Pretreatment of copper-bearing refractory gold ores by bio-heap leaching

The refractory gold ores associated with rich copper and trapped in pyrite and quartz were studied. With conventional technique (all-sliming cyanidation), the gold recovery rate is only 51.78%. To eliminate the negative effects of copper and pyrite on cyanidation and increase the gold recovery rate, the investigation on bio-heap leaching pretreatment was made, by which Cu would be dissolved and gold would be liberated from pyrite. The experiment adopted mixed bacteria, mainly Thiobacillus ferrooxidan (named T. f1), as the bacterial catalyst for bio-preconditioning and was carried out in a PVC column with a diameter of 20 cm and a height of 1.3 m loaded with gold ores. The temperature was controlled between 28 and 30℃, the pH value was kept between 2.0-2.5,and the flux of sprinkling bacterial liquid was maintained 0.80 L/h. After 45-day's bio-oxidization, among the samples sizing from 0to 5 mm, the oxidation rates of Cu, Fe and S were respectively 44.62%, 28.16% and 25.46%, and the gold recovery rate by cyaniding increased to 80.35%. The bio-heap leaching pretreatment can therefore effectively dissolve Cu and liberate gold from pyrite and lead to the increase of gold extraction.     

含铜难处理金矿选择性浸出试验研究

针对某含铜难处理金矿进行了碘化法和石硫合剂(lime sulfur synthetic solution,LSSS)法的选择性浸金的研究。结果表明,在碘单质质量浓度为8g/L,浸出时间为2h的条件下,碘化法浸出金的浸出率为88.1%,而且铜的浸出率不足1%。在石硫合剂质量分数为25%,浸出时间为6h的条件下,LSSS法浸出金的浸出率仅为73.5%。对比碘化浸出和石硫合剂浸出效果可知,碘化法对该含铜难处理金矿不仅浸出速度快、浸出率高而且铜几乎不被浸出,具有很强的选择性浸金作用。     

含砷难浸金矿次氯酸钠一步法浸金理论与技术

简单地评述了含砷难浸金矿处理技术的方法和特点,对次氯酸钠浸金的一步法问题进行了初步的讨论,并对次氯酸钠浸金的基础理论作了综述。     

难处理金矿的加工方法

为确定难处理金矿的加工方法,在对矿样的的化学成分、粒度分布、赋存状态分析的基础上,进行了相关的浮选条件实验,确定了矿样的最佳浮选工艺流程和参数,并进行了浮选开路实验。结果表明：浮选精矿中的金的回收率为50.97%,金品位为8.75 g/t,精矿中金的回收率和品位都较低,说明该矿样不宜用浮选方法获取精矿,可以考虑用其他方法提金。     

从难处理金矿中回收金:黄铁矿对硫脲浸金体系稳定性的影响

The extraction of gold from refractory gold ores (RGOs) without side reactions is an extremely promising endeavor. However, most RGOs contain large amounts of sulfide, such as pyrite. Thus, investigation of the influence of sulfide on the gold leaching process is important to maximize the utilization of RGOs. In this work, the effects of pyrite on the stability of the thiourea system were systematically investigated under different conditions. Results showed that the decomposition rate of thiourea was accelerated sharply in the presence of pyrite. The effect of pyrite on gold recovery in thiourea leaching systems was then confirmed via a series of experiments. The decomposition efficiency of thiourea decreased by 40% and the recovery efficiency of gold increased by 56% after the removal of sulfide by roasting. Under optimal conditions, the efficiency of the gold recovery system increased to 83.69% and only 57.92% of thiourea decomposition was observed. The high consumption of thiourea by the leaching system may be attributed to not only adsorption by mineral particles but also catalytic decomposition by some impurities in the ores, such as pyrite and soluble ferric oxide.     

