A new model for evaluating the electrical conductivity of nonferrous slag

Electrical conductivity of molten slag is an important physicochemical property for designing the refming process in electric smelting furnaces. Though conductivities of many slag systems have been measured, the quantitative relationships of conductivity with slag composition and temperature are still very limited. In this article, the Arrhenius law was used to describe the experimental data of conductivities for CaO-MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂, CaO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂, CaO-MnO-AlEO₃-SiO₂, as well as CaO-MgO-MnO-Al₂O₃-SiO: systems, and it is found that activation energy can be expressed as a linear function of the content of components, where the optical basicity of slag must be within the range of 0.58 to 0.68.     

Effect of slag composition on the cleanliness of 28MnCr5 gear steel in the refining processes

The equilibrium reaction between CaO—Al₂O₃—SiO₂—MgO slag and 28MnCr5 molten steel was calculated to obtain the suitable slag composition which is effective for decreasing the oxygen content in molten steel. The dissolved oxygen content [O] in molten steel under different top slag conditions was calculated using a thermodynamic model and was measured using an electromotive force method in slag–steel equilibrium experiments at 1873 K. The relations among [O], the total oxygen content (T.O), and the composition of the slag were investigated. The experimental results show that both [O] and T.O decrease with decreasing SiO₂ content of the slag and exhibit different trends with the changes in the CaO/Al₂O₃ mass ratio of the slag. Increasing the CaO/Al₂O₃ mass ratio results in a decrease in [O] and an increase in T.O. To ensure that T.O ≤ 20 ppm and [O] ≤ 10 ppm, the SiO₂ content should be controlled to <5wt%, and the CaO/Al₂O₃ mass ratio should be in the range from 1.2 to 1.6.     

Thermodynamic analysis on the formation mechanism of MgO·Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> spinel type inclusions in casing steel

MgO·Al₂O₃ spinel type inclusions in casing steel were analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). The results show that there are three forms. One is pure MgO·Al₂O₃ spinel, another is the composite oxide of the Mg-Al-Ca-Si-O system, and the third is the complex with oxide as a core covered by sulfide. The formation mechanisms were studied. The influences of slag basicity and vacuum degree on the magnesium content during the vacuum treatment of molten steel and furnace lining in molten steel were calculated with the coexistence theory of slag structure. The results show that the magnesium content increases with the increase in slag basicity and aluminum content in molten steel, and decreases with the increase in CO partial pressure.     

不同碱度精炼渣系对弹簧钢夹杂物的影响

哈贝马斯对《启蒙辩证法》的否定性解读,使得该著中的拯救逻辑遭到歪曲。由哈贝马斯的解读所延伸出的对《启蒙辩证法》拯救逻辑的美学化和精神分析化的重构与阿多尔诺的哲学思想相矛盾,由此我们必须重新反思哈贝马斯的解读模式。《启蒙辩证法》并非仅仅局限于工具理性批判,它通过有规定的否定达到了对现代启蒙当中现实权力因素的内在批判,它因此并没有彻底否定启蒙也没有重新树立新的乌托邦。对自然的回忆的拯救逻辑意味着思想必须对自身展开批判,以达到重新正视社会现实中的苦难现象,从而解构抽象主体的优先地位。     

莱钢高炉合理渣系的研究

为使莱钢高炉冶炼中具有合理渣系,保障高炉长期稳定运行,对其炉渣二元碱度及MgO、Al2O3、FeO含量对炉渣黏度的影响进行研究。结果表明,为保证较低的黏度,高炉渣保持二元碱度约为1.15、w(MgO)为8%~10%较适宜;当高炉渣Al2O3含量达到一定值时,其黏度会明显提高,高炉渣中Al2O3含量最好应控制在15%以内;高炉渣黏度随着FeO含量的增加而显著降低,初渣中较高FeO含量可改善其流动性能。     

精炼渣碱度对304不锈钢中夹杂物的影响

实验室条件下模拟304不锈钢冶炼中的AOD工位,采用硅铁做终脱氧剂,选择CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO-CaF2五元渣系,考察了精炼渣碱度对304不锈钢中夹杂物的影响.实验中发现,随精炼渣碱度的增大,钢中全氧质量分数降低,夹杂物的总数、总面积和平均半径减小,说明高碱度渣对304不锈钢中的脱氧产物吸附以及对细小夹杂物的生成有利;碱度大于2的精炼渣处理效果明显优于碱度为1.5的实验渣系,建议现场采用碱度大于2的渣系处理钢液.     

