Formation mechanism of calcium hexaluminate

To investigate the formation mechanism of calcium hexaluminate (CaAl₁₂O₁₉, CA₆), the analytically pure alumina and calcia used as raw materials were mixed in CaO/Al₂O₃ ratio of 12.57:137.43 by mass. The raw materials were ball-milled and shaped into green specimens, and fired at 1300–1600°C. Then, the phase composition and microstructure evolution of the fired specimen were studied, and a first principle calculation was performed. The results show that in the reaction system of CaO and Al₂O₃, a small amount of CA₆ forms at 1300°C, and greater amounts are formed at 1400°C and higher temperatures. The reaction is as follows: CaO·2Al₂O₃ (CA₂) + 4Al₂O₃ → CA₆. The diffusions of Ca2+ in CA₂ towards Al₂O₃ and Al3+ in Al₂O₃ towards CA₂ change the structures in different degrees of difficulty. Compared with the difficulty of structural change and the corresponding lattice energy change, it is deduced that the main formation mechanism is the diffusion of Ca2+ in CA₂ towards Al₂O₃.     

Thermostability of subtilisin nattokinase obtained by site-directed mutagenesis

To study the thermostability of Nattokinase(subtilisin NAT,NK),three double mutant plasmids(pET-28a-NKG61C/S98C,pET-28a-NKT22C/S87C,pET-28a-NKS24C/S87C)were constructed by site-directed mutagenesis.Target enzymes were detected using SDS-PAGE and disulfide bond formation was detected using Western blotting analysis.Thermostability was tested by rates of inactivation at certain temperature.The results showed that disulfide bond was not formed within two cysteines and the thermostability of three double mutants was not increased compared with the wild-type NK.The thermostability of NK performed in Ca2+was stronger than in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid(EDTA).But when the temperature reached 62℃,the enzymes rapidly denatured and inactivated even in the presence of Ca2+.Although the thermostability of mutants was not increased,this study shows a tendency of improving thermostability of NK in protein engineering.     

Cathodic behavior of molten CaCl<Subscript>2</Subscript>-CaO and CaCl<Subscript>2</Subscript>-NaCl-CaO

The cathodic behavior of molten CaCl₂, CaCl₂-CaO and equimolar CaCl₂-NaCl-CaO was studied by cyclic voltammograms and constant potential polarization at temperatures of 1123 to 1173 K on molybdenum and titanium electrodes. The diffusion coefficient of Ca²⁺ (CaO) in molten CaCl₂-CaO was calculated from the linear relationship between the square root of scan rate and the peak current density. The deposition potentials and the potential temperature coefficient of CaO in molten CaCl₂-0.5mol%CaO and CaCl₂-NaCl-0.5mol%CaO were also obtained from their cyclic voltammograms. The result shows that CaO is more easily reduced than CaCl₂. The addition of NaCl in molten CaCl₂-CaO induces the underpotential electrodeposition of CaO.     

Cardiac protective role of a novel erythrocyte-derived depressing factor on rats and its Ca^2＋ mechanism

