured and sequestered by microbial anaerobic oxidation of methane(AOM)before it escapes into the water column.     

Complex gas hydrate from the Cascadia margin

Natural gas hydrates are a potential source of energy and may play a role in climate change and geological hazards. Most natural gas hydrate appears to be in the form of 'structure I', with methane as the trapped guest molecule, although 'structure II' hydrate has also been identified, with guest molecules such as isobutane and propane, as well as lighter hydrocarbons. A third hydrate structure, 'structure H', which is capable of trapping larger guest molecules, has been produced in the laboratory, but it has not been confirmed that it occurs in the natural environment. Here we characterize the structure, gas content and composition, and distribution of guest molecules in a complex natural hydrate sample recovered from Barkley canyon, on the northern Cascadia margin. We show that the sample contains structure H hydrate, and thus provides direct evidence for the natural occurrence of this hydrate structure. The structure H hydrate is intimately associated with structure II hydrate, and the two structures contain more than 13 different hydrocarbon guest molecules. We also demonstrate that the stability field of the complex gas hydrate lies between those of structure II and structure H hydrates, indicating that this form of hydrate is more stable than structure I and may thus potentially be found in a wider pressure-temperature regime than can methane hydrate deposits.     

水合物沉积物试验岩样制备及力学性质研究

水合物沉积物现场取心及原位力学试验技术难度大、成本高,室内制备岩样是目前对其力学性质研究的主要手段。采用三轴压力室内直接合成和混合制样两种方法,分别以覆膜砂和膨润土为基质试验制备水合物沉积物岩样,并进行三轴压缩力学试验。结果表明:尽管沉积物中水合物对基质骨架颗粒存在一定胶结作用,但水合物沉积物的力学性质仍主要由基质的性质决定,覆膜砂基质水合物沉积物的力学性质明显好于膨润土沉积物;水合物沉积物的强度及弹性模量随着围压的增加而增加,但泊松比与围压无明显相关性。     

考虑超孔压影响的海底能源土斜坡稳定性数值模拟和评价

水合物分解极易引起海底能源土出现超孔压现象,进而导致能源土变形,引发海底滑坡等地质灾害。本文基于热力学基本理论,并考虑水合物最终分解状态下的相态演变,以及水合物分解过程中海水对甲烷气体的溶解,修正了孔隙气体非逃逸的Grozic超孔压模型,并将修正模型应用到海底能源土斜坡稳定性分析中。研究结果表明：考虑甲烷气体在海水中的溶解,采用修正模型计算的超孔压值相比于原模型减小约26%;水合物分解过程中,相比土体强度参数软化这一不利因素,超孔压积聚对斜坡稳定性影响更为明显,因此在海底能源土斜坡稳定性分析中,必须考虑超孔压积聚这一不利因素。     

现代海底多金属硫化物矿床

海底多金属硫化物矿床是热液活动的产物 ,主要分布在东太平洋海隆、西太平洋构造活动带、西南太平洋以及大西洋中脊 ,其产出构造背景为洋中脊、弧后扩张中心及地幔热点处。该文系统地总结了现代海底多金属硫化物矿床产出的地质背景特点 ,对各地质环境中矿化的规律进行了对比 ,并对其形成机制等热点问题作了概述 ,详细介绍了矿床成因方面的新进展 ,着重阐述了海底多金属矿床的双扩散对流模式。     

考虑甲烷溶解的天然气水合物分解超孔隙水压力

天然气水合物的分解会生成大量气体和水,在土层渗透性较差的情况下,大量气体无法及时溢出,压力不易传导到外部,使土层的超孔隙水压力迅速增大,有效应力降低,同时水合物分解后其自身与沉积物的胶结作用大幅减小,导致沉积物强度降低,发生大规模变形或失稳,进而引发海底失稳等灾害。基于热力学基本理论,建立了考虑水合物分解产生的甲烷气体部分溶解的超孔隙水压力模型,并对其影响因素进行讨论,最后针对南海工况研究水合物分解对海床稳定性的影响。结果表明,水合物分解产生的超孔隙水压力随着水合物分解先迅速增大后缓慢增长最后趋于稳定;初始饱和度、塑性指数、水深、沉积物埋深、内摩擦角等是影响水合物分解产生的超孔隙水压力的关键影响因素;影响海床稳定性的关键不利因素是超孔隙水压力聚积而非土体强度弱化;生成的甲烷气体二次溶解使超孔隙水压力减小,一定程度上缓解了斜坡的滑动。     