Recovery of gold from refractory gold ores: Effect of pyrite on the stability of the thiourea leaching system

The extraction of gold from refractory gold ores(RGOs) without side reactions is an extremely promising endeavor. However, most RGOs contain large amounts of sulfide, such as pyrite. Thus, investigation of the influence of sulfide on the gold leaching process is important to maximize the utilization of RGOs. In this work, the effects of pyrite on the stability of the thiourea system were systematically investigated under different conditions. Results showed that the decomposition rate of thiourea was accelerated sharply in the presence of pyrite. The effect of pyrite on gold recovery in thiourea leaching systems was then confirmed via a series of experiments. The decomposition efficiency of thiourea decreased by 40% and the recovery efficiency of gold increased by 56% after the removal of sulfide by roasting. Under optimal conditions, the efficiency of the gold recovery system increased to 83.69% and only 57.92% of thiourea decomposition was observed. The high consumption of thiourea by the leaching system may be attributed to not only adsorption by mineral particles but also catalytic decomposition by some impurities in the ores, such as pyrite and soluble ferric oxide.     

Biooxidation-thiosulfate leaching of refractory gold concentrate

A process of biooxidation followed by thiosulfate leaching of gold from refractory gold concentrate was investigated. Mineralogical studies on the concentrate showed that very fine gold grains(10 μm) were encapsulated in pyrite and arsenopyrite, while the proportion of monomer gold was only 21%. The gold-bearing sample was identified as a high-sulfur fine-sized wrapped-type refractory gold concentrate.The gold leaching efficiency obtained by direct cyanidation was only 59.86%. After biooxidation pretreatment, the sulfide minerals were almost completely decomposed, 92 wt% of the mineral particles of the biooxidation residue were decreased to 38 μm, and the proportion of monomer gold in the biooxidation residue was over 86%. Meanwhile, the gold content in the biooxidation residue was enriched to 55.60 g/t,and the S, Fe, and As contents were reduced to approximately 19.8 wt%, 6.97 wt%, and 0.13 wt%, respectively. Ammoniacal thiosulfate was used for gold extraction from the biooxidation residue of the refractory gold concentrate. The results showed that the optimal reagent conditions were 0.18 M thiosulfate, 0.02 M copper(II), 1.0 M ammonia, and 0.24 M sulfite. Under these conditions, a maximum gold leaching efficiency of 85.05% was obtained.     

Extraction of copper from copper-bearing biotite by ultrasonic-assisted leaching

Copper-bearing biotite is a refractory copper mineral found on the surface of the Zambian Copperbelt. Biotite is a copper oxide from which copper is extracted by various methods, especially by leaching. Leaching is the process of extracting a substance from a solid material dissolved in a liquid. To improve the efficiency of the leaching process by a more effective method, a new method called ultrasonic-assisted acid leaching is proposed and applied in this study. Compared with regular acid leac...     

表面活性剂强化铜矿石浸出

为了解决铜矿石浸出速度慢、浸出率低的问题,在浸出液中加入表面活性剂进行摇瓶试验.通过测量浸出前后溶液表面张力以及铜浸出率,考察了三种不同类型的表面活性剂对铜矿石浸出的影响.研究发现溶液表面张力对矿石浸出影响较大,阴离子表面活性剂的强化浸出作用最为明显,铜浸出率达62.5%.在柱浸试验中,添加阴离子表面活性剂使铜浸出率提高了近10%.利用物理化学和渗流力学对表面活性剂强化浸出机理的分析表明,溶液表面张力和表面活性剂在矿石表面的吸附对矿石表面润湿作用影响较大,表面活性剂在浸出液的持久性也是影响浸出的因素之一.     

Process mineralogy characteristics of acid leaching residue produced in low-temperature roasting-acid leaching pretreatment process of refractory gold concentrates

To provide a theoretical basis for a suitable process to extract gold from refractory gold concentrates, process mineralogy on the acid leaching residue of gold calcine was studied by chemical composition, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy-energy spectrum, and mineral dissociation analysis. The results showed that the acid leaching residue contained Au 68.22 g/t, Ag 92.71 g/t, Fe 0.44%, As 0.10%, and S 0.55%. Gold and silver minerals existed as native gold, argentite, and proustite. Quartz, the main gangue mineral, accounted for 78.33wt/%. The dissociation degree analysis showed that the proportions of monomer and exposed gold in acid leaching residue were 96.66wt%. The cyanidation results showed that the cyanide gold leaching rate of acid leaching residues was close to 100wt%. However, the maximum cyanide gold leaching rate of gold calcine was only 85.31wt%. This suggests that acid leaching can increase the gold dissolution rate in the cyanide process.     