The cardiac protective role of a novel erythro-cyte-derived depressing factor (EDDF) on spontaneous hy-pertensive rats (SHR), calcium overload (CaO) rats and Wistar rats and its mechanism was evaluated. Mean artery pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR) and LVdp/dtmax were measured by physiological recorder. The effect of EDDF on the Ca2+-ATPase activity in myocardial sarcoplasmic reticu-lum (SR) of CaO rats was determined by inorganic phos-phate assay. Calcium transport in myocytes was measured by 45Ca2+ radioactive isotope measurement. The phosphoryla-tion levels of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases (ERK1/2) in myocardial tissue of SHR and CaO rats were measured by Western blot method. And the ultrastructures of cardiac muscle cells were observed with the transmission electron microscope. The results indicated that EDDF could significantly decrease MAP, HR and LVdp/dtmax in a dose dependent manner (P < 0.05). It seems that the mechanism might relate with activating the Ca2+-APTase, enhancing the uptake and release of Ca2+ from SR (P < 0.05), decreasing the phosphorylation levels of ERK1/2 of myocytes (P < 0.01) and lightening the ultrastructural lesion of cardiac muscle cells. In CaO rats, the Ca2+-ATPase activity decreased clearly com-pared to control (64.99 7.16 vs 94.48 7.68 nmol·min-1 ·mg-1 protein, P < 0.01), while EDDF (100 mg/mL) could significantly increase the activity (87.93 ?9.54 vs 64.99 ?7.16, P < 0.05, n = 7). Both uptake and release rate of Ca2+ (祄ol 45Ca2+/g protein/min) from myocardial SR of CaO rats re-markably decreased compared to control (32.40 ?2.70 and 15.46 ?1.49 vs 61.09 ?10.89 and 25.47 ?4.29, P < 0.05); EDDF (100 mg/mL) could significantly stimulate their activi-ties (50.48 6.76 and 21.76 2.75 vs 32.40 2.70 and 15.46 1.49, P < 0.05). EDDF could evidently down-regulate the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in myocardial tissue from SHR and CaO rats (P < 0.01), lighten the ultrastructural lesion of cardiac muscle cells of SHR as well. It is concluded that EDDF seems to play protective roles on both structure and function of heart, which closely related with amelioration of Ca2+ transport and inhibition of Ca2+-MAP kinase pathway.     

Action mechanisms of a new erythrocyte-derived depressing factor

To investigate the action mechanisms of a new erythrocyte-derived depressing factor (EDDF), the focus is placed on the effect of EDDF on both cytosolic and nuclear free calcium (Ca²⁺) transportation in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC), as well as the apoptosis and cell cycle of VSMC of rats. EDDF has been extracted from human erythrocytes. The changes of Ca²⁺ levels in cytoplasm ([Ca²⁺]_i) and nucleus ([Ca²⁺]_n) have been observed using a laser scanning confocal microscope together with fluo-3/AM as a calcium indicator. Flow cytometric technique was used to study the effect of EDDF on cell cycle and apoptosis of VSMC. [Ca²⁺], and [Ca²⁺]_n were significantly decreased through several different pathways: ( i ) it reduced the Ca²⁺ influx by blocking L-type voltage-dependent calcium channel (L-VDC) and R-type voltage-dependent calcium channel (R-VDC); (ii) it inhibited the Ca²⁺ release from inositol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate (IP₃) sensitive calcium store; and (iii) activated Ca²⁺-ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and promoted the transportation of Ca²⁺ from cytoplasm to SR. However, EDDF seemed to have little inhibitory effect on the Ca²⁺ release from ryonodine sensitive calcium pool. It was also found that EDDF (10⁻⁴ g/mL) significantly decreased the proportion of S phase of human umbilical vein (HUV) and inhibited the proliferation of VSMC induced by angiotensin II (Angll, 10⁻⁵ mol/L). The apopotosis did not occur when VSMC was cultured under normal condition. While VSMC apoptosis was induced by Angll (10⁻⁵ mol/L) and EDDF (10⁻⁴ g/mL) seemed to have little effect on it. The inhibitory effect of EDDF on the elevation of [Ca²⁺]_i and [Ca²⁺]_n of VSMC might play an essential role in its action mechanisms and the ways it affects the Ca²⁺ handling of VSMC demonstrate that EDDF was different from other endogenous blood pressure regulators and some known antihypertensive drugs. EDDF could inhibit the proliferation of VSMC, which indicated that it might be beneficial to the prevention and treatment of hypertension and arteriosclerosis.     