82B硬线钢精炼渣和夹杂物研究

从A12O3活度和夹杂物成分两方面来研究精炼渣对夹杂物的影响．采用Factsage软件对CaO—A1203-SiO3-MgO（8％）-CaF2（8％）炉渣中A1203,活度进行了计算,并研究了碱度和（MgO）含量对A12O3度的影响．当炉渣碱度从1．0增加到2．0时,炉渣中A1203活度随着炉渣碱度的增加而降低;当炉渣碱度从2．0增加到3．8时,A1203活度变化幅度很小;（MgO）质量分数分别为5％和8％的渣,A1203活度差距较小;在碱度高的炉渣中[A1]。容易被从炉渣还原到钢水中．在使用高碱度精炼渣的盘条中发现许多含有MgO的硬性夹杂物,并对此进行了分析,最后得出最适宜的炉渣碱度为2．5—3．0．     

Dissolution of Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>TiO<Subscript>5</Subscript> inclusions in CaO-SiO<Subscript>2</Subscript>-Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> slags at 1823 K

Al-Ti-O inclusions always clog submerged nozzles in Ti-bearing Al-killed steel. A typical synthesized Al₂TiO₅ inclusion was immersed in a CaO-SiO₂-Al₂O₃ molten slag for different durations at 1823 K. The Al₂TiO₅ dissolution paths and mechanism were revealed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Decreased amounts of Ti and Al and increased amounts of Si and Ca at the dissolution boundary prove that inclusion dissolution and slag penetration simultaneously occur. SiO₂ diffuses or penetrates the inclusion more quickly than CaO, as indicated by the w(CaO)/w(SiO₂) value in the reaction region. A liquid product (containing 0.7–1.2 w(CaO)/w(SiO₂), 15wt%–20wt% Al₂O₃, and 5wt%–15wt% TiO₂) forms on the inclusion surface when Al₂TiO₅ is dissolved in the slag. Al₂TiO₅ initially dissolves faster than the diffusion rate of the liquid product toward the bulk slag. With increasing reaction time, the boundary reaches its largest distance, the Al₂TiO₅ dissolution rate equals the liquid product diffusion rate, and the dissolution process remains stable until the inclusion is completely dissolved.     

MgO对高铝高炉渣脱硫的影响及其动力学分析

随着廉价高铝铁矿石的不断使用,高炉炉渣内Al2O3含量也随之升高,这势必会影响高炉炉渣的各项冶金性能。为深入研究高铝高炉渣脱硫性能,明确MgO含量对高铝渣脱硫性能的影响,笔者通过改变高铝渣中MgO的含量,分别设定渣中MgO含量为5%、9%、13%MgO,研究不同MgO含量高炉高铝渣的脱硫性能及其脱硫动力学。结果表明:MgO含量不仅对高铝渣的黏度、脱硫能力有不同的影响,还使炉渣的脱硫速率发生了很大的改变。MgO含量越高对应的黏度越低,脱硫能力越大;但脱硫速率却表现出了不同规律,9%MgO的脱硫速率表现为最大;经过综合比较,当碱度固定为1.1、Al2O3含量固定为17%时,MgO含量为9%的炉渣同时具有较好的粘度和脱硫性能。     

Preparation of CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 system glass from molten blast furnace slag

To use the potential heat of molten blast furnace slag completely, a CaO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ system glass (MSG) was prepared from the molten industrial slag. The corresponding method proposed in this study utilized both slag and its potential heat, improving the production rate and avoiding the environmental pollution. Using appropriate techniques, an MSG with uniform color and superior performances was produced. Based on the experimental results and phase diagram, the chemical composition of MSG by mass is obtained as follows: CaO 27%–33%, SiO₂ 42%–51%, Al₂O₃ 11%–14%, MgO 6%–8%, and Na₂O+K₂O 1%–4%. Thermodynamic processes of MSG preparation were analyzed, and the phases and microstructures of MSG were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that alkali metal oxides serve as the fluxes, calcium oxide serves as the stabilizer, and alumina reinforces the Si-O network. XRD and SEM analyses show that, the prepared MSG displays the glass-feature patterns, the melting process is more complete, and the melt viscosity is lowered with an increase in calcium oxide content; however, a continuous increase in slag content induces the crystallization of glass, leading to the formation of glass subphase. The optimum content of molten slag in MSG is 67.37wt%. With respect to bending strength and acid/alkali resistance, the performance of MSG is better than that of ordinary marble.     