Rifting process and formation mechanisms of syn-rift stage prolongation in the deepwater basin,northern South China Sea

Based on the latest seismic and geological data, tectonic subsidence of three seismic lines in the deepwater area of Pearl River Mouth Basin （PRMB）, the northern South China Sea （SCS）, is calculated. The result shows that the rifting process of study area is different from the typical passive continental margin basin. Although the seafloor spreading of SCS initiated at 32 Ma, the tectonic subsidence rate does not decrease but increases instead, and then decreases at about 23 Ma, which indicates that the rifting continued after the onset of seafloor spreading until about 23 Ma. The formation thickness ex- hibits the same phenomenon, that is the syn-rift stage prolonged and the post-rift thermal subsidence delayed. The formation mechanisms are supposed to be three： （1） the lithospheric rigidity of the northern SCS is weak and its ductility is relatively strong, which delayed the strain relaxation resulting from the seafloor spreading; （2） the differential layered independent extension of the lithosphere may be one reason for the delay of post-rift stage; and （3） the southward transition of SCS spreading ridge during 24 to 21 Ma and the corresponding acceleration of seafloor spreading rate then triggered the initiation of large-scale thermal subsidence in the study area at about 23 Ma.     

Potential methane reservoirs beneath Antarctica

Once thought to be devoid of life, the ice-covered parts of Antarctica are now known to be a reservoir of metabolically active microbial cells and organic carbon. The potential for methanogenic archaea to support the degradation of organic carbon to methane beneath the ice, however, has not yet been evaluated. Large sedimentary basins containing marine sequences up to 14?kilometres thick and an estimated 21,000 petagrams (1?Pg equals 10(15)?g) of organic carbon are buried beneath the Antarctic Ice Sheet. No data exist for rates of methanogenesis in sub-Antarctic marine sediments. Here we present experimental data from other subglacial environments that demonstrate the potential for overridden organic matter beneath glacial systems to produce methane. We also numerically simulate the accumulation of methane in Antarctic sedimentary basins using an established one-dimensional hydrate model and show that pressure/temperature conditions favour methane hydrate formation down to sediment depths of about 300?metres in West Antarctica and 700?metres in East Antarctica. Our results demonstrate the potential for methane hydrate accumulation in Antarctic sedimentary basins, where the total inventory depends on rates of organic carbon degradation and conditions at the ice-sheet bed. We calculate that the sub-Antarctic hydrate inventory could be of the same order of magnitude as that of recent estimates made for Arctic permafrost. Our findings suggest that the Antarctic Ice Sheet may be a neglected but important component of the global methane budget, with the potential to act as a positive feedback on climate warming during ice-sheet wastage.     

青藏高原冻土区活动带天然气水合物异常特征

通过对西大滩—安多油气地球化学剖面的研究表明：土壤样品酸解氢、酸解甲烷、酸解乙烷、酸解丙烷和热释汞异常的综合解释有助于对地下是否存在水合物做出推断;在烃类出现“负异常”时,可能是地下赋存水合物的标志。并结合前人文献初步建立了多年冻土区活动带天然气水合物的形成和地球化学勘查模式。分析认为土壤地球化学测量可用于在多年冻土区活动带探测水合物,但其异常解释不能完全照搬油气藏化探模式,必须把渗透性极差的冻土层对烃类气体向地表运移的影响考虑进去。     