Magma mixing in upper mantle: Evidence from high Mg<Superscript>#</Superscript> olivine hosted melt inclusions in MORBs near East Pacific Rise 13°N

Early formed high-Mg^# olivine phenocrysts during evolution of MORB magmas usually host melt inclusions, which record im-portant information about the early-stage evolution of magma. Five MORB samples from near East Pacific Rise (EPR) 13°N vary little in K/Ti (0.07–0.12), Tb/Lu (1.72–1.84) and Sm/Nd (0.310–0.332) and have similar REEs patterns, indicating that depleted upper mantle has similar mineral composition. Sixty-five initial melt inclusions derived by correcting olivine fractionation and “FeO-Loss” show averagely higher MgO contents than their host rocks. Melt inclusions have higher CaO/Al₂O₃ ratios than their host rocks, and these CaO/Al₂O₃ ratios are positively and negatively correlated with MgO and Na₂O respectively, suggesting that these magmas have experienced high pressure crystallization of clinopyroxene. Average crystallization pressure, which is calculated based on the pressure dependence of clinopyroxene crystallization, is 0.83–0.25 GPa, and implys that these melt inclusions are averagely trapped in mantle depth of ~24 km. These melt inclusions show negative correlations of Ca₈/Al₈ and Na₈ with Fe₈, and wider ranges of Ca₈/Al₈, Na₈, Fe₈ and K/Ti than their host rocks, suggesting that these melt inclusions formed by mixing magmas of different melting degrees and depths. According to the average value and ranges of Ca₈/Al₈, Na₈, Fe₈ and K/Ti, these magmas would necessitate other mixing ends in shallow crust except in upper mantle. The compositional diversity of melt inclusions in MORBs phenocrysts cannot always be used to indicate magma mixing and crystallization in shallow crust, and melt inclusions in high Mg^# olivine formed under mantle pressure must be excluded in study of the magma process at crustal level. This study shows that, in EPR, MORBs have experienced mixing of magmas formed by different melting degrees and depths in the mantle.     

羟基磷灰石/钛网状复合材料的制备及其性能

以Ca(OH)2和H3PO4为反应物,通过溶胶-凝胶法制备了羟基磷灰石(HA)粉体;用机械混合法制备了TiH2包覆HA的粉体;用热压法制备了纯HA陶瓷材料及HA/Ti复合材料.XRD相分析结果表明:通过溶胶-凝胶法制备的HA粉体,经过900℃煅烧2 h后,粉体的主晶相为HA,有少量的CaO;HA/TiH2包覆粉末经1 050℃热压后,复合材料中的主要相是HA和Ti,同时出现了Ca2P2O7和Ca3(PO4)2相.1 050℃热压的HA/25%Ti(体积分数)复合材料的断裂韧性为2.4 MPa.m-1/2,抗弯强度为54 MPa,均高于纯HA材料.显微组织的观察表明金属钛在材料中呈网状分布,网状...     

Effect of Ca on CO2 corrosion properties of X65 pipeline steel

The effect of Ca²⁺ on CO₂ corrosion to X65 pipeline steel was investigated in the simulated stratum water of an oil field containing different concentrations of Ca²⁺. It is found that Ca²⁺ can enhance the corrosion rate, especially in the Ca²⁺ concentration from 256 to 512 mg/L, which can be attributed to the growing grain size and loosing structure of corrosion scales with increasing Ca²⁺ concentration. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) investigations reveal that a complex carbonate (Fe, Ca)CO₃ forms at high Ca²⁺ concentration due to the gradual replacement of Fe²⁺ in FeCO₃ by Ca²⁺.     