Study on gold concentrate leaching by iodine-iodide

Gold extraction by iodine-iodide solution is an effective and environment-friendly method. In this study, the method using iodine-iodide for gold leaching is proved feasible through thermodynamic calculation. At the same time, experiments on flotation gold concentrates were carried out and encouraging results were obtained. Through optimizing the technological conditions, the attained high gold leaching rate is more than 85%. The optimum process conditions at 25℃ are shown as follows: the initial iodine concentration is 1.0%, the iodine-to-iodide mole ratio is 1:8, the solution pH value is 7, the liquid-to-solid mass ratio is 4:1, the leaching time is 4 h, the stirring intensity is 200 r/mim, and the hydrogen peroxide consumption is 1%.     

纤维硼镁矿的盐酸浸取动力学

以分段处理的方法,将纤维硼镁矿的盐酸浸取反应视作拟一级化学反应。把反应分成0—50%、50—70%及>70%三段,分别求得反应速率常数和表观活化能。当温度<80℃时,反应始终属化学反应控制;当温度>80℃时,反应前期系受液-固两相界面的传质速率控制,后期则仍属化学反应控制。这对确定生产操作条件具有重要的实践意义。     

Aerosol flotation of low-grade refractory molybdenum ores

The characteristics of aerosol flotation, which include the effect of the concentration and particle size of kerosene aerosol on the molybdenum (Mo) flotation index and the effect of kerosene aerosol dosing method on the kerosene dosage and flotation time, were studied in the flotation of low-grade refractory molybdenum ores using kerosene aerosol. The results revealed that the particle size and concentration of kerosene aerosol had little effect on the Mo grade but had significant effect on the Mo recovery. A smaller particle size and a lower concentration of kerosene aerosol were beneficial to the Mo aerosol flotation. For the received Mo ore samples, the optimized particle size of kerosene aerosol was 0.3-2 μm and the optimized aerosol concentration was 14 mg/L. The compressed air atomizer had a more uniform distribution of aerosol particles than the ultrasonic atomizer, and the aerosol concentration was controlled easily, so the compressed air atomizer was more suitable for the research of aerosol flotation. Compared with conventional flotation in which kerosene was directly added into the ore pulp, the flotation time was reduced by ~30%, and the dosage was decreased by ~20% in aerosol flotation, while the Mo flotation index was similar.     

Preparation of manganese sulfate from low-grade manganese carbonate ores by sulfuric acid leaching

In this study, a method for preparing pure manganese sulfate from low-grade ores with a granule mean size of 0.47 mm by direct acid leaching was developed. The effects of the types of leaching agents, sulfuric acid concentration, reaction temperature, and agitation rate on the leaching efficiency of manganese were investigated. We observed that sulfuric acid used as a leaching agent provides a similar leaching efficiency of manganese and superior selectivity against calcium compared to hydrochloric acid. The optimal leaching conditions in sulfuric acid media were determined; under the optimal conditions, the leaching efficiencies of Mn and Ca were 92.42% and 9.61%, respectively. Moreover, the kinetics of manganese leaching indicated that the leaching follows the diffusion-controlled model with an apparent activation energy of 12.28 kJ·mol-1. The purification conditions of the leaching solution were also discussed. The results show that manganese dioxide is a suitable oxidant of ferrous ions and sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate is an effective precipitant of heavy metals. Finally, through chemical analysis and X-ray diffraction analysis, the obtained product was determined to contain 98% of MnSO₄·H₂O.     