冷泉水体甲烷气体浓度反演方法研究

冷泉水体中的甲烷气体浓度异常不仅是海底天然气水合物赋存的重要标志,同时对于研究海洋环境以及全球气候变化具有重要的意义。在现有海底冷泉特征分析研究的基础上,建立了根据单波束测深数据定量获取冷泉水体中的甲烷气体浓度分布的反演方法,并以鄂霍次克海千岛盆地西北陆坡冷泉区为例,利用海试获取的12 kHz和20 kHz声学回波测深数据,对研究区域内冷泉水体中的溶解甲烷浓度进行了计算。通过与冷泉水体样本的色谱分析结果进行比对可见,该反演方法的计算结果与现场实测数据具有良好的一致性,并且由于在波束角和气泡共振效应方面的优势,12 kHz测深数据对应的反演结果与实测数据更为接近。同时,相关计算结果表明,该区域内水体中的溶解甲烷主要来自于冷泉释放的甲烷游离气。此外,现场观测结果表明,水合物稳定带底界以深区域内冷泉气泡表面的水合物结壳会显著延长气泡的上浮时间和距离。     

天然气水合物藏的界定及思考

 在回顾致密气、页岩气、煤层气等非常规天然气藏定义的基础上,基于天然气水合物藏的特征,认为天然气水合物藏是指具有一定量的甲烷等气体运移到温度-压力适宜的地层,并以固态形式赋存于地层/松散沉积物中的天然气水合物资源及其与之有直接关联的天然气聚集。因此,在开展天然气水合物资源勘查与评价时,应当查明天然气水合物层下部游离气状况,存在游离气层的"固-气两层楼式"天然气水合物藏是当前有利的天然气水合物开发靶体。分析认为神狐海域天然气水合物属于"固-气两层楼式"天然气水合物藏,在进行资源评价和试采时,应该对天然气水合物层和游离气层进行统一考虑,从而有望进一步提高单井日产量和经济效益,促进天然气水合物的勘探与开发。     

SDS促进剂对甲烷水合物蓄冷量的影响

甲烷水合物蓄冷量的确定是甲烷水合物蓄冷降温技术实现工业化的关键。为探究SDS对甲烷水合物蓄冷量的影响,根据Clausius-Clapeyron方程及三参数对应态原理,建立甲烷水合物蓄冷量的计算模型。利用可视化水合物蓄冷实验系统,结合定温压力搜索法测定四组不同SDS浓度体系下甲烷水合物的相平衡条件。依据实验数据和该模型计算得到不同体系、不同相平衡参数下甲烷水合物的蓄冷量。结果表明:甲烷水合物具有较高的蓄冷密度,蓄冷量达40~60 kJ/mol;甲烷水合物的蓄冷量不但与相平衡条件有关,还与SDS的添加浓度有关。相平衡温度越高、SDS添加浓度越高,甲烷气体生成水合物时蓄冷量越低。该研究为甲烷水合物蓄冷降温系统的研制提供了参考。     

游离气作用下的渗漏型甲烷水合物形成

为了准确评估海洋水合物的资源潜力,必须研究水合物在沉积层里的形成过程。渗漏体系里往上运移的甲烷气(游离)、原位孔隙水(包括溶解气及溶解盐)与固体骨架共同作用,在动态相平衡条件下形成甲烷水合物并在孔隙里沉淀胶结,形成含水合物藏。游离气迁移能改变沉积层的地质属性,根据规律建立了多相流模型,并以南海北部为背景,以反应开始和结束两个时刻演绎了水合物形成过程中,孔隙毛细压力、渗透率、各相饱和度和盐度的联动变化关系,表明游离气含量是渗漏型水合物成藏的控制性因素之一。     

含离子液体体系甲烷水合物形成特性实验研究

实验研究了新型水合物抑制剂1-己基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐对甲烷水合物形成的抑制作用。实验结果表明,1-己基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐水溶液中甲烷水合物分解相平衡压力随着温度的升高而增大。与纯水中甲烷水合物相平衡条件相比,添加离子液体使得甲烷水合物的相平衡边界向高压和低温方向偏移。