Activity coefficients of NiO and CoO in CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 slag and their application to the recycling of Ni-Co-Fe-based end-of-life superalloys via remelting

To design optimal pyrometallurgical processes for nickel and cobalt recycling, and more particularly for the end-of-life process of Ni-Co-Fe-based end-of-life (EoL) superalloys, knowledge of their activity coefficients in slags is essential. In this study, the activity coefficients of NiO and CoO in CaO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ slag, a candidate slag used for the EoL superalloy remelting process, were measured using gas/slag/metal equilibrium experiments. These activity coefficients were then used to consider the recycling efficiency of nickel and cobalt by remelting EoL superalloys using CaO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ slag. The activity coefficients of NiO and CoO in CaO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ slag both show a positive deviation from Raoult's law, with values that vary from 1 to 5 depending on the change in basicity. The activity coefficients of NiO and CoO peak in the slag with a composition near B=(%CaO)/(%SiO₂)=1, where B is the basicity. We observed that controlling the slag composition at approximately B=1 effectively reduces the cobalt and nickel oxidation losses and promotes the oxidation removal of iron during the remelting process of EoL superalloys.     

熔渣中铁离子的循环伏安分析

研究了电解池配置及测试参数对含FeO熔渣循环伏安曲线稳定性的影响,初步考查了熔渣中Fe2+还原行为。结果表明:采用ZrO2(MgO)管作隔离膜,集成构建含有Pt,O2(air)/ZrO2参比电极的新型管状电解池进行循环伏安测试,能清楚地观察到熔渣体系中的氧化还原峰和电化学特性,但参比电极位置、电阻补偿率、工作电极在渣中的插入深度等对循环伏安曲线有一定影响;熔渣中Fe2+的电解还原过程由扩散控制。     

Al2O3对高炉渣物化性能影响的理论分析

随着优质铁矿资源的消耗,钢铁企业可利用的铁矿原料品位逐渐降低。因此,高铝质铁矿资源越来越受到钢铁企业的关注,但高铝原料在高炉冶炼过程中会带来渣铁黏稠、炉温偏低、冶炼安全等一系列问题。本研究中采用FactSage热力学软件分析Al₂O₃质量分数对高炉渣平衡物相、熔化温度、相析出温度的影响以及高铝渣液相区变化和黏度变化,旨在为高炉冶炼高铝原料提供一定的基础支撑。研究发现：炉渣为低铝（5%～10%）含量时,随着Al₂O₃含量增加,炉渣熔化温度升高,析出相为黄长石相和纯物质相,高炉渣黏度变化不大,炉渣中SiO₂含量高,炉渣黏度过高,不适合高炉冶炼;炉渣为中铝（10%～15%）含量时,随着Al₂O₃含量增加,炉渣熔化温度升高,析出相为尖晶石相、黄长石相和纯物质相,高炉渣黏度增加幅度略有提高,Al₂O₃含量对高炉渣性质影响较小,增加炉渣二元碱度对炉渣黏度降低效果较明显;炉渣为高铝（15%～30%）含量时...     

含FeO熔渣对ZrO2固体电解质侵蚀性研究

采用热力学计算软件FactSage中的Equilib平衡计算模块,模拟研究静态条件下SiO2-CaO-Al2O3-MgO-FeO五元渣系对ZrO2材质的侵蚀特性。利用MgO稳定的ZrO2固体电解质管与碳饱和铁液以及酸性渣构建可控氧流电池,分别进行电池在开路条件与外加电势条件下的侵蚀实验,并通过SEM、EDS分析检测,讨论酸性渣可控氧流电解时ZrSiO4新相的形成机理以及对固体电解质导电性能的影响。结果表明,ZrO2的侵蚀程度随温度的升高和渣中FeO含量的增加而增加;在低碱度和高碱度条件下,熔渣与氧化锆之间分别会有ZrSiO4和CaZrO3生成;相对于静态以及开路条件,外加电势电解条件下酸性熔渣与氧化锆之间易形成新相层,从而显著增大电池内阻,阻碍氧离子迁移,但也能减轻或阻碍熔渣对ZrO2固体电解质的渗透侵蚀;可控氧流电解时酸性渣中初始FeO含量最好低于20%,碱度R最好在0.23～0.80之间。     

A model for estimating the viscosity of blast furnace slags with optical basicity

Viscosity is an important physical property of blast furnace slags and has a great influence on blast furnace operations. Because of time consumption and difficulties encountered during high temperature experimental measurement, viscosity data are also limited, so a reasonable and accurate estimation model is required to provide the data for controlling and optimizing the blast furnace process. In the present study a viscosity model was proposed for blast furnace slags. In the model the activation energy was calculated by the optical basicity corrected for cations required for the charge compensation of AlO₄5-, and the temperature dependence was described by the Weymann-Frenkel equation. The estimated viscosity values of the CaO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂, CaO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂-MgO, and CaO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂-MgO-TiO₂ systems fit well with experiment data, with the mean deviation less than 25%.     