Heteroseneous oxidation of carbonyl sulfide on mineral oxides

Heterogeneous oxidation of carbonyl sulfide （OCS） on mineral oxides including SiO2, Fe2O3, CaO, MgO, ZnO and TiO2, which are the main components of atmospheric particles, were investigated using in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy （in situ DRIFTS）, ion chromatography （IC）, temperature-programmed desorption （TPD）, X-ray diffraction （XRD） and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller （BET） methods. The main products and intermediates of the heterogeneous oxidation of OCS on these oxides were identified with in situ DRIFTS and IC. The reaction mechanism and kinetics were also discussed. It is found that the reaction mechanism on these mineral oxides is the same as that on Al2O3 for the same final products and the intermediates at room temperature. Namely, OCS can be catalytically oxidized to produce surface SO4^2- species and gaseous CO2 through the surface hydrogen thiocarbonate （HSCO2-） and HSO; species. The activity series for heterogeneous oxidation of OCS follows： Al2O3 ≈ CaO 〉 MgO 〉 TiO2 ≈ ZnO 〉 Fe2O3 〉 SiO2. The specific area, basic hydroxyl and surface basicity of these oxides have effect on the reactivity. This study suggests that heterogeneous reactions of OCS on mineral dust may be an unneglectable sink of OCS.     

The new sideway of CNTF signal transduction pathway

The action of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) on intercellular free Ca²⁺ concentrations [Ca²⁺]_i induced by glutamate (Glu) in primary cultured hippocampal neurons were detected with Fura2/AM, a Ca²⁺-sensitive fluorophore, and the morphological influence of G-protein on it was objected. Glu could induce rapid increase of [Ca²⁺]_i in hippocampal neurons. CNTF had no significant action on [Ca²⁺]_i in resting hippocampal neurons. However, after incubation of CNTF for 5 min, the increase of [Ca²⁺]_i in hippocampal neurons rapidly induced by Glu was inhibited. Pretussis toxin (PTX)-sensitive G protein could block the action. These results indicate that a new non-genomic rapid sideway might exist in the upper stream of CNTF signal transduction pathway, which was related to Ca²⁺ signal transduction. Keywords:     

物料配比对铝酸钙炉渣浸出和自粉性能的影响

将CaO,SiO2和Al2O3按不同配比混合,在1 500℃煅烧1 h、降温速度为5℃/min下合成了铝酸钙炉渣,主要物相为-γ2CaO.SiO2和12CaO.7Al2O3;并通过XRD和马尔文激光粒度仪研究了铝酸钙炉渣的C/A(除去和SiO2结合成2CaO.SiO2之外的n(CaO)/n(Al2O3))和A/S(w(Al2O3)/w(SiO2))对其物相组成和自粉性能的影响.结果表明:炉渣的C/A<1.5时有难浸物质钙铝黄长石2CaO.Al2O3.SiO2生成,降低了炉渣的浸出率和自粉性能,提高C/A可以消除其生成,C/A=1.6~1.9时,炉渣的浸出和自粉性能良好.炉渣的A/S对物相组成影...     

Ca2+ signals induced from calcium stores in pancreatic islet β cells

In single rat pancreatic β cells, using fura-2 microfluorometry to measure [Ca²⁺]i response upon different stimuli, the ways of calcium regulation have been studied. When the extracellular calcium concentration was 2.5 mmol/L, either 60 mmol/L KCl, 20 mmol/L D-glucose or 0.1 mmol/L tolbutamide induced increase in [Ca²⁺]i. Such increase in [Ca²⁺]i was absent when the same stimuli were applied under zero extracellular calcium. These results indicate that the increase of [Ca²⁺]i is induced by the activation of voltage-dependent calcium channels in β cells. The manifold forms of [Ca²⁺]i change induced by glucose imply that the effects of glucose are complex. 5 mmol/L caffeine or 5 mmol/L MCh increase the [Ca²⁺]i, which is independent of the external calcium, suggesting that [Ca²⁺]i can be regulated by Ca²⁺ release from not only the IP₃-sensitive but also the ryanodine sensitive calcium stores in β cells. The latency of Ca responses for IP₃ pathway (5 s) is faster than that for ryanodine pathway (30 s). It is concluded that there are multiple calcium stores in rat pancreatic β cells.     