含稀土磷矿酸解动力学及稀土浸出机理

对织金新华含稀土磷矿酸解过程动力学及稀土浸出机理进行了研究.结果表明:∑REO转化率动力学曲线与P2O5转化率动力学曲线变化趋势相近,即随着温度和溶液酸度的升高,稀土的转化率提高;∑REO的酸解动力学可用德罗兹多夫方程来很好的描述,拟合曲线的相关系数在0.99以上.根据Arrhenius方程对磷矿酸解过程P2O5的反应表观活化能计算表明,织金新华磷矿酸解的主要反应为固态膜扩散控制过程,而稀土在磷矿中的类质同象存在形态也决定了其反应属于固态膜扩散控制过程.织金新华磷矿酸解过程稀土的浸出机理分析表明,稀土主要以RE2(SO4)3形式存在于溶液中,而磷石膏中的稀土以RE2(SO4)3和硫酸钙晶体包裹的形式存在.     

Bacterial leaching of discarded copper ores from Yongping,China

The elementary and phase analysis of discarded copper ores from Yongping of China has been performed. The experiments of extracting copper from the discarded copper ores were done with the mixed bacteria obtained through a series of enrichment,separation, domestication and combination tests. The results show that in the process of bioleaching, the pH value rises at first and drops gradually. The E_h value keeps rising along with the time and the appropriate E_h value varying between 750 and 800 mV will benefit the bioleaching copper. The high concentration of ferric ions is detrimental to the bioleaching copper. The results of bioleaching copper are good. That is, the copper recovery is 31.8% after 27 days.     

硅酸盐细菌的选育及其脱硅效果研究

为了找到能从高硅含量铝土矿中脱硅的细菌，利用常规微生物筛选技术，从硅酸盐肥料中筛选到3株编号为JXF-1，JXF-2，JXF-3菌株，通过形态学研究，并与标准的胶质芽孢杆菌的生化特征比较，表明JXF细菌为胶质芽孢杆菌。使用JXF-1菌株对5种不同铝硅酸盐矿物的铝土矿进行了生物脱硅条件试验研究及脱硅效果分析，表明该硅酸盐细菌具有一定的脱硅能力。     

难选高硅型氧化锌矿机械活化碱法浸出研究

针对氧化锌矿综合利用工艺的现状和不足,将处理氧化铝矿物的拜耳法移植于氧化锌矿的湿法处理过程而形成"锌拜耳法",提出氧化锌矿机械活化碱法浸出的新工艺。实验结果表明:当NaOH的用量为理论用量的3.5倍,温度为140℃,浸出时间2 h,液固比为10:1(mL/g)时,锌的浸出率达到95.1%,硅的浸出率为45.5%。氧化锌矿在高温、长时间和强机械活化作用下生成难溶产物Na2ZnSiO4是导致锌浸出率降低的主要原因。     

碘化浸金过程的基本理论

碘化浸金被证明是一种有效环保的非氰浸金方法,但金溶解过程中的基本理论目前研究很少。结合热力学数据,计算了实际的浸金体系中主要反应平衡电位,建立了可能存在的化学反应及电位和pH之间的关系式,完整地做出了实际浸金体系的V—pH图,并对碘化浸金机理进行分析。该研究为碘化浸金的工业化提供了理论指导。     

A mathematical model for column leaching of ion adsorption-type rare earth ores

Column leaching experiments with ion adsorption-type rare earth ores for different lixiviant concentrations and different column heights were carried out. A mathematical model of column leaching was constructed based on the experimental data. Two parameters(a and b)in the model were determined according to the following methodology: the ore column was divided into several units; each unit was treated with multiple leaching steps. The leaching process was simulated as a series of batch leaching experiments. Parameter a of the model was determined based on the selectivity coefficient of the balanced batch leaching experiment. Further, the influences of ammonium sulfate concentration, rare earth grade, column height, permeability coefficient, and hydrodynamic dispersion coefficient on the extraction were analyzed. Relationships between parameter b, the ammonium sulfate concentration, and the physical and mechanical properties of the ore column, were examined using dimensional analysis. It was determined that the optimal ammonium sulfate concentration for different column heights(2.5, 5.0,7.5, and 10.0 cm) using the mathematical model were 5.9, 6.2, 7.3, and 7.7 g/L, respectively. The mathematical model can be used to estimate the breakthrough curve, leaching rate, and leaching period of rare earth ores, to achieve optimal extraction.