预熔型精炼渣发泡性能实验研究

在实验室内利用中频感应炉对CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO熔渣的发泡性能进行研究，分析了熔渣组成、碱度、粘度、表面张力及助熔剂对熔渣的起泡寿命和发泡指数的影响，同时对高碱度熔渣的发泡性能进行具体分析，研究结果表明碱度在3．0（低碱度渣）和10左右（高碱度渣）、渣指数在0．3左右、Al2O3在低碱度区时含量在8％-14％和高碱度区20％-28％时熔渣具有良好的发泡性能，同时研究表明随着粘度的增加，发泡指数和发泡寿命逐渐降低；随着表面张力的增加，发泡指教和发泡寿命逐渐增加。这对于实际生产的合理配渣衣指导意义。     

Thermodynamic analysis of the carbothermic reduction of a high-phosphorus oolitic iron ore by FactSage

A thermodynamic analysis of the carbothermic reduction of high-phosphorus oolitic iron ore (HPOIO) was conducted by the FactSage thermochemical software. The effects of temperature, C/O ratio, additive types, and dosages both on the reduction of fluorapatite and the formation of liquid slag were studied. The results show that the minimum thermodynamic reduction temperature of fluorapatite by carbon decreases to about 850°C, which is mainly ascribed to the presence of SiO₂, Al₂O₃, and Fe. The reduction rate of fluorapatite increases and the amount of liquid slag decreases with the rise of C/O ratio. The reduction of fluorapatite is hindered by the addition of CaO and Na₂CO₃, thereby allowing the selective reduction of iron oxides upon controlled C/O ratio. The thermodynamic results obtain in the present work are in good agreement with the experimental results available in the literatures.     

精炼渣成分与轴承钢夹杂物类型关系热力学分析

针对轴承钢中钙铝酸盐大型夹杂物的控制问题,通过计算GCr15轴承钢中尖晶石MgO·Al2 O3、钙的铝酸盐CaO·6Al2 O3夹杂物生成热力学,分析精炼渣成分与夹杂物类型之间的定量关系.结果表明：当钢水中含有质量分数0.10×10-6的溶解钙[Ca]时,只要溶解镁[Mg]质量分数小于10×10-6,MgO·Al2O3就会被[Ca]还原成 CaO·6Al2O3;当精炼渣碱度为7.04,(MgO)质量分数为1.38%时,钢水中溶解[Mg]质量分数比临界[Mg]质量分数低56%,夹杂物以尺寸大于10μm的CaO-Al2O3系复合夹杂为主;当精炼渣碱度为3.75,(MgO)质量分数3.14%时,钢水中溶解[Mg]质量分数比临界[Mg]质量分数低14%,夹杂物以尺寸小于8μm的MnS包裹MgO·Al2 O3复合夹杂为主;当精炼渣钙铝比C/A为1.8~2.0时,控制精炼渣碱度R为4.5~5.5,(MgO)质量分数为3%~5%,即能使钢中MgO·Al2O3保持稳定而不转变为CaO·6Al2O3.     

含FeO熔渣还原过程起泡行为研究

在１４４０－１５３０ ℃，通过Ｘ射线装置观测了石墨还原ＣａＯ－ＳｉＯ２－Ａｌ２Ｏ３－ＦｅＯ熔渣（ＣａＯ／ＳｉＯ２＝０．７５－１．５）中ＦｅＯ反应过程中渣的起泡行为，测定了熔渣的起泡指数和起泡率等参数。结果表明，熔渣的起泡率随熔渣中ＦｅＯ的初己考叭墼疃鹊纳叨龃蟆?     

熔体结构对钢包渣脱氧速率的影响

采用熔渣脱氧实验、动力学分析和实验渣熔体结构分析,对熔体结构对钢包渣脱氧速率的影响进行研究。研究结果表明:初始Al2O3的质量分数和碱度(二元碱度,w(CaO)/w(SiO2))对熔渣初始脱氧速率具有重要影响;铁离子扩散是熔渣脱氧反应的控制环节;随Al2O3的质量分数的提高,熔渣聚合程度增强,黏度升高,铁离子平均扩散直径减小,铁离子扩散系数先增大后减小;随着碱度增大,熔渣聚合程度减弱,黏度降低,铁离子平均扩散直径增大,铁离子扩散系数也呈先增大后减小的趋势;铁离子扩散系数变化趋势与熔渣初始脱氧速率变化趋势相一致。为提高LF精炼过程钢包渣脱氧速率,LF(Ladle furnace)精炼前钢包渣改质的成分调整控制目标为:w(CaO)/w(SiO2)=4~5,w(Al2O3)=18%~20%。