A dynamic model of calcium signaling in mast cells and LTC4 release induced by mechanical stimuli

Mast cells （MCs） play an important role in theimmune system. It is known that mechanical stimuli caninduce intracellular Ca2＋ signal and release a variety ofmediators, including leukotriene C4 （LTC4）, leading toother cellular and physiological changes. In this paper, wepresent a mathematical model to explore signalling path-ways in MCs, by including cellular mechanisms for intra-cellular Ca2＋ increase and LTC4 release in response tomechanical stimuli, thapsigargin （TG, SERCA pumpinhibitor）, and LTC4 stimuli. We show that （i） mechanicalstimuli activate mechano-sensitive ion channels and induceinward ion fluxes and Ca2＋ entry which increases intra-cellular Ca2＋ concentration and releases LTC4; （ii） TGinhibits SERCA pumps, empties the internal Ca2＋ stores,which activates Ca2＋ release-activated Ca2＋ channels andresults in sustained intracellular Ca2＋ increase; and （iii）LTC4 activates receptors on MCs surface and increasesintracellular Ca2＋ concentration. Our results are consistentwith experimental observations, and furthermore, they alsoreveal that mechanical stimuli can increase intracellularCa2＋ even when LTC4 release is blocked, which suggests afeed forward loop involved in LTC4 production. This studymay facilitate our understanding of the mechanotransduc-tion process in MCs and provide a useful modeling tool forquantitatively analyzing immune mechanisms involvingMCs.     

低碱度钢渣基油井及地热井胶凝材料的研究——Ⅰ低碱度钢渣的化学成分、矿物组成和矿相特征

通过化学分析、XRD、OM研究了低碱度钢渣的化学成分、矿物组成和矿相特征及其内在联系 ,建立了低碱度钢渣的分类概念。低碱度钢渣是指碱度小于 2 .4,以橄榄石、镁蔷薇辉石、RO相、硅酸二钙为主要矿物的钢渣     

Study on NiO/Fe interface with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Different monolayers (ML) of Fe atoms were deposited on NiO (001) substrates or NiO underlayers using molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), pulse laser deposition (PLD), and magnetron sputtering (MS). The magnetic properties and microstructure of the films were studied. The apparent magnetic dead layer (MDL) is found to exist at the NiO/Fe interfaces of the MBE sample (about 2 ML MDL), the PLD sample (about 3 ML MDL), and the MS sample (about 4 ML MDL). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicates the presence of ionic Fe (Fe2+ or Fe3+) and metallic Ni at the NiO/Fe interfaces, which may be due to the chemical reactions between Fe and NiO layers. This also leads to the formation of MDL. The thickness of the MDL and the reaction products are related with the deposition energy of the atoms on the substrates. The interfacial reactions are effectively suppressed by inserting a thin Pt layer at the NiO/Fe interface.     

Synthesis and luminescence properties of Ca2SiO4-based red phosphors with Sm3+ doping for white LEDs

Sm³⁺-activated Ca₂SiO₄ red phosphors were prepared by the conventional high-temperature solid-state reaction method, and the effects of sodium (Na⁺) and samarium (Sm³⁺) ions doping concentrations on their crystal structure and luminescent properties were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and fluorescent spectrofluorometer. XRD patterns demonstrate that a well-crystalline structure forms in the phosphors when they are treated by calcination at 1200°C for 4 h, and the excitation spectra exhibit good absorption in the range between 350 and 420 nm. Under the irradiation of 405 nm near-ultraviolet (NUV) light, the spectra of the phosphors show a main emission peak at 601 nm attributed to the ⁴G_5/2??⁶H_7/2 transition of Sm³⁺ ions, and its intensity is greatly influenced by the concentrations of Sm³⁺ and Na₂CO₃. When the concentrations of Sm³⁺ ions and Na₂CO₃ are 2mol% and 6mol%, respectively, the optimal emission intensity can be obtained. From strong absorption in the near ultraviolet zone, the Na_0.06Sm_0.02Ca_1.92SiO₄ phosphor is a promising red-emitting phosphor for white light emitting diodes (W-LEDs).     

蛇足石杉的组织培养初探

针对蛇足石杉资源分散,资源更新周期长,难以大规模开采的情况,初步探讨了蛇足石杉的组织培养技术.以蛇足石杉茎尖为外植体,分别在1/2MS+0.05 μmol/L IBA+1.4 μmol/L KT+2 mg/L谷氨酰胺、MS+0.05 μmol/L IBA+1.4 μmol/L KT+2 mg/L谷氨酰胺、1/2MS+2 mg/L谷氨酰胺/无激素、MS+2 mg/L谷氨酰胺/无激素等4种培养基中培养.结果显示:较为适宜的初代培养基为2号培养基,即MS+0.05 μmol/L IBA+1.4μ mol/L KT+2 mg/L谷氨酰胺.在组织培养工作中,污染问题比较严重,本实验中,采用了以下2种方法对外植体进行消毒：（1）70%酒精浸泡1 min→5% NaOCl浸泡1 min→7%H₂O₂浸泡10 min;（2）0.1%升汞液灭菌3’ →无菌水冲洗5次.结果显示第2种方法比较理想.     

Mechanisms of peroxynitrite-induced [Ca2+]i increase in single neuronal cell

The mechanism of peroxynitrite (ONOO⁻)-induced [ca²⁺]_i increase in single MN9D cell (Dopaminergic neuroblastoma cell line) was studied by using Fura-2 microfluorometric technique. The results show that ONOO⁻ caused a rapid increase of [Ca²⁺]_i when ONOO₋ was puffed to the cell. Removing Ca²⁺ from the bath or using calcium channel antagonist (CdCl₂, Nifedipine) greatly inhibited the [Ca²⁺]_i increase induced by ONOO⁻¹, suggesting that the opening of L-Ca²⁺ channel makes a great contribution to the [Ca²⁺]_i increase. The effect of sulfhydryl reductive agent (DTT) on ONOO⁻-induced [Ca²⁺]_i increase suggests that ONOO⁻-activating L-Ca²⁺ channel is partly related to its oxidative speciality.     

LF精炼废渣中硫赋存形式的研究

以CaO,SiO2和A12O3为主要原料,分别制备了CaO-A12O3二元和CaO-SiO2-A12O3三元渣样,分析了炉渣通过水冷及随炉冷却时渣中硫的赋存形式.研究结果表明:在12CaO·7A12O3为基体的CaO-A12O3二元渣中,硫在水冷及随炉冷却时主要以11CaO·7A12O3·CaS固溶体的形式存在;在CaO-SiO2-A12O3三元渣中,当A12O3的含量较低时,硫在水冷及随炉冷却时均以CaS的形式存在;当A12O3的含量较高时,硫在水冷时以CaS的形式存在,但在随炉冷却时则以11CaO·7A12O3·CaS固溶体的形式存在.通过改变成分和冷却方式可以控制精炼废渣中硫的赋存形式.     

Heat and hyposmotic stimulation increase in [Ca^2＋]i by Ca^2＋ influx in rat synoviocytes

Rheumatoid arthritis （RA）, which is marked by inflammatory synovitis, is a common, chronic autoimmune-disease, whose pathogenesis is complex and still unclear. In order to explore the effects of heat and hyposmotic stimuli on synoviocytes in rheumatoid arthritis, the changes of [Ca^2＋]i induced by heat, hyposmotic and 4α-PDD stimuli were observed in synoviocytes. [Ca^2＋]i elevation induced by heat 28℃, hyposmotic and 4α-PDD stimuli is found to be positively relative to increasing temperature, decreasing osmolality and rising concentration of 4α-PDD. Results show that there is reciprocity among these stimuli and desensitization, and that [Ca^2＋]i elevation depends on Ca^2＋ influx, but not necessarily links to Ca^2＋ release from intracellular stores and voltage-dependent Ca^2＋ channel in synoviocytes. The above characteristics of Ca^2＋ influx are similar to those of TRPV4. A probable mechanism has been suggested that heat and hyposmotic stimulation might increase the level of [Ca^2＋]i by activating the TRPV4-like channel and Ca^2＋ influx in the synoviocytes.